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1.
在垃圾填埋场和场地污染防治工程中,黏土基防渗墙作为原位屏障,已广泛应用于隔离污染物与控制污染地下水的迁移。由黏土与地层混合形成的防渗墙与CaCl2溶液相互作用后,其渗透性会发生怎样的变化。针对这一问题,使用福建标准砂模拟砂性地层,以4种黏土作为混合材料,通过混合、浇筑和固结以后,对其渗透系数和水分特征曲线进行了实测。结果表明,在10%黏土添加量下,当4种砂-黏土混合土经0.2 mol/L CaCl2溶液渗透稳定后,其渗透系数相比渗透液为自来水时都有不同程度的增大,但渗透系数增大的倍数没有超过10。此外,CaCl2溶液在4种砂-黏土混合土中渗透稳定后试样的孔隙率没有发生较大变化,只是小幅地减小了。试验结果分析认为,钙离子与黏土矿物颗粒表面的单价阳离子发生了置换反应,使扩散双电层厚度减小,结合水含量降低,因而有效孔隙率增加,可能是宏观上造成渗透系数变大的主要原因。 相似文献
2.
《岩土力学》2017,(10):2809-2816
为深入了解软土蠕变机制,开展了上海淤泥质黏土的一维固结蠕变试验、结合水测试试验和扫描电镜(SEM)试验,定量分析了固结蠕变过程中结合水和微结构的分阶段变化规律。结果表明:pσ_k时主要是自由水的排出,宏观表现为衰减蠕变过程;pσ_k后,渗透结合水逐渐转化为自由水排出,蠕变变形和等速蠕变率明显增大。蠕变过程由渗透结合水主导,随着结合水排出土的结构逐渐固化,含水率随荷载增加呈指数型衰减,存在固结-蠕变耦合效应。松散的骨架-絮凝结构演变为紧密的团聚-絮凝结构,颗粒在经历了蠕变调整之后定向性降低,小孔隙数量大量增加,孔径1μm的小孔隙组占优。存在荷载、结合水与颗粒的响应机制,其结果可以较好地解释工程现象。 相似文献
3.
利用亲水性各异的饱和黏性土,开展不同压力条件下的压密试验,确定试验条件下黏性土中弱结水释水过程对外界应力的响应关系;依据响应关系,研究饱和黏性土中弱结合水的释水机理与规律;再根据土体孔隙比与压力之间对应关系,构建出饱和黏性土中亲水性、孔隙比与弱结合水之间的函数关系。研究表明:土体中弱结合水排出只受土体亲水性大小与孔隙比大小影响,不受其他因素制约;外界压力通过改变土体中的孔隙比大小,从而间接影响到土体中弱结合水排出,导致排水总体积大于土体压缩总体积,两者的差值随外界压力增加而呈非线性关系增大,与孔隙比呈自然对数关系。 相似文献
4.
为了探究冻结作用下黏土中水盐迁移特性,采用室内单向冻结试验装置,基于TDR技术对添加不同溶质（NaCl）浓度的土样进行了土中温度、含水率及电导率（EC）的同时连续测量。结果表明：溶质的添加引起土中孔隙水冰点下降,造成土中成冰量减少,从而导致含溶质土样的冻结深度大于不含溶质土样;在封闭系统中随着溶质浓度的增大,土中水分迁移量和溶质迁移率均有增大趋势,距离冻结锋面越远,水分、溶质迁移量就越少;冻结锋面附近液态水凝结成冰,引起冻结锋面附近溶质浓度变化剧烈,溶质浓度急剧增大。 相似文献
5.
分别采用不同浓度的NaCl溶液对低塑性黏土进行饱和,然后进行压力板和蒸汽平衡法试验,获得整个吸力范围内的土-水特征曲线（SWCC）。分析不同浓度的孔隙溶液对SWCC的影响规律,结果表明：盐分对基质吸力的影响较小,对总吸力影响较大,这主要是因为盐溶液引起的渗透吸力所致。在蒸汽平衡法试验中,随着含水率的降低,孔隙浓度增大,渗透吸力增大。然而,基质吸力随着含水率的减小迅速增大,使得渗透吸力所占的比例逐渐减小。在非饱和土中,总吸力包括基质吸力和渗透吸力;基质吸力包括毛细部分和吸附部分,当土体中含水率较低时,主要是吸附效应在起作用;渗透吸力与溶液浓度有关。根据试验结果深入分析了吸附水膜和土颗粒之间的相互作用,得出由于溶质的存在对分子间吸附力的影响规律。根据表面化学原理,建立了分子间作用力和吸附水膜厚度之间的关系,以描述处于吸附状态的土-水特征曲线。 相似文献
6.
粒间作用力是控制土体强度和压缩特性的重要参量,但由于黏土中矿物颗粒与孔隙水间存在复杂的物理化学作用,其粒间应力及其变化规律一直无法确定。对泥浆重塑样在不同水化学条件下进行了一系列黏土一维侧限压缩试验,探讨不同浓度的NaCl溶液对饱和黏土压缩过程的影响,并确定土中粒间应力的大小及其变化规律。结果表明：同一级固结应力作用下,随替换溶液浓度的增加渗透固结变形量增大;对于相同浓度的孔隙溶液,固结应力越大,相应的渗透固结变形量越小。根据太沙基有效应力原理,提出了一种利用渗透固结变形来计算平均粒间应力的方法,在此基础上确立了粒间应力（或广义渗透压力）相对变化量与浓度和孔隙比之间的定量关系。该研究提供了一种简单有效的确定饱和黏土粒间应力的方法,为今后校正和验证多场耦合下土本构理论模型奠定基础。 相似文献
7.
溶质在土工合成衬垫（GCL）长期入渗过程中具有明显的化学-渗透特性。室内渗透试验表明：阳离子之间的置换效应对GCL衬垫渗透系数影响较大,10 mM的CaCl2溶液使渗透系数上升至2.5×10-11 m/s,而30 mM的CaCl2溶液使渗透系数上升至5.6×10-11 m/s。渗透液体浓度的增加缩短了溶质穿透GCL的时间,且预饱和处理试剂对GCL渗透系数的变化影响较大,采用蒸馏水作为预饱和试剂处理GCL衬垫对其渗透系数的影响明显小于CaCl2溶液;建立了考虑膜效应和离子交换效应条件下溶质运移耦合动力学模型,并对GCL穿透试验过程中溶质浓度的变化进行了预测,仿真计算结果表明,10 mM和30 mM两种CaCl2溶液渗透条件下,Ca2+浓度变化的试验结果和计算结果均相吻合,验证了耦合动力学模型的可靠性;从Ca2+浓度及流量穿透曲线分布可知,化学-渗透效应可有效地延缓溶质的迁移速度。随着溶质浓度的降低,阻滞作用更显著。因此,在分析GCL衬垫中溶质入渗特征时,必须考虑化学-渗透效应的影响。 相似文献
8.
为了从深层次揭示控制黏土矿物天然气吸附能力的主要因素, 选择不同来源和成因的泥页岩中的常见黏土矿物进行了甲烷等温吸附实验.分析显示不同类型的黏土矿物气体吸附能力差异明显, 各种黏土矿物甲烷吸附容量次序为蒙脱石＞＞伊蒙混层＞高岭石＞绿泥石＞伊利石＞粉砂岩＞石英岩.黏土矿物结晶结构决定了矿物片层之间的层间孔隙和聚合体颗粒之间粒间孔隙的形态和大小, 从而决定着其表面积和气体吸附性能.黏土矿物甲烷吸附能力与电镜扫描所反映的微孔隙发育程度密切相关.研究表明, 黏土矿物的气体吸附能力不仅与黏土类型有关, 而且明显受成岩演化程度和岩石成因的影响.此外, 随粒度减小孔隙连通性和内表面积的不断增加, 黏土矿物气体吸附能力有所升高. 相似文献
9.
矿物成分对软黏土流变性质影响的试验研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
采用改进的直剪蠕变仪,对矿物成分及其含量对软黏土流变性质影响进行试验研究,在相同试验条件下完成了3组含高岭土、膨润土不同百分比试样流变性质的测试。测试结果表明,矿物成分及其含量是影响软黏土流变性质的重要因素之一,土体的黏滞系数随黏土矿物含量的增加而减小,即流变变形阻力随黏土矿物含量的增多而减小。试验结果分析认为,黏土矿物通过颗粒表面的结合水影响土的流变性质,其中强结合水是土体产生流变的主要因素,而弱结合水则是相对次要因素。试验结果有助于进一步认清土体流变的起因,对改进和完善现有流变变形计算理论有一定指导意义。 相似文献
10.
利用不同浓度NaCl溶液饱和黏土,进行等向压缩试验并分析渗透吸力对等向压缩特性的影响规律。试验结果表明：渗透吸力对于黏土的等向压缩行为存在明显影响,主要体现在对初始弹性压缩线斜率、初始屈服应力的影响上。随着渗透吸力的增大,初始弹性压缩线斜率增大、初始屈服应力逐渐减小;而渗透吸力对弹塑段压缩线斜率和卸荷回弹线斜率影响不大。基于等向压缩试验结果,建立了盐溶液饱和黏土的本构模型,经过验证该模型能有效地模拟盐溶液饱和黏土的等向压缩特性。此外,该模型还可以模拟恒定等向压力下渗透吸力改变引起的试样变形。该等向压缩试验结果及所建立的模型为进一步分析及模拟化学-力学耦合行为提供了数据支持和理论基础。 相似文献
11.
Transient models are needed to analyze time-dependent problems like hyperfiltration associated with head differences across clay barriers. Hyperfiltration (solute-sieving) effects create an increased concentration of natural groundwater solutes outside the clay barrier due to the inward head gradient. The purpose of our model is to predict solute buildup and distribution during hyperfiltration providing a basis for time analysis of solute migration. Required input parameters for the model include membrane properties like reflection coefficient, hydraulic conductivity, and solute concentration on the high-pressure side of the membrane before the onset of steady state, solution flux, and the effluent concentration. Model verification is based on published experimental results. The transient hyperfiltration model presented herein may prove useful in elucidating clay membrane (hyperfiltration) effects in the subsurface, however the sole purpose of this paper is to develop a transient model of hyperfiltration effects and test it by using published experimental data. 相似文献
12.
天然盐渍土冻融循环时水盐迁移规律及强度变化试验研究 总被引：11，自引：2，他引：11
通过对新疆喀什地区12处天然盐渍土室内基本性质试验分析,选取典型天然盐渍土,在开放系统中进行反复冻融循环条件下的试验研究。研究了天然盐渍土在多次冻融循环时的水分和盐分迁移规律及强度变化特征。试验结果表明:经多次冻融循环,低液限粘土试样水分重分布与盐分重分布有很大的一致性,水分和盐分自下而上迁移;试样粘聚力自下而上线形减小,内摩擦角呈s形分布。含砂低液限粘土试样冻融循环过程中,易溶盐均随水分向冷端面迁移,离子剖面呈现中间大两端小的趋势;试样粘聚力呈反s形分布,内摩擦角均呈s形分布。 相似文献
13.
Earthen barriers or clay liners are a major concern in geo-environmental engineering. They are designed to preclude or reduce leachate migration. Hence, a low hydraulic conductivity (k) is an important parameter in the design of clay liners. Materials such as bentonite and lateritic clays, which have a low hydraulic conductivity at high dry densities, are used in the construction of clay liners. Compacted expansive clays which are high in montmorillonite content also have a very low hydraulic conductivity. When expansive clays are blended with fly ash, an industrial waste, the hydraulic conductivity further reduces as the ash-clay blends result in increased dry densities at increased fly ash contents. Hence, fly ash-stabilised expansive clay can also be proposed as an innovative clay liner material. It is, therefore, required to study various physical and engineering properties of this new clay liner material. Liquid limit (LL) and free swell index (FSI) are important index properties to be studied in the case of this clay liner material. The hydraulic conductivity of this new clay liner material depends on the fly ash content in the blend. Further, parameters such as solute concentration and kinematic viscosity also influence hydraulic conductivity of clay liners. This paper presents experimental results obtained on hydraulic conductivity (k) of fly ash-stabilised expansive clay liner at varying fly ash content and solute concentration. The tests were performed with deionised water (DIW), CaCl2, NaCl and KCl as permeating fluids. Fly ash content in the blend was varied as 0, 10, 20 and 30 % by weight of the expansive clay, and the solute concentration was varied as 5 mM (milli molar), 10, 20, 50, 100 and 500. It was found that hydraulic conductivity (k) decreased with increasing fly ash content, solute concentration and kinematic viscosity. Further, hydraulic conductivity (k) was correlated with LL and FSI of the clay liner material for different fly ash contents and solute concentrations. Useful correlations were obtained. 相似文献
14.
Sudhakar M. Rao T. Thyagaraj P. Raghuveer Rao 《Geotechnical and Geological Engineering》2013,31(4):1399-1404
Compacted expansive clays swell due to crystalline swelling and osmotic/double layer swelling mechanisms. Crystalline swelling is driven by adsorption of water molecules at clay particle surfaces that occurs at inter-layer separations of 10–22 Å. Diffuse double layer swelling occurs at inter-layer separations >22 Å. The tendency of compacted clay to develop osmotic or double layer swelling reduces with increase in solute concentration in bulk solution. This study examines the consequence of increase in solute concentration in bulk solution on the relative magnitudes of the two swelling modes. The objective is achieved by inundating compacted expansive clay specimens with distilled water and sodium chloride solutions in free-swell oedometer tests and comparing the experimental swell with predictions from Van’t Hoff equation. The results of the study indicate that swell potential of compacted expansive clay specimens wetted with relatively saline (0.4, 1 and 4 M sodium chloride) solutions are satisfied by crystalline swelling alone. Comparatively, compacted clay specimens inundated with less saline solutions (0.005–0.1 M sodium chloride) require both crystalline and osmotic swelling to satiate the swell potential. 相似文献
15.
采用渗流固结法试验结合颗粒表面电位分析,研究极细颗粒黏土的渗流的微电场效应,在相同试验条件下完成了5种含不同百分比的人工高岭土与人工膨润土的试样的渗流特性测试。测试结果表明,微孔渗流的微电场效应对极细颗粒黏土的渗流特性有相当显著的影响,随着孔隙液离子浓度的升降或土颗粒表面电位的增减,试样的渗透系数会随之发生改变;在相同的孔隙液离子浓度下,随着膨润土相对含量的增加,试样的渗透系数随之降低。对科威特软土的渗流固结试验证实了人工土的微电场效应的产生机制与变化规律同样适用于天然软土。试验结果分析认为,在黏土-水-电解质系统的相互作用下,黏土矿物通过土颗粒表面的结合水影响试样的渗流特性,而土颗粒表面电荷的微电场作用是极细颗粒黏土渗流特性改变的内在原因之一。 相似文献
16.
The potential sources of recharge of both water and solutes to the Quaternary aquifer in the area between Ismailia and El Kassara canals in northeastern Egypt include seepage from the irrigation canals and conduits, return flow after irrigation in the cultivated fields, local precipitation, and the upward flow of groundwater from the underlying Miocene aquifer system. Water isotopes, solute concentrations, and sulfate isotopes were used to investigate the geochemical sources, reactions, and the impacts of the hydraulic connections among recharge sources. The obtained results indicate a minimal influence of the underlying Miocene aquifer as a water and solute source while old and new contributions from the irrigation canals represent the main sources of recharge. The chemical reactions responsible for the chemical constituents and salinity in the aquifer include silicate weathering, evaporite dissolution, and carbonate precipitation. Most of groundwater samples appear to lie at/or close to equilibrium with montmorillonite, kaolinite, and illite where clay minerals are quite common in the local soils of the Quaternary aquifer.
相似文献17.
Clay liners or compacted earthen barriers are important barrier materials used for preventing contaminant transport through soils. A low hydraulic conductivity (k) is a significant parameter that governs the design and construction of clay liners. Compacted expansive clays, which are montmorillonite clays, also have a very low hydraulic conductivity (k). When expansive clays are blended with fly ash, an industrial waste, the hydraulic conductivity (k) further reduces as the ash-clay blends result in increased dry densities at increased fly ash contents. Hence, fly ash-stabilised expansive clay can also be proposed as a unique clay liner material. As expansive clays undergo heave when they come into contact with water, it is necessary to study the heave behaviour of fly ash-stabilised expansive clay liners. This paper presents heave studies on fly ash-stabilised expansive clay liners. Fly ash in different contents by dry weight of the expansive clay was added to the clay, and the ash-clay blend was compacted as a liner overlying a natural field soil layer. Compacted lateritic clay was used for simulating the natural field soil into which contaminants migrate. Calcium chloride (CaCl2) solution of varying concentration (5, 10, 20, 50, 100 and 500 mM) was used as the permeating fluid in the heave studies. The rate of heave and the amount of heave of the fly ash-stabilised expansive clay liners were monitored. Deionised water (DIW) was also used as inundating fluid for comparative study. Heave (mm) decreased with increase in solute concentration for all fly ash contents. For a given solute concentration, heave decreased up to a fly ash content of 20 % and thereafter it increased when the fly ash content was increased to 30 %. Heave of the fly ash-stabilised expansive clay liners was correlated with their permeability, liquid limit (LL) and free swell index (FSI) pertaining to the respective fly ash content and CaCl2 concentration. 相似文献
18.
Robert C. Aller 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》1980,44(12):1955-1965
The bioturbated zone of marine sediments is a region having a complex, time-dependent geometry of diffusion and chemical reactions. It is possible to simplify this geometry by postulating an average sediment microenvironment and modelling it as representative of the sediment body as a whole. The microenvironment is assumed to correspond to a single, tube-dwelling animal together with its surrounding sediment and can be represented by a finite hollow cylinder. A transport-reaction model derived from this postulate produces good agreement between observed and predicted pore water profiles using realistic physical constants. The average vertical distributions of pore water solutes and their sediment-water fluxes are influenced by the presence of irrigated burrows to varying degrees depending on the kind of reactions governing their behavior. Pore water profiles of solutes, such as NH+4, subject to zero order reaction rates are highly sensitive to the abundance and sizes of burrows while the net flux of the constituent across the sediment-water interface is not. In contrast, profiles of solutes such as Si that are subject to first order reaction rates are less sensitive to the presence of irrigated burrows but net fluxes are greatly affected. Average pore water concentrations, fluxes of solutes like Si and the apparent one-dimensional diffusion coefficients required to match vertical gradients with measured solute fluxes, are influenced by both the size and spacing of burrows. Because of the range of solute concentrations within the microenvironment at any given depth it is not strictly valid to make detailed solubility calculations on the basis of average pore water concentrations within the bioturbated zone. 相似文献
19.
不同土壤冻融特征曲线的试验研究 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
土壤冻融特征曲线是反映冻土强度、冻土的热性质和土壤冻融过程中的水分和盐分迁移规律的重要参数.为了研究不同植物养分对不同土壤冻融过程的影响,采用NMR法对加入5种不同溶质的4种土壤的冻融特征曲线进行了测定与分析.结果表明:混合Ⅱ5%溶液均对这4种土壤的冻融特征曲线影响最明显,Ca(NO3)2 5%溶液次之,再次为加入K2S04和混合Ⅰ5%溶液的,P2O5 5%溶液最小.这主要是由于在负温下不同溶质的溶解度和土壤对不同溶质的固持作用等不同所致.在加入相同溶液的情况下,康平下层土壤的冻融特征曲线明显低于其它3种土壤,而这3种土壤之间未冻水含量高低次序随所加入的溶质不同而不同.各试样的冻融特征曲线均出现了滞后现象. 相似文献