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1.
Recent Russian legislative and policy documentation concerning national progress towards sustainable development has suggested that the attainment of such a state would represent the first stage in the development of the noosphere as outlined by the Russian scientist Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky (1863-1945). This paper explores Vernadsky’s model of evolutionary change through a focus on his work on the biosphere and noosphere in an attempt to further understanding of the way in which Russia is approaching the concept of sustainable development in the contemporary period. It is argued that the official Russian interpretation of the noosphere idea tends to obscure the evolutionary and materialist foundations of Vernadsky’s biosphere-noosphere conceptualisation. At the same time, the concluding section of the paper suggests that the scope of Vernadsky’s work can be used to stimulate the search for a more coherent approach to work in areas of sustainable development and sustainability across the span of the social and physical sciences. 相似文献
2.
E. M. Korobova 《Geochemistry International》2017,55(10):861-871
Based on the theoretical principles of biogeochemistry and evolutionary ecology, the geochemical structure of the modern noosphere was evaluated, and a method was developed for the combined assessment of the ecological and geochemical state of large anthropogenically impacted areas. It was demonstrated that persistent geochemically-induced endemic diseases are direct consequences of the development of human civilization. It was shown by the example of the iodine natural–anthropogenic province that the risk map of geochemically-induced endemic diseases constructed by overlaying map surfaces adequately reflects the modern ecological and geochemical state in any point of the region of interest. The proposed approach is valid for the solution of a wide range of environmental geochemical problems. 相似文献
3.
4.
Doklady Earth Sciences - The paper discusses advances and failures in solving the problems posed by V.I. Vernadsky 100 years ago. The quantity and quality of “living matter” along with... 相似文献
5.
M. A. Fedonkin 《Geochemistry International》2009,47(13):1265-1333
The synthesis of data on the paleobiology and geochemistry of the Archean and Proterozoic and the ecology, biochemistry, and
comparative genomics of living organisms provides a means for reconstructing the development of biological complexity on the
subcell, organism, and ecosystem levels. The conditions and time of the origin of oxygenic photosynthesis, eukaryotic cells,
and multicellular animals were determined. These evolutionary events had a profound influence on the global biogeochemical
cycles, sedimentogenesis, and climate of the Earth. Irreversible geochemical changes in the biosphere and the biochemical
evolution of living systems are described as complementary processes. A decrease in hydrogen concentration in the early biosphere,
an increase in oxygen concentration in the ocean, and changes in the bioavailability of metals (Fe, Ni, Co, V, W, Cu, Mo,
etc.) known as enzyme activators were considered as key factors of eukaryotization. The reasons for variations in the availability
of the metals in the biosphere were distinguished. The continuity of life was maintained owing to the preservation of the
functionality of archaic metabolism types through the compartmentalization of biochemical reactions and the complication of
cellular metabolic networks. The metabolic cascades of living cells probably recapitulate this prolonged evolutionary process.
The exhaustion of abiogenic hydrogen sources stimulated the symbiosis of hydrogen-producing and hydrogen-consuming prokaryotes
and the involvement of simple hydrogen-bearing volatile compounds (CH4, NH3, H2S, and, finally, H2O) as a substrate for life, which eventually predefined the chemical composition of the terrestrial atmosphere strongly dominated
by nitrogen and oxygen as by-products of exchange reactions. The oxygenation of the ocean diminished the mobility and bioavailability
of some metals that had served as the earliest enzyme activators. The evolutionary response to this process was the formation
of mechanisms of extraction, accumulation, and the retention of ancient activator metals (e.g., Fe, W, and Ni) in the cell
and in the ecosystem, as well as the active involvement of new metals (e.g., Mo, Cu, and Zn). Oceanic biota became the main
concentrator and reservoir for these metals. The appearance of eukaryotic cells, the increasing role of heterotrophy, an increase
in biodiversity, the complication of trophic relationships, the acceleration of the cycle of biophile elements, and other
features of the biosphere eukaryotization were to large extent a response to the narrowing of the geochemical basis of life.
A pivotal point in the prolonged process of biosphere eukaryotization was a series of glaciations at the end of the Proterozoic
(750–540 Ma) and the active oxygenation of the ocean, which enabled the global expansion of eukaryotic organisms. 相似文献
6.
The geochemist, Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky has only recently become recognised internationally, despite being regarded as one of the greatest names in science of the 20th century in his homeland Russia. There are several reasons for his lack of renown in the west, but mainly because his most important work “The Biosphere” was only fully translated into English in 1997. This book and the ideas it contains are now becoming regarded as one of the pioneering works of the last century. It defines the biosphere as a unifying, holistic concept for the earth system at a time when reductionism was the driving motivation in scientific research. Above all, for earth scientists, Vernadsky regarded life as the driving geological force. However another, as yet unpublished work (in three volumes) entitled “The History of Natural Waters” also deserves similar attention. This book explores many concepts in hydrogeology, geochemistry, geofluid circulation and especially biology in which water is described as an integral part of the biosphere. 相似文献
7.
Z. X. Zhao C. Y. Lin X. G. Zhang X. Huang B. J. Li 《Australian Journal of Earth Sciences》2020,67(3):379-392
AbstractThe sedimentary facies of the Huagang Formation, the major petroleum exploration horizon in the Xihu Depression in the East China Sea Basin, have not been well constrained, owing to limited drilling and core recovery. Interpretations are vague and vary from beach bar, braided river and braided-river delta front sediments. In this paper, the paleosedimentary environments of the Huagang Formation are discussed based on detailed organic and inorganic geochemical analysis and proxies used to interpret the sedimentary facies. Kerogen, dominated by sapropelinite, is mainly of Type I and Type II, and n-Paraffins are dominated by short-chain and medium-chain, with no obvious odd-over-even advantages. The distribution of isoprenoid alkanes and steroids indicates that the organic matter in mudstones is mainly of lacustrine and mixed origins. Elemental ratios of Th/U (4–6), V/Cr (1–4), Ni/Co (3–11) and V/(V?+?Ni) (0.5–0.75) indicate that in the area studied, the Huagang Formation was deposited under anoxic to reduced conditions with some oxygen-enriched horizons. Both inorganic and organic geochemical signatures show that the Huagang Formation was mainly deposited in an aquatic environment but with some minor periods of subaerial exposure. The sequence of the Huagang Formation is characterised by interbedded grey-white thick sandstones and grey-black thin mudstones. Normally graded cycles are widely developed, with rare mudstone in the upper part and scoured surfaces at the base. The cumulative grainsize distribution curve is mainly a two-stage type. The sedimentary facies indicative markers are dominated by braided-river channel deposits and combined with the paleosedimentary environments it is inferred that the sedimentary system in the study area was typical of a braided-river delta front. The cores available were intensively analysed using a hand-held X-ray fluorescence spectrometer to probe the variations in the paleoclimate and show that the braided-river channels were controlled by paleoclimate. During arid climatic settings, the sediments within individual channels were thin, and grainsizes varied significantly; at the base of each channel, basal conglomerates were common. In contrast, under humid climatic settings, thin multi-stage channels were superimposed, and the bottom often developed erosion surface.
- KEY POINTS
The paleosedimentary environments are discussed based on detailed organic and inorganic geochemical analysis.
The Huagang Formation was deposited in a freshwater lacustrine basin under warm and humid climatic settings.
The Huagang Formation is characterised by braided-river delta front facies.
The development of braided-river channels was controlled by paleoclimate.
8.
Evolution of Archean magmatism is one of the key problems concerning the early formation stages of the Earth crust and biosphere, because that evolution exactly controlled variable concentrations of chemical elements in the World Ocean, which are important for metabolism. Geochemical evolution of magmatism between 3.5 and 2.7 Ga is considered based on database characterizing volcanic and intrusive rock complexes of granite-greenstone terrains (GGT) studied most comprehensively in the Karelian (2.9–2.7 Ga) and Kaapvaal (3.5–2.9 Ga) cratons and in the Pilbara block (3.5–2.9 Ga). Trends of magmatic geochemical evolution in the mentioned GGTs were similar in general. At the early stage of their development, tholeiitic magmas were considerably enriched in chalcophile and siderophile elements Fe2O3, MgO, Cr, Ni, Co, V, Cu, and Zn. At the next stage, calc-alkaline volcanics of greenstone belts and syntectonic TTG granitoids were enriched in lithophile elements Rb, Cs, Ba, Th, U, Pb, Nb, La, Sr, Be and others. Elevated concentrations of both the “crustal” and “mantle-derived” elements represented a distinctive feature of predominantly intrusive rocks of granitoid composition, which were characteristic of the terminal stage of continental crust formation in the GGTs, because older silicic rocks and lithospheric mantle were jointly involved into processes of magma generation. On the other hand, the GGTs different in age reveal specific trends in geochemical evolution of rock associations close in composition and geological position. First, the geochemical cycle of GGT evolution was of a longer duration in the Paleoarchean than in the Meso-and Neoarchean. Second, the Paleoarche an tholeiitic associations had higher concentrations of LREE and HFSE (Zr, Ti, Th, Nb, Ta, Hf) than their Meso-and Neoarchean counterparts. Third, the Y and Yb concentrations in Paleoarchean calc-alkaline rock associations are systematically higher than in Neoarchean rocks of the same type, while their La/Yb ratios are in contrast lower than in the latter. These distinctions are likely caused by evolution of mantle magmatic reservoirs and by changes in formation mechanisms of silicic volcanics and TTG granitoids. The first of these factors was likely responsible for appearance of sanukitoid magmatic rocks in the Late Mesoarchean. Representative database considered in the work includes ca. 500 precision analyses of Archean magmatic rocks. 相似文献
9.
S. L. Shvartsev B. N. Ryzhenko V. A. Kiryukhin V. M. Shvets O. V. Chudaev 《Geochemistry International》2006,44(6):619-634
The main research directions in modern hydrogeochemistry were analyzed in connection with the 75th anniversary of its foundation. It was shown that hydrogeochemistry has fruitfully developed on the basis of the scientific concepts of its founder, V.I. Vernadsky. Among these concepts are the mineralogy of water, evolution of the system of water-rock-gas-organic matter, dynamics of hydrogeochemical processes, isotopic and environmental hydrogeochemistry, geochemistry of free and capillary waters, ocean geochemistry, geological and biological role of water, physicochemical modeling, etc. 相似文献
10.
Lithology and Mineral Resources - Now more than one century after the publication of works of V.I. Vernadsky and Ya.V. Samoilov, important role of the biogenic factor in the sedimentary ore genesis... 相似文献
11.
Shuguang Li 《中国地球化学学报》1983,2(3):213-222
Based upon geological and geochemical data on the genesis of Gongchangling rich magnetite deposit, it is suggested that the deposit is of multi-genesis, and a three-stage geochemical model for the genesis of the deposit is proposed:
- Sedimentary stage: the deposition of BIF (magnetite-quartzite) was accompanied by high-grade magnetite (hematite)-siderite ores which are intercalated with magnetite-quartzites as lenses or stratoid shoots.
- Metamorphic stage: in response to metamorphism, siderite, was decomposed into magnetite and graphite with decreasing fO 2 and increasingP CO 2. In the marginal parts of magnetite-siderite ores or within the thin-layered interbeds where fO 2 was high relative toP CO 2 were formed graphite-free rich magnetite ores.
- Hydrothermal stage: as a result of later hydrothermal process diffusive metasomatism between the rich ores and the host rocks and silica leaching took place, thus giving rise to the rich magnetite ore of metasomatic type and altered rocks.
12.
新地球观 总被引：11，自引：0，他引：11
One of the most important achivements on science in 20th century is the new recognition on the Earth:the Earth,out of the other planets, exhibits very peculiar features because it has an extremely complex and active periphery part (surfacial layers). This periphery part is an open system sustained by inputting solar energe , which is captured , transfered and stored by life. Through the system , cyclings of matters and energe flow are driven and regulated by life activities. This system is self-equilibrated,self-controlled and far away from astrophysical and thermodynamic equilibria mainly because of life and life activities.
Development of human calture influences increasingly on流Earth's periphery system , at last , the natural biosphere that has existed for 3 billion years on the Earth's surface will inavoidably be replaced by so called "noosphere",which is man一reconstructed,man-controlled and unstable system. Thus the fate of the Earth,to a great extent,will be determined by the direction of human calture evolution.
相似文献
Development of human calture influences increasingly on流Earth's periphery system , at last , the natural biosphere that has existed for 3 billion years on the Earth's surface will inavoidably be replaced by so called "noosphere",which is man一reconstructed,man-controlled and unstable system. Thus the fate of the Earth,to a great extent,will be determined by the direction of human calture evolution.
相似文献
13.
A.M. Ryabchikov 《Geoforum》1976,7(2):107-113
The complex influence of man's activity on the earth has been considered.The author assumes that grave ecological problems connected with the pollution, the exhaustion of resources and the degradation of nature can be solved without restriction of population and of production.Social progress together with working out of modern technological processes can ensure the effective conservation of the environment with further economic development. Among scientific and technological means undertaken to control the destruction of nature, the study of pollutant transformation is of the greatest importance.The author emphasizes the necessity to create a general conception of the interaction between man and nature, which may be based on the principles put forward by V.I. Vernadsky. 相似文献
14.
Ahmed I. Rushdi Khalid F. Al-Mutlaq Bernd R. T. Simoneit Adnan Al-Azri Ali A. Z. DouAbul Sheikha Al-Zarban Faiza Al-Yamani 《Arabian Journal of Geosciences》2010,3(2):113-131
River runoff and atmospheric fallout (dust and air particulate matter) are major input sources of natural and anthropogenic
terrestrial organic and inorganic components to the Arabian seas. In this study, we report on the various lipid tracer compounds
that might be transported to the Arabian Gulf by rivers, dust, and air particulate matter. These are based on geochemical
analysis of sediment, dust, and particulate samples collected from Iraq, Kuwait, and Saudi Arabia. The samples were extracted
with a dichloromethane/methanol mixture and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The extractable organic compounds
(lipids) in the samples include n-alkanes, n-alkanoic acids, n-alkanols, methyl n-alkanoates, steroids, triterpenoids, carbohydrates, and petroleum hydrocarbons. The steroids and triterpenoids were major
components in river and wetland samples. The major sources of these lipids were from natural vegetation, microbial (plankton
and bacteria) residues in the sediments, sand, and soils, with some contribution from anthropogenic sources. Accordingly,
these sources could be major inputs to the Arabian seas besides the autochthonous marine products. Future studies of the organic
and inorganic biogeochemistry on river, dust, and coastal areas are needed to characterize the various regional sources, transformation,
and diagenetic processes of the organic matter en route to the marine environment. 相似文献
15.
A petrogenetic model is developed to explain the evolution and geochemical character of granitic rocks in early Archean (pre 3.6 Gyr) continental crust taking into account the following important geological constraints, viz.:
- High geothermal gradients (probably in excess of 90 ° C/km) and resulting widespread granulite facies metamorphism even at relatively shallow depths
- The fractionation of certain major and trace elements under granulite facies conditions
- The composition and geochemical behaviour of fluids which emanate from or pass through terrains undergoing granulite facies metamorphism viz. carbonic fluids containing significant amounts of SO2 and halogens.
16.
Dr. Hervé Chamley 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1986,75(1):271-285
Various stratigraphic and paleoenvironmental results arise from mineralogical, geochemical and micromorpho logical investigations on Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic sediments recovered by the Deep Sea Drilling Project in the West Pacific: Stratigraphic correlations. The deep pelagic red clays deposited on either side of the Shatsky Rise contain a variety of clay minerals, which point to the importance of eolian detrital supply and allow rough stratigraphic correlations. Climate and paleocirculation. Neogene sediments of the Lord Howe Rise area reflect closely the relationship between the evolution of the Antarctic ice sheet and related aridification stages, and the atmospheric and oceanic circulation pattern since 14 my. Regional and global tectonics. The post-Eocene deposits around New Zealand express a sequence of tectonic events and of relaxation stages, associated with changes in the circulation regime. Along the inner wall of the Japan Trench, clay mineral successions document the existence of an outer continental landmass until the late Oligocene, its collapse associated with volcanism close to the Paleogene-Neogene boundary, and an increased detrital influence from Japan since the early-middle Miocene. Volcanism, diagenesis and detrital supply. The Aptian to Maastrichtian sediments in the Mariana Basin document a complex sequence of geochemical and geodynamical events: proximal volcanism and local supply from subaerial archipelagoes; early marine diagenesis during lithospheric subsidence and plate migration; and finally the occurrence and evolution of terrigenous input from distant sources distributed by marine currents. 相似文献
17.
R. D. Schuiling 《Journal of Geochemical Exploration》1998,62(1-3)
Geochemical engineering makes use of optimized geochemical processes for the solution of environmental problems. It has developed in a few years from a collection of unrelated scientific and technological incidents into a coherent concept about how and where we can improve our geo-environment. All solutions to problems of pollution are based on neutralization/breakdown, concentration, dilution, isolation or immobilization, which serve to eliminate the pollutant, make it more manageable, or prevent its entry into the mobile phase, usually water, from which it can affect the biosphere. All of these solutions have their counterpart in nature, where many examples are found of high concentrations of potentially harmful substances. A major prerequisite of geochemical engineering solutions is that they should be compatible with the natural evolution of the system in its geo-environment. The advantages of this approach are that we can devise low-cost technologies (nature does most of the hard work itself), interfere least with nature, and quite often end up with useful by-products. Disadvantages are that technologies based on natural geochemical processes tend to be slow. The application of geochemical engineering concepts requires a better understanding of our environment and its ongoing processes than is necessary for a ‘classical' technology. In most environmental technologies the conditions are externally imposed on the system to be treated, and the natural evolution of the system is eliminated, or at best neglected. The concept of seeking a closer conformity with nature is paralleled in other disciplines like agriculture or the medical sector, where we see a similar evolution in the direction of techniques that are more in harmony with nature. Geochemical engineering brings many advantages, particularly in developing countries, or in countries where the state of the economy does not permit the introduction of expensive high-tech environmental technologies. So far, most of the applications of geochemical engineering concepts have focussed on solutions to environmental problems, but there are a number of cases where the environmental issue is more indirect, as e.g. in civil engineering. Geochemical engineering may be practised on a large, almost global scale, down to that of individual minerals, in accordance with the fact that geochemical processes also act on vastly different scales. An overview will be given of some of the problems that are being studied. 相似文献
18.
B. S. Sokolov 《Stratigraphy and Geological Correlation》2010,18(3):229-233
The concept of a geomeride proposed by V.N. Beklemishev in 1928 and subsequently mistakenly forgotten is of basic significance
for the development of the biosphere doctrine, global ecology, and stratigraphy. In the article, notions "biosphere," "living
matter," and "geomeride" are discussed. The specified term "biogeomeride" is proposed to emphasize the significance of the
living constituent of the biosphere in its biodiversity. 相似文献
19.
Thermodynamic computer modeling was carried out to evaluate the formation of the chemical composition of main geochemical types of groundwaters. An explanation was proposed for the geochemical evolution of underground saline waters and brines along the calcic and sodic trends, the inversion of groundwater in the deep horizons of sedimentation structures, and the geochemical diversity of CO2-rich waters in crystalline rocks. The occurrence of hydrogeochemical processes is controlled by the physicochemical conditions of the state of the water-rock-gas system. The following parameters (boundary conditions) are critical in natural hydrogeologic environments: the mass ratio of interacting rock and water (R/W), the openness (closeness) of hydrogeochemical systems with respect to CO2 and O2, the chemical and mineral composition of rocks, and temperature-pressure conditions. The estimation of boundary conditions showed the following.
- The petrochemical type of rock affects the composition of the aqueous phase through the dissolution rates of minerals, especially volatile-bearing ones. A decrease in water exchange and an increase in R/W (10?6??102) are accompanied by an increase in the salinity of the aqueous phase and an increase in the fraction of Cl, Na, and Ca (in a closed system) or HCO3, Cl, and Na (in a system open to CO2).
- The composition of the aqueous phase of water-rock systems is most strongly affected by the abundance in the rock of extractable Cl and reactive organic matter, which controls the geochemical type of the aqueous phase and its position in the Hardie-Eugster diagram.
- The composition of the aqueous phase is shifted into the calcic field of the Hardie-Eugster diagram at the closure of the water-rock system and into the carbonate field at the opening of the water-rock system to CO2. Waters showing pH ?? 8.5 are formed in feldspathic rocks with low contents of extractable volatiles. Alkaline waters with pH > 9 are formed in water-rock systems (a) under the influence of organic matter and (b) by the evaporative concentration waters under surface conditions.
- The higher the degree of seawater concentration and the lower the R/W value, the more significant the effect of seawater composition on the aqueous phase chemistry of the water-rock system. With increasing degree of seawater concentration, the composition of the aqueous phase changes in the sequence Cl-SO4-Na-Mg- ?? Cl-SO4-Mg-Na?? Cl-Mg (at low R/W) and Cl-Na ?? Cl-Na-Mg (at high R/W). The influence of the petrochemical type of rock and CO2 partial pressure, on the geochemical type of the aqueous phase in the seawater-rock system is more significant at high R/W.
- A temperature increase shifts the acid-base state of the aqueous phase into the alkaline region and its redox state into the reducing region.
20.
冲绳海槽是一个处于弧后扩张作用早期的年轻的弧后盆地,是研究弧后扩张作用早期盆地演化和壳幔过程的天然实验室.随着调查研究工作的逐步展开和深入,也发现了一些新的、重要的、亟待解决的科学问题,而火山岩岩石系列归属的厘定又是其他研究工作的基础.在系统收集和整理迄今已有冲绳海槽火山岩资料的基础上,结合近期分析测试数据, 对冲绳海槽火山岩的岩石系列归属进行了重新厘定,探讨了火山岩的构造环境指示意义和浮岩与玄武岩之间的成因联系.研究结果表明:冲绳海槽火山岩分布具有以基性玄武岩和酸性(流纹)英安岩为主的双峰式特征,中性火山岩稀少,基性的玄武岩属于亚碱性系列的橄榄拉斑玄武岩,酸性浮岩可归属为亚碱性岩系的流纹英安岩或流纹岩;在构造环境判别上,冲绳海槽玄武岩表现出大洋中脊和岛弧构造环境的特点,既有别于大洋中脊扩张中心,也有别于成熟型弧后盆地,呈现出弧后早期扩张阶段盆地独特的构造环境特征;广泛分布于冲绳海槽的酸性浮岩表现出一定的岛弧环境的特点;酸性浮岩与玄武岩具有同源性,酸性岩是基性的玄武质岩浆经不同程度结晶分异和同化混染作用的产物. 相似文献