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1.
东天山是中国最重要的岩浆铜镍硫化物矿带之一,产有黄山东、黄山、香山、葫芦等大中型铜镍矿床。图拉尔根、白石泉两处镍铜矿床为近年来在新疆地区铜镍找矿中的重大发现,两者均属于与镁铁质-超镁铁质杂岩有关的岩浆熔离-贯入型矿床。矿物共生组合以磁黄铁矿 镍黄铁矿 黄铜矿为特征,磁黄铁矿系矿石中最主要组成部分。文章以X射线衍射、扫描电镜、电子探针分析并辅以常规显微镜,查明这些矿床中磁黄铁矿均系Co、Ni的最主要载体矿物,Co、Ni元素主要以游离状态的硫化物(或硫砷化物)形式存在,如镍辉砷钴矿、钴辉砷镍矿、镍黄铁矿及紫硫镍矿等矿物。它们多以微细包裹体或出溶体形式随机地分布于磁黄铁矿内部,而少量的Co、Ni元素则以类质同像方式存在于磁黄铁矿晶格之中。图拉尔根、白石泉、葫芦三矿床中磁黄铁矿在多型结构以及微量元素地球化学方面均表现出一定的差异,系由两矿床容矿岩石基性程度及成矿温度之差异引起。  相似文献   

2.
东昆仑造山带夏日哈木超大型镍钴硫化物矿床伴生钴资源,对其钴富集机制的认识离不开矿物中钴含量及其赋存状态方面的制约。本文采用场发射-扫描电子显微镜-能谱分析和电子探针对夏日哈木I号镁铁-超镁铁质岩体中不同类型的矿物进行了成矿元素含量测定及表征,在矿物层面探讨了钴含量变化和赋存状态。确认钴镍的赋存状态(含量)与矿物类型、岩浆结晶阶段(演化时间)有关:硫(砷)化物的钴含量高于硅酸盐造岩矿物,辉砷钴矿等砷化物钴独立矿物具有最高的钴含量。镁铁质岩浆硫不饱和时,早期结晶橄榄石中镍含量较高,中期结晶辉石岩的辉石晶体结构中的钴发生晶体化学分散;岩浆硫饱和-硫化物熔离过程中钴和镍优先进入硫化物熔体而富集,单硫化物固溶体(MSS)早期结晶的磁黄铁矿中钴含量大于镍含量,钴与镍含量正相关;MSS中期结晶的镍黄铁矿优先富集钴,钴与镍含量负相关,钴可能与镍类质同象替换进入镍黄铁矿而优先富集;MSS早期钴与砷形成辉砷钴矿等钴独立矿物,钴富集程度高、但总量有限。最后,本文认为硫化物熔离是夏日哈木矿床钴富集的主要机制。  相似文献   

3.
东昆仑夏日哈木超大型岩浆镍钴硫化物矿床的工业价值,不仅取决于矿石中Co、Ni的含量,还取决于钴和镍关键金属的赋存状态和分布规律。笔者利用全自动矿物分析系统钻孔样品分析,确定Co和Ni在样品中有2种赋存状态:独立钴、镍矿物和含Co、Ni矿物。对钴、镍金属矿物进行原位主、微量元素分析发现,Co在钴、镍金属矿物中含量由高到低为:辉砷钴矿>砷镍矿、方硫铁镍矿、镍黄铁矿>红砷镍矿、磁铁矿>磁黄铁矿、黄铜矿;Ni在钴、镍金属矿物中含量由高到低为:砷镍矿、红砷镍矿>硫铋镍矿、方硫铁镍矿、镍黄铁矿>辉砷钴矿>磁铁矿、磁黄铁矿、黄铜矿。选择钻孔中体积分数占比最高的磁黄铁矿、镍黄铁矿和黄铜矿,进行原位核–边微量元素及面扫描分析发现,Co、 Ni在镍黄铁矿和黄铜矿单颗粒尺度上是均一分布的,两种矿物的Co/Ni值变化不大,表明矿物没有受到热液作用影响。然而,Ni在磁黄铁矿中分布不均一,并且矿物的Co/Ni值变化较大,表明磁黄铁矿对热液作用更为敏感。矿物原位主、微量元素分析结果显示,镍黄铁矿中的Co、Ni含量与镍、钴独立矿物接近,远超岩体中其他含钴、镍金属硫化物。因此,含Ni...  相似文献   

4.
东天山图拉尔根铜镍矿区受控于康古儿—黄山韧性剪切带北东段的区域性韧性剪切带之次级断裂构造,断裂构造对该矿床的控制作用极为明显。矿区范围内现已发现3个镁铁质-超镁铁质杂岩体,目前只对一号岩体进行了勘探评价,已探明控制储量达大型规模。文章基于对一号杂岩体的矿床地质特点及其化探和物探特征的总结,试图建立该大型铜镍矿床的找矿评价模式。一号岩体以全岩矿化为特征,可分为4个岩相:角闪橄榄岩相、辉石橄榄岩相、角闪辉石岩相和辉长岩相,赋矿岩石主要为角闪橄榄岩、辉石橄榄岩,矿床属于与镁铁质-超镁铁质岩浆有关的岩浆熔离贯入型Cu-Ni-Co矿床,具有单期岩浆多次脉动上涌成矿的特征。岩体m/f介于3.1~4.8之间,属于铁质超镁铁岩类,且具有低钛、低碱、低Al2O3特征,含矿岩相具有高硫特征(S>1%)。化探显示图拉尔根地区位于Cu、Ni、Co组合异常区内,Ni异常峰值133×10-6,Cu异常峰值83×10-6。成矿元素Ni、Co、Cu在角闪橄榄岩、辉石岩中呈现富集趋势。物探显示岩体具有三高一低的地球物理异常特征。矿区位于区域性的重力高值异常区内,在高重力背景下,含矿岩体表现出明显的低阻、高极化及高磁异常特征。作者指出沿强变形带中间的中部弱韧性变形带追索含矿岩体,将对扩大找矿范围具有实际意义;岩体南西部可能为含矿岩浆上升就位的主要中心,这里角闪橄榄岩相也十分发育,应为矿化富集的有利地段。  相似文献   

5.
西藏冈底斯成矿带南木林县浦桑果铜多金属矿床是新发现的大型铜多金属矿床,该矿床以品位高,成矿元素复杂为其特征。本文应用野外地质编录、显微镜鉴定、电子探针等手段对浦桑果矿床矿石矿物特征以及Co、Ni元素赋存状态进行了研究。矿石矿物主要由黄铜矿、方铅矿、闪锌矿、铜蓝等组成。矿石中的有用元素除了铜、铅锌、银外,钴、镍元素是伴生有益组分,矿石中主要Co-Ni元素独立矿物为镍辉砷钴矿。通过电子探针分析,Co元素含量平均为17.87%,Ni元素含量平均12.66%,Co-Ni元素同时以类质同象置换铁的形式赋存于金属硫化物中,黄铜矿平均含Co0.04%、Ni0.08%,黄铁矿平均含Co0.40%、Ni0.20%,闪锌矿平均含Co0.14%、Ni0.06%,磁黄铁矿平均含Co0.79%、Ni0.18%等。Co-Ni元素作为重要的伴生矿产,对提高矿床综合利用价值,丰富青藏高原矿床类型,指导找矿工作部署具有重要的意义。  相似文献   

6.
新疆哈密磁海铁矿床中钴的地球化学及地质意义   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
新疆磁海铁矿是一个富硫、富钴的磁铁矿矿床。矿床中的钴,主要产于黄铁矿、磁黄铁矿等硫化物中,并有钴的独立矿物辉砷钴矿和斜方砷钴矿。磁铁矿矿石中含钴较高,个别富硫化物磁铁矿矿石中钴可达0.16%,达到综合利用价值。对磁海铁矿床中钴的产出特征、化学成分、赋存状态研究,结合铁和钴的元素地球化学性质,认为该矿床的成矿物质来源较深;铁和钴在岩浆-热液成矿过程中属于不同阶段的产物,钴趋于在热液晚期阶段富集。  相似文献   

7.
图拉尔根镁铁-超镁铁岩型铜镍硫化物矿床航磁异常不明显,但地面磁法ΔT有4 000 nT异常幅值。在磁法异常不同高度上延,显示岩体向下有较大延伸,通过勘探剖面对比,推断由含矿岩体引起。揭示地面磁法在本区寻找此类岩体和铜镍矿床重要性。  相似文献   

8.
尤敏鑫  李厚民  王亚磊 《岩石学报》2018,34(11):3422-3432
黄山南镁铁-超镁铁质岩体位于东天山造山带觉罗塔格构造带内,属于土墩-黄山-图拉尔根镁铁-超镁铁质岩带。本文在前人研究的基础上,从橄榄石、辉石矿物学组成和全岩Sr、Nd同位素等方面对黄山南岩体进行了分析研究,并与黄山、黄山东、香山等典型含矿岩体作了对比,旨在进一步查明黄山南岩体的岩浆源区和母岩浆性质及其岩浆演化过程。Sr-Nd同位素特征表明黄山南岩体来自一个弱亏损的地幔源区,相较黄山、黄山东、香山等岩体的源区具有更加富集的特征。黄山南岩体中的橄榄石属于贵橄榄石,斜方辉石主要为古铜辉石,少数为紫苏辉石,单斜辉石主要为顽透辉石、普通辉石和少数的透辉石。单斜辉石和橄榄石的成分特征表明形成黄山南岩体的母岩浆为演化程度较低的拉斑玄武质岩浆,且母岩浆成分具有高Mg、高Ni的特点。计算得到黄山南岩体母岩浆的Fe O~T=13.20%、MgO=16.96%、Ni=377.2×10~(-6),且母岩浆在结晶分异过程中没有经历充分的硫化物熔离作用,这也是造成母岩浆中Ni含量较高以及岩体含矿性较差的主要因素。  相似文献   

9.
罗志波 《地质与勘探》2020,56(3):512-522
新C-2013-198号航磁异常位于西昆仑造山带东端黄羊滩地区,苏巴什构造结合带南侧。三级查证工作表明,该异常对应地质体为含钴镍矿化超镁铁质岩,由辉橄岩和辉石岩组成。其中辉橄岩Ni含量分布在0.15%~0.32%,Co 0.012%~0.016%,Ni平均品位0.21%,Co 0.014%;辉石岩Ni含量为0.10%~0.19%,Co 0.007%~0.010%,Ni平均品位0.14%,Co 0.008%。含钴镍矿化仅赋存于超镁铁质岩石中,具明显岩浆控矿特征。赋矿超镁铁质岩与伴生辉长岩、斜长花岗岩构成蛇绿岩岩石组合,为西昆仑造山带苏巴什蛇绿岩的一部分。综合分析认为,含钴镍矿化成矿类型为与蛇绿岩有关的岩浆硫化物矿床,具煎茶岭式镍矿成矿特征。推断新疆南部西昆仑地区具有寻找煎茶岭式镍矿的找矿前景。  相似文献   

10.
吉林省白山市大横路铜钴矿为国内少有的沉积-变质变形-热液等多种成因叠加改造的大型钴矿床,是综合研究古元古代造山带钴复杂成矿作用过程的理想地区。目前,有关该矿床中钴的赋存状态、富集迁移规律及复杂的成矿过程等方面的研究十分薄弱。本文采集矿床内典型钻孔样品,通过精细的矿相结构观察、扫描电镜物相分析、X射线元素面扫描和矿物成分定量分析等综合研究,发现大横路铜钴矿床经历了多期多阶段复杂的沉积-变质变形-热液作用,钴主要以Co的独立矿物(硫镍钴矿和辉砷钴矿),类质同象进入富Co黄铁矿和在磁黄铁矿中发育钴镍黄铁矿出溶体等形式存在。该矿床成矿作用分为以下5个阶段:沉积阶段以黄铁矿-磁黄铁矿-黄铜矿呈极细粒包体零星分布为特点;变质变形阶段以硫镍钴矿-磁黄铁矿-黄铜矿组合沿绢云母-黑云母-石英变质千枚理定向分布为特点,变质程度达高绿片岩相;早期热液作用主要沉淀粗大脉状磁黄铁矿及其钴镍黄铁矿出溶体;中期热液作用以条带状自形富Co黄铁矿和硫镍钴矿为标志,该阶段为Co富集成矿的主成矿期;网脉状黄铜矿沉淀对应于最晚期热液作用,同时发育极少量细粒辉砷钴矿。矿体的蚀变类型以硅化、碳酸盐化、钠长石化和绿泥石化为主,次为...  相似文献   

11.
Most sulfide-rich magmatic Ni-Cu-(PGE) deposits form in dynamic magmatic systems by partial melting S-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren to weakly-mineralized immiscible Fe sulfide xenomelts into which Ni-Cu-Co-PGE partition from the magma. Some exceptionally-thick magmatic Cr deposits may form by partial melting oxide-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of the miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren Fe ± Ti oxide xenocrysts into which Cr-Mg-V ± Ti partition from the magma. The products of these processes are variably preserved as skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles, which play important to critical roles in ore genesis, transport, localization, and/or modification. Incorporation of barren xenoliths/autoliths may induce small amounts of sulfide/chromite to segregate, but incorporation of sulfide xenomelts or oxide xenocrysts with dynamic upgrading of metal tenors (PGE > Cu > Ni > Co and Cr > V > Ti, respectively) is required to make significant ore deposits. Silicate xenomelts are only rarely preserved, but will be variably depleted in chalcophile and ferrous metals. Less dense felsic xenoliths may aid upward sulfide transport by increasing the effective viscosity and decreasing the bulk density of the magma. Denser mafic or metamorphosed xenoliths may also increase the effective viscosity of the magma, but may aid downward sulfide transport by increasing the bulk density of the magma. Sulfide wets olivine, so olivine xenocrysts may act as filter beds to collect advected finely dispersed sulfide droplets, but other silicates and xenoliths may not be wetted by sulfides. Xenovolatiles may retard settling of – or in some cases float – dense sulfide droplets. Reactions of sulfide melts with felsic country rocks may generate Fe-rich skarns that may allow sulfide melts to fractionate to more extreme Cu-Ni-rich compositions. Xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles are more likely to be preserved in cooler basaltic magmas than in hotter komatiitic magmas, and are more likely to be preserved in less dynamic (less turbulent) systems/domain/phases than in more dynamic (more turbulent) systems/domains/phases. Massive to semi-massive Ni-Cu-PGE and Cr mineralization and xenoliths are often localized within footwall embayments, dilations/jogs in dikes, throats of magma conduits, and the horizontal segments of dike-chonolith and dike-sill complexes, which represent fluid dynamic traps for both ascending and descending sulfides/oxides. If skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and/or xenovolatiles are present, they provide important constraints on ore genesis and they are valuable exploration indicators, but they must be included in elemental and isotopic mass balance calculations.  相似文献   

12.
针对兖州煤田下组煤深部开采受奥灰高承压水威胁以及当地大型煤化工企业生产用水量大的现状,在已进行的水文地质勘探及放水试验基础上,评价奥灰富水性,并采用有限差分法进行奥灰疏水降压数值模拟研究,提出水煤共采观点。研究结果表明:兖州煤田深部奥灰水压高,合理布置水煤共采孔,可以实现奥灰水位的有效疏降,疏降中心区水位最大降深可达110 m,突水系数显著下降,提高了下组煤开采的安全性;同时可提供煤化工43200 m3/d的供水量,能达到可持续的、水资源保护性的供水效果,实现下组煤的水煤共采。  相似文献   

13.
《Chemical Geology》2007,236(1-2):13-26
We examined the coprecipitation behavior of Ti, Mo, Sn and Sb in Ca–Al–Mg fluorides under two different fluoride forming conditions: at < 70 °C in an ultrasonic bath (denoted as the ultrasonic method) and at 245 °C using a Teflon bomb (denoted as the bomb method). In the ultrasonic method, small amounts of Ti, Mo and Sn coprecipitation were observed with 100% Ca and 100% Mg fluorides. No coprecipitation of Ti, Mo, Sn and Sb in Ca–Al–Mg fluorides occurred when the sample was decomposed by the bomb method except for 100% Ca fluoride. Based on our coprecipitation observations, we have developed a simultaneous determination method for B, Ti, Zr, Nb, Mo, Sn, Sb, Hf and Ta by Q-pole type ICP-MS (ICP-QMS) and sector field type ICP-MS (ICP-SFMS). 9–50 mg of samples with Zr–Mo–Sn–Sb–Hf spikes were decomposed by HF using the bomb method and the ultrasonic method with B spike. The sample was then evaporated and re-dissolved into 0.5 mol l 1 HF, followed by the removal of fluorides by centrifuging. B, Zr, Mo, Sn, Sb and Hf were measured by ID method. Nb and Ta were measured by the ID-internal standardization method, based on Nb/Mo and Ta/Mo ratios using ICP-QMS, for which pseudo-FI was developed and applied. When 100% recovery yields of Zr and Hf are expected, Nb/Zr and Ta/Hf ratios may also be used. Ti was determined by the ID-internal standardization method, based on the Ti/Nb ratio from ICP-SFMS. Only 0.053 ml sample solution was required for measurement of all 9 elements. Dilution factors of ≤ 340 were aspirated without matrix effects. To demonstrate the applicability of our method, 4 carbonaceous chondrites (Ivuna, Orgueil, Cold Bokkeveld and Allende) as well as GSJ and USGS silicate reference materials of basalts, andesites and peridotites were analyzed. Our analytical results are consistent with previous studies, and the mean reproducibility of each element is 1.0–4.6% for basalts and andesites, and 6.7–11% for peridotites except for TiO2.  相似文献   

14.
15.
16.
Partition coefficients of Hf,Zr, and REE between zircon,apatite, and liquid   总被引:25,自引:2,他引:25  
Concentration ratios of Hf, Zr, and REE between zircon, apatite, and liquid were determined for three igneous compositions: two andesites and a diorite. The concentration ratios of these elements between zircon and corresponding liquid can approximate the partition coefficient. Although the concentration ratios between apatite and andesite groundmass can be considered as partition coefficients, those for the apatite in the diorite may deviate from the partition coefficients. The HREE partition coefficients between zircon and liquid are very large (100 for Er to 500 for Lu), and the Hf partition coefficient is even larger. The REE partition coefficients between apatite and liquid are convex upward, and large (D=10–100), whereas the Hf and Zr partition coefficients are less than 1. The large differences between partition coefficients of Lu and Hf for zircon-liquid and for apatite-liquid are confirmed. These partition coefficients are useful for petrogenetic models involving zircon and apatite.  相似文献   

17.
The distribution of Cu, Co, As and Fe was studied downstream from mines and deposits in the Idaho Cobalt Belt (ICB), the largest Co resource in the USA. To evaluate potential contamination in ecosystems in the ICB, mine waste, stream sediment, soil, and water were collected and analyzed for Cu, Co, As and Fe in this area. Concentrations of Cu in mine waste and stream sediment collected proximal to mines in the ICB ranged from 390 to 19,000 μg/g, exceeding the USEPA target clean-up level and the probable effect concentration (PEC) for Cu of 149 μg/g in sediment; PEC is the concentration above which harmful effects are likely in sediment dwelling organisms. In addition concentrations of Cu in mine runoff and stream water collected proximal to mines were highly elevated in the ICB and exceeded the USEPA chronic criterion for aquatic organisms of 6.3 μg/L (at a water hardness of 50 mg/L) and an LC50 concentration for rainbow trout of 14 μg/L for Cu in water. Concentrations of Co in mine waste and stream sediment collected proximal to mines varied from 14 to 7400 μg/g and were highly elevated above regional background concentrations, and generally exceeded the USEPA target clean-up level of 80 μg/g for Co in sediment. Concentrations of Co in water were as high as in 75,000 μg/L in the ICB, exceeding an LC50 of 346 μg/L for rainbow trout for Co in water by as much as two orders of magnitude, likely indicating an adverse effect on trout. Mine waste and stream sediment collected in the ICB also contained highly elevated As concentrations that varied from 26 to 17,000 μg/g, most of which exceeded the PEC of 33 μg/g and the USEPA target clean-up level of 35 μg/g for As in sediment. Conversely, most water samples had As concentrations that were below the 150 μg/L chronic criterion for protection of aquatic organisms and the USEPA target clean-up level of 14 μg/L. There is abundant Fe oxide in streams in the ICB and several samples of mine runoff and stream water exceeded the chronic criterion for protection of aquatic organisms of 1000 μg/L for Fe. There has been extensive remediation of mined areas in the ICB, but because some mine waste remaining in the area contains highly elevated Cu, Co, As and Fe, inhalation or ingestion of mine waste particulates may lead to human exposure to these elements.  相似文献   

18.
This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (3He/4He, 40Ar/36Ar, 34S/32S, 65Cu/63Cu, 62Ni/60Ni, 87Sr/86Sr, 143Nd/144Nd, 206–208Pb/204Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.  相似文献   

19.
Indonesia has become the world's largest exporter of thermal coal and is a major supplier to the Asian coal market, particularly as the People's Republic of China is now (2007) and perhaps may remain a net importer of coal. Indonesia has had a long history of coal production, mainly in Sumatra and Kalimantan, but only in the last two decades have government and commercial forces resulted in a remarkable coal boom. A recent assessment of Indonesian coal-bed methane (CBM) potential has motivated active CBM exploration. Most of the coal is Paleogene and Neogene, low to moderate rank and has low ash yield and sulfur (generally < 10 and < 1 wt.%, respectively). Active tectonic and igneous activity has resulted in significant rank increase in some coal basins. Eight coal samples are described that represent the major export and/or resource potential of Sumatra, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, and Papua. Detailed geochemistry, including proximate and ultimate analysis, sulfur forms, and major, minor, and trace element determinations are presented. Organic petrology and vitrinite reflectance data reflect various precursor flora assemblages and rank variations, including sample composites from active igneous and tectonic areas. A comparison of Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs) elements abundance with world and US averages show that the Indonesian coals have low combustion pollution potential.  相似文献   

20.
The dielectric constants and dielectric loss values of 4 Ca-containing minerals were determined at 1 MHz using a two-terminal method and empirically determined edge corrections. The results are: vesuvianitel κ′ a=9.93 tan δ=0.006 κ′ c=9.79 tan δ=0.005 vesuvianitel κ′ a=10.02 tan δ=0.002 κ′ c=9.85 tan δ=0.003 zoisite1 κ′ a =10.49 tan δ=0.0006 κ′ b =15.31 tan δ=0.0008 κ′ c=9.51 tan δ=0.0008 zoisite2 κ′ a =10.55 tan δ=0.0011 κ′ b =15.45 tan δ=0.0013 κ′ c=9.39 tan δ=0.0008 epidote κ′ 11= 9.52 tan δ=0.0008 κ′ 22=17.1 tan δ=0.0009 κ′ 33= 9.37 tan δ=0.0006 fluorapatite1 κ′ a =10.48 tan δ=0.0008 κ′ c = 8.72 tan δ=0.0114 fluorapatite2 κ′ a =10.40 tan δ=0.0010 κ′ c=8.26 tan δ=0.0178 The deviation (δ) between measured dielectric polarizabilities as determined from the Clausius-Mosotti equation and those calculated from the sum of oxide polarizabilities according to α D (mineral)=∑ α D (oxides) for vesuvianite is ~ 0.5%. The large deviations of epidote and zoisite from the additivity rule with Δ=+ 10.1 and + 11.7%, respectively, are attributed to “rattling” Ca ions. The combined effects of both a large F thermal parameter and possible F-ion conductivity in fluorapatite are believed to be responsible for Δ=+2–3%. Although variation of oxygen polarizability with oxygen molar volume (Vo) is believed to affect the total polarizabilities, the variation of Vo in these Ca minerals is too small to observe the effect.  相似文献   

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