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1.
Fracability Evaluation of Shale of the Wufeng‐Longmaxi Formation in the Changning Area,Sichuan Basin
The fracturing technology for shale gas reservoir is the key to the development of shale gas industrialization. It makes much sense to study the mechanical properties and deformation characteristics of shale, due to its close relationship with the fracability of shale gas reservoir. This paper took marine shale in the Changning area, southern Sichuan Basin of China as the research object. Based on field profile and hand specimen observation, we analyzed the development of natural fractures and collected samples from Wufeng Formation and Longmaxi Formation. Combining with the indoor experiment, we investigated the macroscopic and microscopic structural features and the remarkable heterogeneity of shale samples. Then we illustrated the mechanics and deformation characteristics of shale, through uniaxial compression test and direct shear test. The shale has two types of fracture modes, which depend on the angular relation between loading direction and the bedding plane. Besides, the Wufeng shale has a higher value of brittleness index than the Longmaxi shale, which was calculated using two methods, mechanical parameters and mineral composition. Given the above results, we proposed a fracability evaluation model for shale gas reservoir using the analytic hierarchy process. Four influence factors, brittleness index, fracture toughness, natural fractures and cohesive force, are considered. Finally, under the control of normalized value and weight coefficient of each influence factor, the calculations results indicate that the fracability index of the Wufeng Formation is higher than that of the Longmaxi Formation in Changning area, southern Sichuan Basin. 相似文献
2.
页岩气地震识别与预测技术 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
依据页岩气的地质特点及当前地震勘查技术的水平,指出地震在识别和追踪页岩储层空间分布（包括埋深、厚度以及构造形态）方面具有明显的优势;综合利用测井及地质资料,对页岩储层有机质丰度、含气性等参数进行解释及优选敏感的地球物理参数,进而建立储层特征与地震响应的关系,以此反演预测页岩气储层有利区;运用相干与曲率等属性分析技术、宽方位甚至全方位地震各向异性分析技术、叠前反演技术、横波分裂技术等,可解决储层裂缝和岩石力学特征问题,直接为钻井和压裂工程技术服务;与压裂技术配套发展的微地震监测技术,可实时提供压裂过程中产生的裂缝位置、方位、大小以及复杂程度,并对储层改造方案的有效性作出准确评价。 相似文献
3.
可压裂性是页岩在水力压裂中具有能够被有效压裂的能力的性质,是页岩开发中最关键的评价参数,影响因素包括页岩脆性、天然裂缝、石英含量、成岩作用及其他因素,目前常利用页岩矿物组成或岩石力学参数来表征,难以全面反映页岩在水力压裂过程中的综合性质。采用极差变换和经验赋值方法将参数标准化,使用层次分析法确定不同因数对可压裂性影响的权重,使用标准化值与权重系数加权得到可压裂系数的数学模型可对页岩可压裂性进行定量评价。可压裂系数越大,页岩可压裂性越强。采用该模型计算渝东南地区渝页1井龙马溪组页岩可压裂系数为0.485 5,Barnett页岩可压裂系数为0.484 4,总体处于同一水平;同时,使用该模型将页岩可压裂性分为3个级别,可压裂系数在0.132 0~0.282 0的页岩可压裂性低,水力压裂效果不佳;可压裂系数在0.282 0~0.456 7的页岩可压裂性中等,水力压裂能够取得较好的效果;可压裂系数在0.456 7~0.784 0的页岩可压裂性高,是优质的可压裂层。水力压裂应选择可压裂系数大于0.360 7的页岩。 相似文献
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为系统深入研究湘西北地区下寒武统牛蹄塘组页岩储层可压裂性,以HY1井为依托,通过密集取心采样、实验测试分析、测井综合解释等多种方法手段,系统分析了牛蹄塘组页岩储层有机地球化学特征、储集物性、裂缝发育特征、脆性矿物组成、岩石力学性质,进而探讨了牛蹄塘组富有机质页岩可压裂性。结果表明:HY1井牛蹄塘组有机碳含量高(0.25%~13.3%),富有机质页岩发育于牛蹄塘组下部,厚约65 m;富有机质页岩段构造缝密度低(0.27~1.21条/m),页理缝发育;矿物脆性指数高(17.7%~86.4%)、静态杨氏模量大(37~62 GPa)、静态泊松比较低(0.14~0.26)、两相水平压力差异系数较大(0.21~0.54)。总体上,牛蹄塘组页岩脆性好,岩石强度大,有利于压裂改造,但大量页理缝的存在增加了裂缝复杂度的同时,对压裂缝产生一定不利影响,且两相水平压力差较大,易形成双翼缝。因此,压裂设计时要综合考虑页理缝可能造成的漏失和对裂缝高度及长度延伸的影响。 相似文献
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页岩气藏矿场压裂实践表明,储层有效改造体积（effective stimulated reservoir volume,简称ESRV）是影响页岩气藏体积压裂水平井生产效果的关键因素,ESRV的准确计算对页岩气藏压裂方案评价与体积压裂水平井产量预测具有重要作用.基于页岩储层改造体积（stimulated reservoir volume,简称SRV）多尺度介质气体运移机制,建立了SRV区域正交离散裂缝耦合双重介质基质团块来表征单元体渗流模型（representation elementary volume,简称REV）,并结合北美页岩储层实例研究了次生裂缝间距、宽度等缝网参数对页岩气藏气体运移规律的影响.在此基础上根据SRV区域次生裂缝分布特征,采用分形质量维数定量表征裂缝间距分布规律,结合页岩气藏次生裂缝间距对基质团块内流体动用程度的影响规律,得到了页岩气藏体积压裂ESRV计算方法.结果表明SRV区域次生裂缝间距对基质团块内吸附及自由气影响较大,次生裂缝间距小于0.20 m时可以实现SRV区域基质团块内流体向各方向裂缝的"最短距离"渗流.选取北美典型页岩储层生产井体积压裂数据进行ESRV计算,页岩气藏目标井ESRV占体积压裂SRV的37.78%.因此ESRV受改造区域次裂缝分布规律及SRV有效裂缝间距界限的影响,是储层固有性质及人工压裂因素综合作用的结果. 相似文献
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水平井分段体积压裂是页岩气商业规模开发的重要工艺措施,如何评价页岩储层可压性是该工艺成功的关键。页岩断裂韧性是可压性评价的重要支撑参数,从I型断裂裂纹（裂缝）微观形态入手,结合断裂力学理论和分形理论,建立了页岩I型断裂韧性分形计算方法;借助晶体劈裂功法计算页岩表面能,采用密度、声波时差2种参数获取计算结果,对比分析新的分形方法计算数据、传统方法预测数据与试验测试数据,新的分形方法计算平均误差为3.63%,传统预测方法平均误差为 %,验证了方法的准确性;参考实例水平井测井解释数据,计算了水平段I型断裂韧性指数的全井筒连续性剖面,结合可压性级别与较大储层改造体积概率关系,优选可压性级别为III级及II级改造。建立的页岩I型断裂韧性分形计算方法对定量评价页岩储层可压性具有重要意义。 相似文献
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通过对比焦石坝、长宁和威远气田五峰-龙马溪组页岩产层段的岩矿、物性、含气性以及可压裂性等地质参数及其纵向变化规律,综合分析了页岩储层的平面和纵向非均质性及其对“甜点”优选和储层改造的影响。研究表明,纵向非均质特征在不同地区具有总体一致性：石英含量、有机碳含量和含气量均呈现下高上低的基本趋势;底部深水陆棚沉积层段普遍具有高有机碳含量、高脆性、高孔隙度和高含气量的特征,一系列属性参数的相互耦合和匹配决定了五峰组-鲁丹阶成为“甜点”的主要发育层段。平面非均质特征主要表现为储层品质以及“甜点”发育层段和厚度的区域差异：长宁和威远地区的钙质含量明显高于焦石坝地区,发育钙质硅质混合页岩相;焦石坝地区的水平应力差明显低于长宁和威远地区,且天然裂缝更为发育;长宁和焦石坝地区的“甜点层”发育于五峰-鲁丹阶下部,而威远地区的“甜点层”则发育于鲁丹阶-埃隆阶中部。页岩储层的非均质性决定了“甜点”的分布范围、发育层段和厚度;矿物组成、天然裂缝、岩石力学参数和地应力场的空间变化是进行压裂设计的重要依据。 相似文献
8.
TX1井是四川盆地外围第一口针对牛蹄塘组页岩压裂的井,岩心现场解析含气量为1.00~3.06m3/t,含气性较好,展现了较好的勘探前景.但复杂构造以及下部含水层对后期储层改造提供了挑战.对TX1井进行了压裂改造,返排过程中气体点火2~3m,但后期一直出水,返排率大于100%.利用Meyer软件进行压裂拟合评价,结果显示TX1井在压裂过程中因沟通了底部高含水层,导致压后出水严重;压裂改造未形成复杂的裂缝网络,限制了储层改造的效果.因此认为直井压裂改造受体积的限制,只能作为对页岩储层含气性与产能的评价手段,页岩气商业性开发还需通过水平井钻井和大规模的分段压裂改造来实现.该井的钻探施工与压裂改造经验为本地区下一步勘探开发指明了方向. 相似文献
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涪陵页岩气田是我国第一个投入商业化开发的国家级页岩气示范区,与北美相比,涪陵地区地表条件、地质条件和页岩气储层特征更加复杂、储层埋藏更深,开发初期钻井机械钻速低、钻井周期长、成本高。为此开展了涪陵页岩气田水平井组优快钻井技术研究,形成了集水平井组钻井工程优化设计、水平井优快钻井技术、国产低成本油基钻井液、满足大型压裂要求的长水平段水平井固井技术、山地特点“井工厂”钻井技术以及绿色环保钻井技术为核心的页岩气水平井组优快钻井技术体系。在涪陵页岩气田推广应用了290口井,完井256口,平均单井机械钻速提高了182%,平均单井钻井周期缩短了55%,平均单井钻井成本降低了34%。为涪陵页岩气田年50亿m3一期产能建设的顺利完成提供了强有力的技术支撑,对我国页岩气规模开发提供了重要的借鉴和引领作用。 相似文献
10.
页岩水平井常采用体积压裂技术获得产能,压裂形成的缝网体积、渗透率是影响压裂效果的关键因素。目前页岩体积压裂设计借用产能预测模型优化缝网参数,此模型较复杂,不便于现场应用。根据等效渗流原理,将页岩储层压裂后形成的缝网系统等效为一个高渗透带,建立了体积压裂缝网参数与施工规模关系模型,提出了体积压裂设计的3个步骤:体积压裂可行性研究、数值模拟优化缝网参数和施工参数优化。根据QY2页岩油水平井特征,进行了体积压裂设计和现场实施。结果表明:压裂形成的高渗透带对产能的贡献最大;高渗透带数量、体积和渗透率增加,压裂后的累积产量和采出程度逐渐增加,存在最优的高渗透带参数。现场应用表明这种设计方法方便实用,可以推广。 相似文献
11.
页岩气是一种分布广泛且储量丰富的非常规能源,但由于其储层具有孔隙度小及渗透率低等特性,一直以来页岩气未得到大规模开采。直到近20年,页岩气开采技术才得到飞速发展,这主要得益于水力压裂技术的进步。压裂液是水力压裂的重要组成部分,其性能的优劣直接影响水力压裂施工的成败。通过调研国内外文献,结合国内外压裂液技术的发展历程,分析了页岩气开采中几种常用压裂液的优点、适应性及存在的问题,综述了两类新型的无水压裂技术。结合我国页岩气储层的特殊性及压裂技术发展的现状,提出了适于我国页岩气开采的压裂液技术发展的建议,并特别强调了在页岩气开发初期重视环保的重要性。 相似文献
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WANG Ruyue HU Zongquan LONG Shengxiang LIU Guangxiang ZHAO Jianhu DONG Li DU Wei WANG Pengwei YIN Shuai 《《地质学报》英文版》2019,93(3):520-535
The Upper Ordovician Wufeng-Lower Silurian Longmaxi shale is widely distributed in the Sichuan Basin and its periphery, which is the key stratum for marine shale gas exploration and development(ED) in China. Based on sedimentary environment, material basis, storage space, fracability and reservoir evolution data, the reservoir characteristics of the Wufeng-Longmaxi shale and their significance for shale gas ED are systematically compared and analyzed in this paper. The results show that(1) the depocenter of the Wufeng(WF)-Longmaxi(LM) shale gradually migrates from east to west. The high-quality shale reservoirs in the eastern Sichuan Basin are mainly siliceous shales, which are primarily distributed in the graptolite shale interval of WF2-LM5. The high-quality reservoirs in the southern Sichuan Basin are mainly calcareous-siliceous and organic-rich argillaceous shales, which are distributed in the graptolite shale interval of WF2-LM7.(2) Deep shale gas(the burial depth 3500 m) in the Sichuan Basin has high-ultrahigh pressure and superior physical properties. The organic-rich siliceous, calcareous-siliceous and organic-rich argillaceous shales have suitable reservoir properties. The marginal area of the Sichuan Basin has a higher degree of pressure relief, which leads to the argillaceous and silty shales evolving into direct cap rocks with poor reservoir/good sealing capacity.(3) Combining shale gas exploration practices and impacts of lithofacies, depth, pressure coefficient and brittle-ductile transition on the reservoir properties, it is concluded that the favorable depth interval of the Wufeng-Longmaxi shale gas is 2200～4000 m under current technical conditions.(4) Aiming at the differential reservoir properties of the Wufeng-Longmaxi shale in the Sichuan Basin and its periphery, several suggestions for future research directions and ED of shale gas are formulated. 相似文献
14.
页岩油气储层纵向多重非均质性及其对开发的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
页岩油气作为烃源岩层系内自生自储的油气资源,其可开发性受页岩储层特征的控制明显。由于不同类型富有机质页岩形成环境的差异性,页岩油气储层在纵向上具有多重非均质性,包括岩性的纵向非均质性、储层物性的纵向非均质性、岩石力学参数的纵向非均质性、地应力的纵向非均质性以及含气性特征的纵向非均质性等,这造成了页岩油气储层的纵向非均质性明显强于横向非均质性,有机质丰度、孔隙度、渗透率、储层的可压裂性、地应力、含气性及吸游比等参数在纵向上的变化均较大,且直接影响了后期页岩油气开发方案的设计与实施。优质开发目的层段的选择首先要考虑单段页岩油气储层的连续厚度在30~50 m左右、有机碳含量均值达到2.0%以上、有效孔隙度大于2.0%、岩石泊松比小于0.25、脆性较大、最小主应力相对上下邻层较小、含气性较高的层段。页岩油气开发井型的选择,水平井段的部署,压裂分段的长短、射孔簇的设计等均要充分考虑这种非均质性的影响。 相似文献
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在页岩储层压裂过程中,不同浓度、不同pH值的SDBS压裂液体系会直接影响页岩储层稳定性,进而影响造缝性能。通过实验分析了页岩储层在不同浓度、pH值的SDBS压裂液作用下的膨胀抑制性、润湿反转性能。实验结果表明：0.02%SDBS压裂液下页岩储层的膨胀变形最小、膨胀变形速率最慢,即膨胀抑制效果最好;0.03%SDBS压裂液下页岩的润湿性改造最好,接触角为30 °。pH值为8的SDBS压裂液对炭质页岩的膨胀变形和膨胀速率起到了最佳的抑制作用;pH值为9的SDBS压裂液对炭质页岩的润湿反转起到了最好的效果,接触角为31.6°。综合分析认为不同浓度、不同pH值的SDBS压裂液对页岩储层特性影响差异较大,说明在对页岩储层的开发利用中,调整SDBS浓度和pH值对提高页岩气开采效果是可行的。 相似文献
16.
页岩本身并不生气。以页岩为储层的油气藏,以裂缝为主要储集空间,即传统的裂缝性泥页岩油气藏。北美页岩气在以硅质胶结和以硅岩为主的储层中,产量偏高。这一现象从硅质的来源上,指出页岩气与碱性地幔流体的必然联系。阿巴拉契亚盆地深度3000m以下的页岩气,甲烷同系物碳同位素值完全反序排列,从地球化学角度证明页岩气来自地幔。如果页岩仅仅是储层而非气源岩,我国"页岩气十二五规划"探明页岩气储量6000×108m3和2015年产量65×108m3的目标将失去地质依据。因巨大的环境隐患,页岩气开发所必需的水力压裂法已在英、美、法、德、瑞士、保加利亚、澳大利亚等国立法禁止,在南非推迟发放所有的水力压裂法开采许可证。页岩气开采带来的环保问题不仅仅是有害气体向大气泄露,还有超过260种有害化学物质随着每次10000m3压裂液返排到地表,不断重复地向页岩气开采地区排放,将造成空前的污染。同时造成工业和民用供水短缺。美国页岩气被市场分析师称为"伪商业产品",价格在成本区间内。我国计划到2020年页岩气产量达600 108～1000 108m3,根据美国的经验,起码需要2万口页岩气井,10年内所需投资将达到4000亿～6000亿元。显然,页岩气即将成为吞噬中国几十年经济发展成果的黑洞,即将成为破坏我们生息环境的"切尔诺贝利"。 相似文献
17.
页岩气的工业化开发要求对致密储层进行体积压裂改造,水平井多级分段压裂技术是成功开发页岩气藏的关键技术之一。页岩储层在地应力与致裂压力联合作用下突破页岩基质,沟通天然裂隙等弱结构面,形成高导流能力缝网系统,页岩储层中赋存的游离气和吸附气得以释放,提高了页岩气井的初始产量和最终采收率。根据渝东地区页岩储层工程地质特征,结合渝页A-2HF井、渝页B-2HF井矿场压裂施工数据,探索适用于渝东地区的页岩储层压裂工艺技术,结果表明,采用前置盐酸处理储层保持近井带导流能力,能够保障后续大排量施工压力窗口;低砂比粉砂段塞多级降滤实现“控近扩远”,增加储层改造体积;压力异常层段胶液前置充分造缝,可为后续滑溜水携带支撑剂进入地层创造有利条件。 相似文献
18.
The production efficiency of shale gas is affected by the interaction between hydraulic and natural fractures. This study presents a simulation of natural fractures in shale reservoirs, based on a discrete fracture network (DFN) method for hydraulic fracturing engineering. Fracture properties of the model are calculated from core fracture data, according to statistical mathematical analysis. The calculation results make full use of the quantitative information of core fracture orientation, density, opening and length, which constitute the direct and extensive data of mining engineering. The reliability and applicability of the model are analyzed with regard to model size and density, a calculation method for dominant size and density being proposed. Then, finite element analysis is applied to a hydraulic fracturing numerical simulation of a shale fractured reservoir in southeastern Chongqing. The hydraulic pressure distribution, fracture propagation, acoustic emission information and in situ stress changes during fracturing are analyzed. The results show the application of fracture statistics in fracture modeling and the influence of fracture distribution on hydraulic fracturing engineering. The present analysis may provide a reference for shale gas exploitation. 相似文献
19.
Shale gas production has gradually achieved high and stable output, which makes it possible to make up for the shortage of oil and gas energy as an alternative energy source. Shale reservoir is compact, with well-developed nano-pore, and has the characteristics of adsorption and desorption, diffusion and slippage. At the same time, there are a large number of natural cracks, bedding and foliation. Hydraulic fractures expand irregularly after volume fracturing in horizontal wells. The whole system has multi-field coupling and cross-scale flow effects. Productivity prediction of shale gas is difficult and uncertain, which restricts the efficient development and evaluation of shale reservoirs. In this paper, the development status of productivity numerical models for shale gas horizontal wells is reviewed in consideration of the multi-scale transport characteristics of shale gas. These models include dual media capacity models, multiple media capacity models, and complex seam productivity models. It is considered that the dual medium and multi-media productivity models weaken the large permeable flow area and channel provided by the complex seam network system after shale reservoir lamination, and cannot comprehensively characterize the full-scale coupled transport characteristics of shale gas. The numerical model for productivity prediction of shale gas horizontal wells based on complex fracture network provides a multi-scale flow embedded fracture network system, which solves the problem of systematic flow without losing the ability to accurately characterize each scale flow. It is necessary to obtain the complex fracture network morphological characterization which conforms to reservoir geological characteristics, rock mechanical behavior and fluid-solid coupling mechanism. Fracture network characterization is the key to the productivity prediction of shale gas horizontal wells. 相似文献
20.
随着同位素热年代学理论体系、分析测试和模拟技术的不断完善,同位素热年代学已成为基础地质和常规油气勘探领域研究不可或缺的热点学科,但对于其在页岩气勘探开发地质评价领域中的系统应用还关注较少.通过对页岩气勘探开发综合评价体系及同位素热年代学相关理论分析,结合近年来华南地区多套页岩层系的勘探开发实践,指出同位素热年代学在页岩地层对比,页岩烃源评价中的生排烃史和构造热演化史、储集特征、保存条件评价中的核心指标（抬升剥蚀时间、剥蚀量的恢复及断裂活动期次）以及页岩可压性等多个方面的研究均可作为有效技术手段,研究表明同位素热年代学在页岩气勘探开发领域应用前景极为广阔. 相似文献