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1.
Florian Schneider Christopher-Bastian Roettig Daniel Wolf Philipp Baumgart Ulrich Hambach Dominik Faust 《第四纪科学杂志》2020,35(4):594-606
The mineral magnetic properties of Pleistocene aeolian dune sands from the island of Fuerteventura (Canary Islands, Spain) were studied in order to reconstruct the palaeoenvironmental evolution of Pleistocene climates during their formation. The palaeodunes on Fuerteventura mainly consist of carbonate sands admixed with dust and material of volcanic origin. Due to the low magnetic background caused by the diamagnetic character of carbonate sands, these archives offer a lot of potential for environmental magnetic studies to detect the imprint of dust, volcanic material and paedogenesis. Four sections of alternating palaeosurface–aeolianite sequences in palaeodune fields have been analysed by means of extensive rock magnetic measurements. These Quaternary archives consist of deposits originating from different sources. I. material blown from the shallow shelf, II. material of volcanic origin, and III. long-range transported dust. The rock magnetic findings enable a more detailed interpretation of the palaeosurfaces within the sequences. We are able to differentiate semiquantitatively between the different source materials on one hand and to distinguish on the other hand those from soil-forming processes. Soil formation is only weakly developed in the dust imprints in the palaeosol aeolianite sequences, linked to sparse vegetation cover during the Pleistocene on Fuerteventura. 相似文献
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3.
Gravity anomaly patterns in the south-central Zimbabwe Archaean craton and their geological interpretation 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The granite-greenstone terrain of south-central Zimbabwe, encompassing the Belingwe (Mberengwa) greenstone belt and sections of the Great Dyke, provides important constraints on models for the evolution of the Zimbabwe craton and the Archaean crust in general. In this paper we enhance and model existing and recently acquired gravity data from the region and correlate the anomalies and their derivatives with the known basement geology to evaluate models for greenstone belt development. We also study the spatial gneiss-granite-greenstone association in general, and the geologic implications of models of the anomaly patterns in particular. Although the Belingwe greenstone belt has been mapped, its subsurface geometry is poorly known. Similarly, the Great Dyke is well studied, but no systematic study of the extent and cross-cutting relations of other mafic dykes in the Archaean crust has been undertaken.The regional gravity field shows no evidence for crustal thickness variations in the area and the gravity anomalies can be explained by lateral density variations of the supracrustal rocks. Prominent gravity highs are observed over the high density ( 3000 kg/m3) volcano-sedimentary piles (greenstone belts) and ultramafic complexes. Well-defined elongate, sub-oval/elliptical gravity lows are associated with intrusive granitic plutons. The granite-greenstone contacts are marked by steep gravity gradients of up to 5 mGal/km that imply steeply dipping or near-vertical contacts for the anomalous bodies. This is tested and confirmed by 21/2D modelling of gravity profiles across the Belingwe and Fort Rixon greenstone belts, constrained by measured densities and observed geological data. The modelling also indicates that these belts, and possibly all the belts in the study area (based on comparable densities and anomaly amplitudes), have limited depth extents in the range of 3–5 km. This is comparable to thicknesses obtained elsewhere from deep seismic reflection data and geoelectrical studies, but mapped stratigraphic thicknesses give a maximum depth extent of about 9.5 km. Present studies and previous work support the idea that the volcanics were extruded within rift zones and laid on older granitic crust, followed by subsidence and rapid deposition of sediments that were sourced from the adjacent basement terrains. The volcano-sedimentary sequences were subsequently deformed by intruding younger plutons and affected by late-stage strike-slip activity producing cross-cutting structures. 相似文献
4.
Characterizing heterogeneous permeable media using flow and transport data typically requires solution of an inverse problem. Such inverse problems are intensive computationally and may involve iterative procedures requiring many forward simulations of the flow and transport problem. Previous attempts have been limited mostly to flow data such as pressure transient (interference) tests using multiple observation wells. This paper discusses an approach to generating stochastic permeability fields conditioned to geologic data in the form of a vertical variogram derived from cores and logs as well as fluid flow and transport data, such as tracer concentration history, by sequential application of simulated annealing (SA). Thus, the method incorporates elements of geostatistics within the framework of inverse modeling. For tracer-transport calculations, we have used a semianalytic transit-time algorithm which is fast, accurate, and free of numerical dispersion. For steady velocity fields, we introduce a transit-time function which demonstrates the relative importance of data from different sources. The approach is illustrated by application to a set of spatial permeability measurements and tracer data from an experiment in the Antolini Sandstone, an eolian outcrop from northern Arizona. The results clearly reveal the importance of tracer data in reproducing the correlated features (channels) of the permeability field and the scale effects of heterogeneity. 相似文献
5.
The Jiza' basin is located in the eastern part of Yemen, trending generally in the E–W direction. It is filled with Middle Jurassic to recent sediments, which increase in thickness approximately from 3,000 m to more than 9,000 m. In this study, block-35 of this sedimentary basin is selected to detect the major subsurface geological and structural features characterizing this basin and controlling its hydrocarbon potentials. To achieve these goals, the available detailed gravity and magnetic data, scale 1:100,000, were intensively subjected to different kinds of processing and interpretation steps. Also, the available seismic reflection sections and deep wells data were used to confirm the interpretation. The results indicated three average depth levels; 12.5, 2.4, and 0.65 km for the deep, intermediate, and shallow gravity sources and 5.1 and 0.65 km for the deep and shallow magnetic sources. Accordingly, the residual and regional anomaly maps were constructed. These maps revealed a number of high and low structures (horsts and grabens and half grabens), ranging in depth from 0.5 km to less than 4.5 km and trending mainly in the ENE, NW, and NE directions. However, the analytical signal for both gravity and magnetic data also showed locations, dimensions, and approximate depths of the shallow and near surface anomaly sources. The interpretation of the gravity and magnetic anomalies in the area indicated that the NW, NNW, ENE, and NE trends characterize the shallow to deep gravity anomaly sources; however, the NE, NW, and NNE trends characterize the magnetic anomaly sources, mainly the basement. Two-dimensional geologic models were also constructed for three long gravity anomaly profiles that confirmed and tied with the available deep wells data and previously interpreted seismic sections. These models show the basement surface and the overlying sedimentary section as well as the associated faults. 相似文献
6.
重力数据是地下场源产生的重力场的叠加, 包含了地下从浅部到深部的丰富信息.高阶卫星资料的丰富为青藏高原深部构造研究提供了重要资料.基于EIGEN-6C2模型作为原始数据, 首先对青藏高原布格重力异常和均衡重力异常分别作1~5阶尺度分解, 得到不同尺度重力异常的分布特性, 探讨不同空间尺度反映的地壳构造意义.其次, 基于径向对数功率谱估计平均深度方法理论, 进一步研究1~5阶细节反映的场源深度.再次, 利用Canny算子的多尺度边缘检测识别和分析重力异常中表现不明显的断裂, 定位断裂在地表的位置, 识别青藏高原内部断块边界, 完成活动块体和次级块体的划分.最后, 对布格重力异常进行沉积层及岩石圈改正, 采用Parker-Oldenbarg三维位场反演法反演青藏高原莫霍界面起伏. 相似文献
7.
Ramdhane Benassi 《Arabian Journal of Geosciences》2013,6(4):1173-1182
Understanding the formation and the development of salt structures is very important especially because they are of significant economical interest. Detailed understanding of this process will help reservoir prediction and hydrocarbon recovery. In this work, we use a combination of geological observations along with the interpretation of geophysical data (seismic and Bouguer anomaly data) to better constrain the geology of the Jbel Cheid structure. The shape of Triassic body of Jbel Cheid (Northern Tunisian Atlas) structure and its geodynamic evolution have been determined by gravity analyses and 2.5D modeling, correlated with others geophysical data (seismic) and geological observations. Semi-automatic structural analysis was performed before modeling, to identify lateral gravity discontinuities. The complete Bouguer and residual gravity anomaly maps indicate a positive amplitude gravity anomaly over the Triassic evaporitic outcrop (Jbel Cheid) and prominent NE–SW-trending features associated with the boundary of the Triassic rocks and surrounded layers. The seismic profile shows a thickness variation of post-salt layers. Taking into account the 2.5D gravity model, seismic profile and surface data, geodynamic evolution of Jbel Cheid can be subdivided on three stages (reactive, active, and passive) which well correlated to the model proposed by Vendeville (2002). 相似文献
8.
这里提出了一种基于线性回归的RMS成像方法,通过该方法可以分析判断重力异常源所处位置及赋存范围的方法。经过线性回归,得相关系数、斜率和截距三个参数,利用这三个参数计算RMS并对场源进行成像分析,以得到场源的位置及赋存状况。为了验证算法的可行性,通过简单模型和实测重力异常数据进行试验分析,验证了该方法可以有效地显示出异常地质体的位置及空间赋存状态。 相似文献
9.
Summary Crystallization temperatures of the oceanic carbonatites of Fuerteventura, Canary Islands, have been determined from oxygen isotope fractionations between calcite, silicate minerals (feldspar, pyroxene, biotite, and zircon) and magnetite. The measured fractionations have been interpreted in the light of late stage interactions with meteoric and/or magmatic water. Cathodoluminescence characteristics were investigated for the carbonatite minerals in order to determine the extent of alteration and to select unaltered samples. Oxygen isotope fractionations of minerals of unaltered samples yield crystallization temperatures between 450 and 960°C (average 710°C). The highest temperature is obtained from pyroxene–calcite pairs. The above range is in agreement with other carbonatite thermometric studies.This is the first study that provides oxygen isotope data coupled with a CL study on carbonatite-related zircon. The CL pictures revealed that the zircon is broken and altered in the carbonatites and in associated syenites. Regarding geological field evidences of syenite–carbonatite relationship and the close agreement of published zircon U/Pb and whole rock and biotite K/Ar and Ar–Ar age data, the most probable process is early zircon crystallization from the syenite magma and late-stage reworking during magma evolution and carbonatite segregation. The oxygen isotope fractionations between zircon and other carbonatite minerals (calcite and pyroxene) support the assumption that the zircon would correspond to the early crystallization of syenite–carbonatite magmas. 相似文献
10.
Mercedes Muoz Juana Sagredo Cristina de Ignacio Javier Fernndez-Surez Teresa E. Jeffries 《Lithos》2005,85(1-4):140-153
Zircons from a nepheline-syenite of the Fuerteventura Basal Complex were dated by Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). The age obtained from a total of 21 U–Th–Pb analyses is 25.4 ± 0.3 Ma (2σ) indicating a late Oligocene–early Miocene crystallization. This age is consistent with new K–Ar ages on nepheline-syenites and pyroxenites, and contradicts previously published 39Ar–40Ar (feldspar) ages that were interpreted to represent a late Cretaceous–early Paleocene, pyroxenitic–syenitic magmatic episode. These new geochronological data are consistent with both field observations and most of the previously published ages on alkaline silicate rocks and associated carbonatites of Fuerteventura. Therefore, they strongly support the existence of a single, late Oligocene–early Miocene event of alkaline–carbonatitic magmatism in the Basal Complex of Fuerteventura, taking place at approximately 25 Ma and comprising: alkaline-pyroxenites, melteigites-ijolites, nepheline-syenites and carbonatites, as well as their volcanic equivalents and associated dykes.
These new data provide an estimate for the length of time that it took the island to grow, thus eliminating one of the major problems in explaining its development by a hot-spot model. 相似文献
11.
重磁反演的群体优生遗传算法 总被引：7，自引：1，他引：6
重磁反演常具有众多变量,通常的遗传算法编码方式和搜索模式不能适用。采用０—１ 编码群体优生遗传算法,实现了把遗传算法运用于众多变量的重磁反演,使用进化变异能使运算后期顺利收敛,同时更加接近全局极值,取得了良好的实用效果 相似文献
12.
M. J. Alizadeh A. Shabani M. R. Kavianpour 《International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology》2017,14(11):2399-2410
A reliable prediction of dispersion coefficient can provide valuable information for environmental scientists and river engineers as well. The main objective of this study is to apply intelligence techniques for predicting longitudinal dispersion coefficient in rivers. In this regard, artificial neural network (ANN) models were developed. Four different metaheuristic algorithms including genetic algorithm (GA), imperialist competitive algorithm (ICA), bee algorithm (BA) and cuckoo search (CS) algorithm were employed to train the ANN models. The results obtained through the optimization algorithms were compared with the Levenberg–Marquardt (LM) algorithm (conventional algorithm for training ANN). Overall, a relatively high correlation between measured and predicted values of dispersion coefficient was observed when the ANN models trained with the optimization algorithms. This study demonstrates that the metaheuristic algorithms can be successfully applied to make an improvement on the performance of the conventional ANN models. Also, the CS, ICA and BA algorithms remarkably outperform the GA and LM algorithms to train the ANN model. The results show superiority of the performance of the proposed model over the previous equations in terms of DR, R 2 and RMSE. 相似文献
13.
离散重力测量数据的重构是重力数据分析和处理中最重要的方法之一.等效源方法作为一种有效且稳定的重构方法,受到国内外学者的关注.基于位场理论,提出了三层变尺度等效源方法的技术方案,可有效恢复测量数据中长波长范围的信息,实现对离散重力数据的高精度重构,进而保障了在重力场重构基础上的重力梯度计算.详细地讨论了三层变尺度等效源的设置以及优化反演计算的过程,通过二维和三维理论模型试验,展示了方法的有效性及相对单层等效源方法的优势,并通过广西某地区实际重力测量数据的应用,验证了方法的抗噪能力和实用性. 相似文献
14.
Prediction of landslide displacement with step-like behavior based on multialgorithm optimization and a support vector regression model 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
Landslide prediction is important for mitigating geohazards but is very challenging. In landslide evolution, displacement depends on the local geological conditions and variations in the controlling factors. Such factors have led to the “step-like” deformation of landslides in the Three Gorges Reservoir area of China. Based on displacement monitoring data and the deformation characteristics of the Baishuihe Landslide, an additive time series model was established for landslide displacement prediction. In the model, cumulative displacement was divided into three parts: trend, periodic, and random terms. These terms reflect internal factors (geological environmental, gravity, etc.), external factors (rainfall, reservoir water level, etc.), and random factors (uncertainties). After statistically analyzing the displacement data, a cubic polynomial model was proposed to predict the trend term of displacement. Then, multiple algorithms were used to determine the optimal support vector regression (SVR) model and train and predict the periodic term. The results showed that the landslide displacement values predicted based on data time series and the genetic algorithm (GA-SVR) model are better than those based on grid search (GS-SVR) and particle swarm optimization (PSO-SVR) models. Finally, the random term was accurately predicted by GA-SVR. Therefore, the coupled model based on temporal data series and GA-SVR can be used to predict landslide displacement. Additionally, the GA-SVR model has broad application potential in the prediction of landslide displacement with “step-like” behavior. 相似文献
15.
地球物理反演中的差分进化算法 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为避免传统线性反演过程中极度依赖初始模型的选取、易陷入局部最优解的问题,在综合研究现有地球物理非线性反演方法的基础上,引入了非线性领域群体智能算法—差分进化算法,并以电测深方法为例,建立起了差分进化算法的非线性反演模型,通过对所建模型试算及实测数据验证,证实该方法具有反演速度快、精度高等优点,并可推广应用于二维或三维电测深反演理论之中。最后将该算法在内蒙古某多金属矿勘查中进行了实际推广,取得了较好的效果。 相似文献
16.
James B. Gill 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1970,27(3):179-203
Available geochemical and field data suggest that three different periods of igneous activity have occurred on Viti Levu. Rocks of the first period are island arc tholeiites; of the second, a calc-alkaline series; and of the third, shoshonites. Each period has a geochemical distinctiveness. The temporal sequence also corresponds to a spatial zonation analogous to that observed in many currently active island arcs. K2O and the larger trace elements increase south to north and with time, whereas iron enrichment and Na2O/K2O ratios decrease. Initial Sr 87/86 ratios average about 0.7041 in rocks of all periods. If Viti Levu magmas were genetically related to underthrust oceanic crust, as is argued for comparable ones of modern island arcs, then the island must have drifted or been rotated to its present position within the last 5–10 m.y. 相似文献
17.
野外采集的重力数据是地下各类地质体重力场的叠加反映,如何有效地分离深源场和浅源场是重力资料处理中的一项重要内容。基于二代小波变换基本理论,在一维的基础上,给出了二维Haar预测算子的构造方法,并利用密度模型正演模拟,证明了二代小波变换实现多尺度分解的有效性,并以苏北某地区重力数据为例,应用二代小波变换开展浅部和深部重力异常场的分离。结果表明,该方法简单实用,在重力数据的场源分离中可以发挥重要的作用,对研究区域性断裂构造特征、划分构造单元、圈定隆坳格局等方面的地质问题具有参考价值。 相似文献
18.
《Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Part A: Solid Earth and Geodesy》1999,24(3):221-230
The key for understanding the dynamics of the Northeast German basin is the knowledge of its present-day structures. Our studies are focused on the complex geometry and evolution of this basin by the aid of numerical models. To support this task, it was necessary to consider and integrate all available geoscientific information. Based on borehole data, depth maps and on results of isostatic modelling we derived a 3D model of the basin structure. A smoothed map of the regional gravity field (after Grosse and Conrad, 1990) completed the data base. By means of 3D gravity modelling, the initial model structure was modified to fit in the geophysical data set.An important characteristic of the Northeast German Basin is the presence of Upper Permian Zechstein salt. The salt domes and walls related to the postdepositional mobilisation of the salt layer cause pronounced negative gravity anomalies. This effect is considered as a central problem in this study. In order to investigate possible causes of gravimetric anomalies, we studied the influence of different crustal depth levels. We applied a 3D gravity stripping approach to eliminate the gravimetric effects caused by sedimentary fill of the basin and to separate density anomalies within the sedimentary fill from the influence of deeper levels in the crystalline crust. Complementary, we calculated the downward continuation of the gravimetric field to the basin floor and compared the outcome with the results obtained by 3D stripping. The good fit between the calculated gravity anomalies and the measured anomalies confirms the applicability of the approach. Additionally, we interpreted the Bouguer anomalies in terms of crustal density distribution and discuss the model concerning its consistency with other geophysical data considering the first results of the seismic reflection experiment DEKORP BASIN96. 相似文献
19.
二维密度界面的遗传算法反演 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
二维密度界面的反演可表述成非线性优化问题，本文用遗传算法进行反演计算，首先把连续的密度界面分割成若干单元，在单元中用形函数拟合，再用高斯积分求解重力异常值，把约束条件和拟合方差组合成目标函数，用园柱体和二维盆地模型的反演实例表明，用遗传算法，反演二维密度界面是可行的 相似文献
20.
History matching is still one of the main challenging parts of reservoir study especially in giant brown oil fields with lots of wells. In these cases, history matching with conventional manual technique needs many runs and takes months to get a match. In this work, an innovative approach was suggested for fast history matching in a real brown field. The workflow was employed based on an optimized proxy model for history matching of a field consisting of 14 active wells with multiple responses (which are production rate and pressure data) in the south part of Iran. The main important features of the proposed algorithm were defining a proxy model which is response surface method in which 21 model parameters were incorporated based on cubic centered face method. The proxy model was then optimized by one of the most famous algorithms which is genetic algorithm. Proxy model was successfully performed using 256 samples leading into p- value of 0.531 and R 2 of 0.91 dataset. As a result, the proposed workflow and algorithm showed good and acceptable results for history matching of studied real model. 相似文献