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世界盐湖卤水型锂矿特征、分布规律与成矿动力模型 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
卤水锂矿在世界探明的锂矿总资源量中占比达65％,由于其易于开采,成本较低,其锂盐产品占总锂盐产品的75％左右.世界卤水锂矿主要产于现代盐湖,这些盐湖分布于世界三大高原:中国青藏高原、南美西部安第斯高原和北美西部高原,形成了三大盐湖卤水锂成矿区.中国青藏高原盐湖主要包括西藏中北部和柴达木盆地盐湖,卤水锂(LiCl)资源量为2330万t;南美西部安第斯高原盐湖,涵盖玻利维亚、智利和阿根廷盐湖,锂(Li2 O)资源量为2300万t;北美西部高原盐湖卤水锂矿(Li2 O)资源量为550万t.同时,中国华南地区在中生代晚期可能也是高原环境,高原地貌孕育了大量盐湖,并形成了一些富锂卤水矿.这些高原的形成与隆升都起因于板块俯冲及陆陆碰撞:南美安第斯高原和北美西部高原是太平洋板块向美洲板块俯冲-增生造山形成的,中国青藏高原是印度板块向欧亚板块俯冲-陆陆碰撞形成的,而中国华南古高原则可能与古太平洋板块向亚洲大陆俯冲作用有关.板块俯冲及陆陆碰撞作用,一方面形成高原地貌,挡住了来自大洋的水汽,从而导致高原内部降水减少,形成干旱气候,引发强烈蒸发作用;洋壳俯冲至上地幔之后,由于脱水和部分熔融导致其中的氯、钾、锂和溴等挥发分进入岩浆并被带到地壳浅部富集;板块俯冲-碰撞作用形成大量构造盆地,同时,岩浆活动又引起大量温热泉水活动,高温水-岩反应将地壳中大量锂等成矿物质释放出来,汇入盆地并通过蒸发浓缩形成富锂盐湖.上述构造、气候和物源等成矿要素的耦合,最终导致高原盐湖卤水富锂成矿.综合世界卤水锂矿特征与成矿作用,提出盐湖卤水锂成矿动力学模式. 相似文献
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华南陆块液体钾、锂资源的区域成矿背景与成矿作用初探 总被引：7，自引：1，他引：6
中国华南陆块江汉盆地的江陵凹陷和潜江凹陷以及江西吉泰盆地等裂谷盆地,在白垩纪—古近纪时期,发育了大量的蒸发岩,并形成了富含钾、锂、铷、铯、溴、碘、硼元素的卤水,这些高价值元素的含量多达到工业利用品位或综合利用品位,资源潜力巨大。这些资源的富集区域分布于华南陆块与新华夏裂谷构造的交汇处,同时也是华南花岗岩省与新华夏裂谷玄武岩的分布区。通过对该区域大地构造、火成岩、古气候、古地理特征与全球海侵事件等综合分析,同时结合盆地卤水化学成分的研究,作者提出华南陆块(地区)的中生代—新生代盆地(群)可能是液体钾、锂、铷、铯、溴、碘、硼资源的成矿区;成矿物质受到白垩纪—古近纪火山活动带来的深部物质及海侵事件带来的海水等多源补给,前者主要带来锂、钾、铷、铯等,后者带来钾及溴、碘等。华南盆地卤水中钾、锂等元素的富集是内生与外生地质动力作用的结果,即构造-火成岩-海侵-干旱气候耦合作用的结果,成矿作用过程可以归结为裂谷沉积成矿,主要形成富钾、锂卤水;埋藏阶段这些卤水通常转移到孔隙发育的碎屑岩、玄武岩及断裂带内保存,形成盆地深层卤水矿床。 相似文献
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【研究目的】近年来,新能源发展势头强劲,锂电池需求旺盛,锂矿资源争夺激烈。相比于目前主要开发的硬岩型锂矿,盐湖卤水型锂矿有着“量大、绿色、经济”的优势,随着卤水提锂工艺的不断进步,盐湖型锂矿的产能将进一步得到释放;中国是盐湖卤水型锂矿的主要分布国家之一,占世界总资源量的比例排在第五位。在世界锂资源争夺战愈演愈烈的情况下,总结盐湖卤水型锂矿的分布特征、水化学类型分类和矿物组合,估算潜在资源量以及提出评价盐湖卤水型锂矿的方法,对合理安排勘查和开发投入,以及规划国家新能源资源具有重要意义。【研究方法】搜集已公开发表或出版的盐湖卤水型锂矿资料,从分布、成矿地质条件方面分析基本特征,并对潜在资源量估算以及开发利用潜力评价进行评述。【研究结果】全球盐湖卤水型锂矿资源丰富,但分布不均,主要集中在南美安第斯高原、美国西部高原和中国青藏高原3个盐湖聚集区,其形成主要受大地构造背景、断层活动断裂以及气候海拔等条件控制。中国青藏高原盐湖卤水型锂矿资源不同于另两大盐湖聚集区的是,其构造背景属于陆陆碰撞,而非洋壳俯冲。由南到北还可进一步分为西藏和青海两个盐湖地区,青海地区镁锂比较高,不适用于传统的蒸发沉淀法,新... 相似文献
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青海锂矿成矿特征及找矿潜力 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
锂资源是高新产业发展的保障性资源和战略性资源之一。青海省锂矿资源丰富，锂矿床类型以盐湖卤水型储量巨大，硬岩型次之，硬岩型锂矿以伟晶岩型为主。盐湖锂矿集中分布于柴达木盆地，硬岩型主要在柴达木盆地北缘、三江北西青海段；成矿时代主要是新生代、中生代两个时期。本文通过对分布于柴达木盆地盐湖型锂矿床察尔汗盐湖、东台台吉乃尔盐湖、南翼山富钾锂卤水矿；分布于柴达木盆地北缘硬岩型的茶卡北山锂铍、三江北西青海段草陇锂铍矿五个典型矿床的赋矿特征、成矿作用及机理的探讨，建立了青海省锂矿成矿系列，在分析了区域的不同类型锂矿找矿远景基础上，认为盐湖卤水型和花岗伟晶岩型锂矿应该作为重点预测类型，并对成矿潜力进行了分析，为今后的锂矿找矿工作提供了理论依据。 相似文献
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随着国内钾锂盐需求不断增大,浅层盐湖卤水勘探开发技术趋于成熟,深层卤水资源已成为经济矿产目标。四川盆地在三叠系发育了面积广泛且巨厚的蒸发岩层,并赋存了优质且丰富的富钾锂卤水储层。针对以往岩相古地理“盐味”不足的特点,文章通过分析四川盆地蒸发岩分布规律、岩相古地理特征以及沉积演化,明确了膏盐盆的形成具有“多期多区”特征,揭示了三叠系嘉四段—雷三段重点成盐期的膏盐盆规模、分布、迁移规律;同时基于地质、测井资料,明确了四川盆地富钾锂卤水储层的地质和测井响应特征,认为四川盆地富钾锂卤水储层质量受层位、相带、孔隙类型的控制,表现出中-高伽马、低电阻率、高声波时差、低密度的耦合特征。研究成果将对国内外深层海相层系的富钾锂卤水储层勘探起到一定的指导意义。 相似文献
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江汉盆地江陵凹陷内的高温高压高盐度卤水,富含钾、锂、硼、溴、碘、铷、铯等,达到工业品位或超过综合利用品位,构成富钾锂卤水矿,长期以来其矿体定位一直是难题,对于钾锂卤水的富集与矿田构造的关系还没有完全查清。本研究以现代矿田地质学为指导,以地球物理勘探、钻井和野外地质等资料为基础,综合分析江陵富钾锂卤水的矿田建造、矿田构造与矿田成矿作用。江陵凹陷富钾锂卤水矿田建造分为构造沉积岩相矿田和构造火山岩相矿田。江陵凹陷内各地区由于受所处构造位置的影响,在不同时期发育了不同类型的局部构造,这些局部构造在空间上有序的分布与叠置形成了大量的构造圈闭,为钾锂卤水的聚集提供了有利的场所。从古新世沙市组到早始新世新沟嘴组沉积时期,江汉盆地的古气候条件总体为高温干旱,利于古盐湖的蒸发作用,火山活动带来丰富的钾锂物质,从而利于钾锂卤水的富集。江陵凹陷富钾卤水属构造—储层耦合成藏模式:江陵凹陷盐湖沉积特征,决定了有大量卤水储存在其地层中。这些卤水最大的储集体就是砂岩孔隙,而构造产生的大量裂缝大部分位于泥岩和火成岩中,也成为储集卤水的场所。在构造褶皱及埋藏作用下,卤水开始从盐类晶间,首先进入砂岩体孔隙内,而后可能进入裂隙系统及火山岩系统。 相似文献
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江陵凹陷古近系液态型卤水矿床蕴藏着丰富的钾锂硼等资源。砂岩是一种重要的储层岩性,而该盆地上白垩统发育厚层的风成砂岩沉积,是否能作为潜在储层是值得关注的问题。以江汉盆地江陵凹陷西北缘的宜昌红花套镇、猇亭和当阳市远安县等地区的露头为研究对象,结合凹陷内白垩系红花套组钻井岩心分析,并与始新统新沟嘴组下段砂岩岩心物性进行对比,研究发现白垩系红花套组风成砂岩分选好,磨圆度高,属中孔低渗储层,与新沟嘴组下段砂岩物性相似。由此可见,江陵凹陷白垩纪的风成砂岩是江陵地区下一步探索富含钾、锂、硼等元素卤水的重要目地层位。 相似文献
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江西吉泰盆地卤水型锂钾矿物源区岩石地球化学特征及成因分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
中国探明锂钾资源主要分布于青藏、罗布泊盐湖和川西等地,资源开发成本高、难度大,难以满足产业发展需求。目前,在江西吉泰盆地勘探发现卤水中氯化锂浓度超过600 mg/L,氯化钾含量接近1%,锂钾含量均超过或接近工业品位,综合利用价值高。本文在前人研究的基础上,通过对吉泰盆地中生代火成岩开展矿物学、岩石学、地球化学、流体包裹体研究以及高压釜水-岩反应模拟实验,重点研究了时间、温度、流体成分等对火成岩水-岩反应的影响,探究其对富钾锂卤水物质来源和成因机制的指示意义。研究结果表明,吉泰盆地卤水具有高锂低镁的特征,表明吉泰盆地卤水在成因上受到火山活动的影响;研究区岩浆发生不同程度的分异,火成岩蚀变作用强烈,表明地下热液对研究区火成岩的交代作用强烈,火成岩通过水-岩反应为富锂钾卤水矿提供了物质来源;温度是流体对元素的淋滤能力的主要控制因素,高盐度流体是各成矿元素主要的迁移载体;地表成因的卤水中Mg/Li值主要受原岩成分控制;水-岩反应是卤水形成的重要过程,而地表蒸发浓缩是卤水成矿最主要机理。 相似文献
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柴达木盆地西部古近系和新近系油田卤水资源水化学特征及化学演化 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
在柴达木盆地西部一些背斜构造单元的古近系-新近系中,赋存储量巨大的油田卤水，有望成为第四系盐湖卤水的后续利用资源。通过对小梁山、南翼山、油泉子、开特米里克、油墩子、油砂山等典型构造区石油钻孔自喷的油田卤水以及地表盐湖卤水、晶间卤水取样分析，讨论了其水化学特征及资源分布，重点通过与海水、青海湖水蒸发曲线对比，分析了油田卤水的化学演化特征。结果表明，油田卤水中K、B、Li资源远超工业开采品位，Br、Sr等也达到工业开采品位，有优越的高品位综合开发利用前景；油田卤水资源元素富集规律表现为平面上以中部南翼山背斜最为富集，向北、向南相对降低，垂向上深部油田卤水比浅层晶间卤水、湖表卤水资源元素相对更为富集；油田卤水的化学演化主要受控于水岩反应、深部水的混合以及蒸发浓缩和盐岩的溶解作用，这些作用为卤水分异演化、富集成矿提供了良好的地球化学条件。 相似文献
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《China Geology》2018,1(1):72-83
With the technological development of exploitation and separation, the primary sources of lithium have gradually changed from ore to brine, which has become the main raw material, accounting for more than 80% of the total production. Resources of lithium-bearing brine are abundant in China. This paper has summarized the spatial and temporal distribution, characteristics, and formation mechanism of the lithium-rich brine in China, aiming to provide a comprehensive set of guidelines for future lithium exploitation from brines. Lithium-rich brines usually exist in modern saline lakes and deep underground sedimentary rocks as subsurface brines. The metallogenic epoch of China’s lithium-rich brine spans from the Triassic to the Quaternary, and these brines exhibit obvious regional distribution characteristics. Modern lithium-rich saline lakes are predominately located in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. In comparison, the subsurface lithium-rich brines are mainly distributed in the sedimentary basins of Sichuan, Hubei, Jiangxi provinces and so on in south Block of China, and some are in the western part of the Qaidam Basin in Qinghai province in northwestern China. Lithium-rich saline lakes are belonging to chloride-enriched, sulfate-enriched, and carbonate-enriched, while the deep lithium-rich brines are mainly chloride-enriched in classification. On the whole, the value of Mg/Li in deep brine is generally lower than that of brine in saline lakes. The genesis of lithium-rich brines in China is not uniform, generally there are two processes, which are respectively suitable for salt lakes and deep brine. 相似文献
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我国柴达木盆地蕴藏着丰富且极具开发潜力的卤水钾锂资源,但随着产能的不断扩大和持续开发,浅部易开采的优质资源不断减少,走向深部开采成为必然选择。与浅部相比,盐湖深部卤水储层质量相对较差,富水性弱且不稳定,开采难度极大。本文以查明察尔汗盐湖别勒滩区段深部卤水储层特征为目的,通过分析钻孔岩性和物性数据,研究了别勒滩区段深部卤水储层的平面分布特征和厚度变化规律,结果表明研究区以东南部储层厚度最大且石盐岩储层质量最优。卤水储层三维建模研究显示,富锂卤水主要分布在研究区中北部,南部锂含量相对较低;平面上第Ⅱ含矿层在中部石盐厚度大且粉砂和黏土夹层少,有利于卤水的开采。 相似文献
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硫酸钠亚型富锂卤水25℃等温蒸发过程的计算机模拟 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
我国青藏高原上分布有许多盐湖,其中扎布耶等碳酸盐型盐湖、东台吉乃尔等硫酸镁亚型盐湖是著名的富锂盐湖,已成功开发生产出碳酸锂产品。青藏高原上还有许多硫酸钠亚型盐湖,其卤水锂浓度高,钾、镁、硼等有用成分丰富。针对这些盐湖资源,目前尚未进行开发利用研究。这些卤水的等温蒸发实验研究,是必不可少的关键工作之一。本文使用我们由Pitzer电解质溶液理论建立的Li+,Na+,K+,Mg2+/Cl-,SO24--H2O体系的热力学模型,对25℃下几种硫酸钠亚型富锂卤水等温蒸发过程进行了计算机模拟,预测蒸发过程中盐类矿物的析出顺序、卤水组成变化规律、钠、钾、镁、锂盐的饱和点,并在此基础上进行卤水蒸发过程物料平衡关系的理论计算等。本文对西藏3种硫酸钠亚型卤水和国外2种硫酸钠亚型卤水25℃等温蒸发过程进行了模拟。其析盐顺序的特点是:在第一个矿物石盐饱和析出后,接着析出的含钾矿物是钾芒硝,而不是钾镁矾类矿物。其后钾盐则会以钾岩盐形式析出。锂盐饱和后则主要以复盐Li2SO4.K2SO4形式析出。美国银峰卤水的模拟结果与实验蒸发过程完全一致,并给出其继续蒸发时的析盐状况。另4种硫酸钠亚型卤水的模拟结果不仅可以作为未来实验研究的基本参考和注意点,同样也可作为其盐田设计和工艺安排的基本理论依据。本文研究为该类型卤水资源综合开发利用工艺路线的确立提供理论参考。 相似文献
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Previous studies of the availability of lithium for use in batteries to power electric vehicles (EVs) have reached the generally encouraging conclusion that resources are sufficient to meet growing demand for the remainder of the 21st century. However, these surveys have not looked past estimates of lithium resource to the geological constraints on deposit size and composition that will allow the resources to be converted to reserves from which lithium can be produced economically. In this survey, we review the relevant geological features of the best characterized pegmatite, brine and other types of lithium deposits and compare their potential for large-scale, long-term production.The comparison shows that the average brine deposit (1.45 Mt Li) is more than an order of magnitude larger than the average pegmatite deposit (0.11 Mt Li) and that brine deposits, especially the large Atacama (Chile) and Uyuni (Bolivia) deposits, have a much larger total lithium resource (21.6 Mt Li). Brine deposits clearly have a much greater capacity for large-scale, long-term production than do pegmatite deposits. However, individual brine deposits differ considerably and successful production from one deposit does not necessarily assure success at others. Conversion of brine resources to reserves will depend on the degree of compartmentalization of brine reservoirs, the extent to which brine can be recovered without dilution from recharge waters and degradation of salt-bearing reservoir rock, and whether other constituents of the brines, including potassium, magnesium, bromine and boron, restrict processing or the capacity of production to respond to changes in demand for lithium.Despite their smaller size and total estimated resource (3.9 Mt), pegmatites will remain of interest because of their wider geographic distribution and consequently lesser susceptibility to supply disruptions and their more lithium-dominant compositions, which might allow more flexible response to market changes. Some deposits will be amenable to large-scale mining, but significant production might also come from selective, underground mining of small deposits in areas with low labor costs. Even the largest pegmatite deposits, such as those at Greenbushes (Australia) and Manono–Kitolo (Democratic Republic of Congo) have estimated resources that are similar to only an average brine deposit. For this reason, continuous, long-term production from pegmatites will require extensive exploration and discovery of new pegmatite deposits and districts.Two other types of lithium deposits, unusual rocks and unusual fluids, have also received attention. Deposits consisting of rocks and minerals that are enriched in lithium by interaction with brines and hydrothermal solutions, including the large Jadar (Serbia) and King Valley (USA) deposits, have estimated resources of about 3.4 Mt Li. Unusual brines in oilfields and the Salton Sea geothermal field (USA) contain an estimated 2 Mt Li. Both of these deposit types will require new processing methods but are likely to become important because of their lithium-dominant compositions and relatively large size.The total lithium resource in these deposits (31.1 Mt Li) far exceeds estimated lithium demand of up to 20 Mt Li (including consideration for recycling) in all markets through 2100. The difference between these two estimates should be vied largely as a challenge rather than a comfort. Evaluation of the economic extractability of these resources will require large investments and result in only partial success. If prices provide sufficient encouragement and exploration is sustained, however, lithium resources should be available for the next century. 相似文献
17.
Qaidam Basin is a hyperarid inland basin with an area of 121 × 103 km2 located on the northern Tibetan Plateau. Today, one fourth of the basin is covered by playas and hypersaline lakes. Nearly 80% of brine lithium found in China is contained in four salt lakes: Bieletan (BLT), DongTaijinaier (DT), XiTaijinaier (XT) and Yiliping (YLP). In the past decade, great attention was paid to improving the technology for the extraction of lithium from the brine deposits, but studies on origin and mode of formation of the brine deposits remained limited. Our recent investigations found that: (1) ~ 748.8 t of lithium was transported annually into the lower catchment of the four salt lakes via the Hongshui–Nalinggele River (H–N River), the largest river draining into the Qaidam Basin, (2) Li+-rich brines are formed only in salt lakes associated with inflowing rivers with Li+ concentrations greater than 0.4 mg/L, and (3) the water Li+ concentration is positively correlated with both the inflowing river and the associated subsurface brine, including saline lakes with low lithium concentrations. These findings clearly indicate that long-term input of Li+ from the H–N River controls the formation of lithium brine deposits. Here we determine that the source of the lithium is from hydrothermal fields where two active faults converge in the upper reach of the Hongshui River. The hydrothermal fields are associated with a magmatic heat source, as suggested by the high Li+ and As3 + content water from geysers. Based on the assumption of a constant rate of lithium influx, we estimate that the total reserves of lithium were likely formed since the postglacial period. Our data indicate that lithium reserves in each of the four salt lakes depend on the influx of Li+-bearing water from the H–N River. The data also suggest that during the progradation of the alluvial Fan I, the H–N River drained mostly into the BLT salt lake until the Taijinaier River shifted watercourse to the north and began to feed the salt lakes of the DT, XT and YLP, alongside with the Fan II progradation. The inference is consistent with stratigraphic evidence from the sediment cores of the four salt lakes. One of the major findings of our work is the importance of the contrasting hydroclimatic conditions between the high mountains containing ice caps and the terminal salt lakes. The greater than 4000 m of relief in the watershed enables a massive amount of ions, such as K+, to be weathered and transported together with detrital material from the huge, relatively wet alpine regions to the hyperarid terminal basins, where intense evaporation rapidly enriches the lake water, resulting in evaporite deposition and associated K+- and Li+-rich brine deposits. 相似文献