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1.
再论岩溶塌陷的形成机制   总被引:10,自引:1,他引:9  
20世纪70年代以来,不少学者对岩溶塌陷的形成机制进行了努力探索,一些单位开展了大量野外和室内实验,获得了宝贵数据,取得了重大进展。在此基础上形成了目前比较公认的"潜蚀论"和"真空吸蚀论"。作者通过对已有研究成果的总结,特别是对支撑"潜蚀论"和"真空吸蚀论"的理论基础和实验数据的分析,结合在贵州六盘水地区岩溶塌陷的长期调查成果,认为研究岩溶塌陷,不能离开覆盖土层的物理力学性质,土层物理力学性质不一,变形破坏方式也不一样。岩溶塌陷的形成发生,往往是多种作用的共同结果,同时提出了"溯源潜蚀"和"土体流变"的观点。  相似文献   

2.
通过野外地质调查、钻探、岩土样品测试等手段,研究了苏州市金庭镇蒋东岩溶塌陷的地质条件及形成机理。蒋东碳酸盐岩质纯、层厚、岩溶发育程度高,第四系覆盖层较薄且遇水后力学强度大幅降低,这是塌陷形成的内在地质条件,矿山开采是塌陷形成的外在诱发因素。该塌陷模式可概化为真空吸蚀-重力致塌,致塌力主要为溶洞管道内重力水流、水位快速下降产生的真空负压吸蚀力和覆盖层土体自重。根据塌陷区地质条件和诱发因素,建立了基于极限平衡理论的真空吸蚀-重力致塌力学模型。模型计算结果表明,在真空吸蚀作用形成过程中,塌陷体的稳定系数K1.0,必然产生剪切变形破坏,模型计算结果符合岩溶塌陷的实际情况。  相似文献   

3.
通过岩溶工程地质剖面和地质钻孔资料对岩溶发育特征与强度、第四系覆盖层厚度及物质组成、地下水动力条件等进行分析;并以此为基础,根据莲花县城区岩溶塌陷形成特点,结合岩溶塌陷点发生时的降雨量和地下水位变化记录等资料进行综合研究。结果表明:莲花县城区岩溶塌陷主要以水流潜蚀、高压气蚀、负压吸蚀、下渗旋吸、土体软化、重力加载等破坏作用叠加效应形成的土洞型塌陷为主;地下水位循环交替是引发岩溶塌陷的主要原因,而降雨强弱又直接影响着地下水动态变化;地下水循环交替不同阶段表现出对盖层的各类破坏作用的特征不同,一般在经多期次地下水循环交替过程后形成地面塌陷;部分地面塌陷因农田囤水、地面加载或振动而诱发。该文研究成果可为莲花县岩溶塌陷预警预报及防治提供科学依据,其他南方岩溶发育相近地区具有参考意义。  相似文献   

4.
岩溶塌陷实际是覆盖层土体变形破坏的一种特殊类型。通过调查研究,将徐州地区岩溶塌陷概化为"单一透水型盖层"、"透—阻型盖层"以及"单一阻水型盖层"三种地质模式,破坏模式为渗透变形破坏和剪切变形破坏,致塌模式分别为"潜蚀渗透-超临界水力梯度致塌"、"潜蚀软化—吸蚀—渗透力致塌"以及"真空吸蚀致塌"。建立了内部塌陷阶段以及地表塌陷阶段的综合力学模型,经新生街塌陷和溶剂厂塌陷验证,计算结果与实际情况基本吻合。以徐州典型塌陷区为例,分别对不同覆盖层厚度(40 m、30 m、20 m、10 m)、不同溶洞直径(4 m、2 m、1 m、0. 2 m)、不同下伏黏性土厚度(5 m、10 m、15 m、20 m、25 m、30 m、35 m、40 m)的稳定性进行试算,得到稳定性系数随水位降深的变化关系曲线,结果表明:覆盖层厚度越大、下伏黏性土厚度越大、溶洞直径越小、水位降深越小,稳定系数越高,越不容易塌陷;当洞穴直径小于1 m时,自然条件下土体均处于稳定状态;以稳定系数等于1为变形破坏的极限平衡条件,确定了最大水位降深及其空间分布,并据此作为岩溶塌陷的水位控制红线,为研究区岩溶水安全合理开采提供指导意义。  相似文献   

5.
截止2016年底,大成桥疏干区在地下水位恢复过程中共发生了17起岩溶塌陷,文章结合地下水动态监测、水文地质钻探成果以及现场调查资料等,研究地下水恢复特征及其对岩溶塌陷的作用机制,为研究区塌陷的预警防治提供科学依据。结果表明:研究区岩溶塌陷集中在河流两岸阶地和麻枣冲沟中;岩溶塌陷发生顺序为先补给区后径流区,与地下水恢复动态过程密切相关;区内地下水恢复过程可分为4个阶段,不同阶段岩溶塌陷机理可分为渗流潜蚀-气爆效应,负压吸蚀效应,软化增荷-挤压-吸蚀效应和软化-崩解效应等4种力学效应组合,不同力学效应作用下的致塌模式有所不同。其中地下水位在基岩面附近4~5 m范围波动更容易引发岩溶塌陷。目前补给区地下水位标高63.95~71.8 m,高于基岩面5~6 m;径流区为42.8~57.7 m,位于基岩面以下4~17 m,因此须密切观测研究区地下水位变化。   相似文献   

6.
武汉市工程施工引发岩溶塌陷机理分析   总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0  
刘鹏瑞  刘长宪  姜超  王芳  陈钰  贾龙 《中国岩溶》2017,36(6):830-835
文章对武汉市岩溶塌陷进行了全面梳理,主要对由工程施工引发的岩溶塌陷进行了归纳总结,按施工类型将其分为4大类,对其在不同地质条件下引发岩溶塌陷的成因机理、致塌模型进行举例分析,得出结论:钻探施工诱发的岩溶塌陷以岩层顶板破坏—垂直渗压致塌模式及崩解—土洞顶部破坏—加载致塌模式为主;桩基础施工以岩层顶板破坏—渗流液化致塌模式为主;抽排地下水诱发的岩溶塌陷为潜蚀-吸蚀致塌模式,荷载振动诱发的岩溶塌陷为潜蚀—振动—加载致塌模式。武汉市岩溶塌陷以钻探、桩基施工诱发为主,因其容易破坏岩土体结构、水动力条件,具有猛烈而快速的特点;抽取地下水影响范围较广,隐蔽、不易察觉;振动荷载只能作用于土洞形成后。   相似文献   

7.
《地下水》2017,(6)
查明了广西柳州西南部洛满镇和三都镇岩溶塌陷群的地质环境和分布特征;分析了塌陷形成的影响因素;综合基岩、土层、地下水和已有塌陷等因素,划分了岩溶塌陷易发区域。结果表明:区内岩溶塌陷多具有群发性,主要发生于3~9月份且有逐年增加的趋势;岩溶塌陷的形成受"水-土-岩"相互作用和人为活动影响,区内覆盖土层较薄,地下岩溶发育,地下水在基岩面附近波动,利于塌陷形成;抽排地下水、地下水水位波动是塌陷最主要的诱发因素。岩溶塌陷的高易发区主要分布于洛满镇、流山镇、社冲乡、成团镇、土博镇、三都镇等城镇附近,总面积101.41 km~2;中等易发区(面积142.04 km~2)和低易发区(面积29.16 km~2)较为分散;不易发区为基岩裸露区,面积666.39 km~2。  相似文献   

8.
研究区内已发岩溶地面塌陷灾害严重,地质环境条件极其复杂,第四系覆盖土层厚度大,底部粉质黏土层土洞发育、隐伏基岩为壶天群灰岩,溶洞及断层破碎带发育,单个溶洞、土洞规模较大,溶洞与溶洞、土洞与溶洞之间连通性能较好。岩溶地面塌陷是以覆盖层粉质黏土层或砂类土层的扰动和土洞的形成为起点的,根据勘查区上覆盖层二元结构的特征,区内地面塌陷及土洞的发育过程可分为"下黏上砂"二元结构塌陷模式和"下黏上砂、软土"多元结构塌陷模式,塌陷区的岩溶塌陷致塌机制主要为机械贯穿作用,塌陷发育大约经历了四个阶段,建议今后不宜在勘查区及其周边一定范围进行地下工程建设活动及抽、排岩溶地下水行为,避免地下水动力条件发生改变,再次发生岩溶地面塌陷。  相似文献   

9.
土层的渗透破坏是龙岗区塌陷(土洞)形成的重要因素,通过在现场取原状样和室内人工配制扰动样的方法,进行室内渗透变形试验,对龙岗区岩溶塌陷成因进行详细分析,深入探讨地下水渗透破坏对岩溶塌陷的影响。在监测区内选取3类主要土层:黏土、粉质黏土、中砂,共设置了11组土样进行室内扰动土渗透变形试验。试验结果表明,土体发生渗透塌陷破坏与土体性质、颗粒级配、土层结构、土体内部空腔大小、土体下部透水基岩孔洞大小以及外部水力梯度等有密切关系。  相似文献   

10.
湘桂铁路二塘车站高铁区段1996-2016年间发生岩溶塌陷险情27起,虽经过多期悬挂式帷幕注浆整治,但塌陷问题仍是行车安全的极大隐患。通过资料收集、场地野外调查、岩溶地下水气压力长期监测站的监测资料分析,细化了研究区的地质构造、岩溶水文地质条件及岩溶发育特征,从地质结构、岩溶地下水动力特征等方面分析,认为岩溶塌陷形成的成因为临桂地区房地产基坑开挖抽排水影响岩溶地下水水位变化,造成基岩面上覆土体的潜蚀,形成土洞,进而发展至地面形成塌陷坑。针对铁路运行段地下水位埋深具承压性,隐伏溶洞充填率高的复杂岩溶地质条件以及注浆压力的限制,提出加强基岩面上覆土层抗渗强度、管控岩溶地下水降深的岩溶塌陷防治对策。  相似文献   

11.
Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.  相似文献   

12.
Robert L. Linnen   《Lithos》2005,80(1-4):267-280
The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H2O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H2O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.  相似文献   

13.
Lithostratigraphy, physicochemical stratigraphy, biostratigraphy, and geochronology of the 77–70 Ma old series bracketing the Campanian–Maastrichtian boundary have been investigated by 70 experts. For the first time, direct relationships between macro- and microfossils have been established, as well as direct and indirect relationships between chemo-physical and biostratigraphical tools. A combination of criteria for selecting the boundary level, duration estimates, uncertainties on durations and on the location of biohorizons have been considered; new chronostratigraphic units are proposed. The geological site at Tercis is accepted by the Commission on Stratigraphy as the international reference for the stratigraphy of the studied interval. To cite this article: G.S. Odin, C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 409–414.  相似文献   

14.
正The Kuqa depression deposited thick rock salt,which has a lower density than surrounding rocks.When salt bodies form a certain scale,obvious negative gravity anomalies can be detected in the surface.Therefore,gravitational method can quickly obtain the shape,plane distribution of deep-seated salt bodies and overall tectonic morphology of the basin.  相似文献   

15.
正1 Introduction The Pingluoba brine,which characterized as high concentration with sodium,potassium,boron,lithium,and rubidium,possess great development value.The main composition of the brine can be summarized to the  相似文献   

16.
正1 Introduction In the present paper,MgCl2·6H2O,FeCl3·6H2O,and CeCl3·6H2O were used as raw materials in the precipitationhydrothermal method to synthesize MgF eC e hydrotalcite.The effects of the Fe:Ce molar ratio on the composition,crystal structure,and thermal stability of hydrotalcite are examined.Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(EDS),X-  相似文献   

17.
正1 Introduction Crystallization is one of important unit operations in the chemical production process,which requires not only the crystal product with high purity and yield,but also the available particle size of the crystal products to ensure product quality.Crystallization process is affected by  相似文献   

18.
正Dear Authors and Readers:First of all,on behalf of the new Editorial Board,I would like to express our sincere appreciation for your continuing support of our journal.This journal,founded in 1922,is the oldest geological journal in China.As the flagship journal of the Geological Society of China,it has become more and more influential in earth sciences in China and beyond.The journal is now indexed by SCI,CA and more than 20 other databases,with an impact  相似文献   

19.
正20141283 Bai Daoyuan(Hunan Institute of Geological Survey,Changsha 410016,China);Zhong Xiang Nature,Origin and Tectonic Setting of Jinzhou Basin in the South Segment of Xuefeng Orogen(Geology in China,ISSN1000-3657,CN11-1167/P,40(4),2013,p.1079-1091,10 illus.,47 refs.)Key words:foreland basins,strike-slip faults,Hunan Province  相似文献   

20.
正20142093Chen Daohua(Guangzhou Marine Geological Survey,Guangzhou 510075,China);Diao Shaobo The Latest Progress of Geological Marine Testing Technology in China(Rock and Mineral Analysis,ISSN0254-5357,CN11-2131/TD,32(6),2013,p.850-859,105refs.)Key words:chemical analysis,China  相似文献   

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