共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
Gilbert Wilson Ph.D. F.G.S. 《Proceedings of the Geologists' Association. Geologists' Association》1952,63(1):20-48
The paper deals with the morphology of the stretch of coast between Boscastle and the Treligga Cliffs in North Cornwall. The prevalent cliff type is slope-over-wall, either hog's-back or bevelled as defined by Miss Arber (1949). Flat-topped cliffs are less common. It is considered that geological structures—bedding, jointing, faulting and, to a lesser extent, rock-type—have not only had considerable influence on the shape of the cliffs, but have also guided the marine attack on the coast. The evolution of most of the coast features, when seen in plan or profile, has been controlled by the local geological structure. The southern stretch of the coast is sub-parallel to seaward-dipping normal faults which have been stripped of their hanging-walls. Such a cliff line is dominantly a faultline scarp which has suffered slight retrogression. 相似文献
2.
R. Tomás A. Abellán M. Cano A. Riquelme A. J. Tenza-Abril F. Baeza-Brotons J. M. Saval M. Jaboyedoff 《Landslides》2018,15(2):199-217
Landslides are very complex processes controlled by multiple factors. The knowledge and characterization of these factors is essential for a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms and kinematics of the instabilities and for an efficient design of corrective measures. The aim of this work is to combine traditional geological and geotechnical techniques with geophysical, remote sensing and forensic techniques for obtaining a whole picture of an active lateral spreading affecting the Finestrat municipality in Alicante, SE Spain. Geomorphological, geotechnical and geophysical techniques (i.e. ground penetrating radar and refraction seismic) have provided essential information about the geometry, structure and petro-physical properties of the slope. A Terrestrial Laser Scanner was used for recognizing the most important sets of discontinuities affecting the rock mass and to evaluate the activity of the landslide slope. Complementarily, a forensic analysis of the building damage completed the available datasets, yielding very useful kinematic information of the landslide. Finally, a sensitivity analysis of the stability of the rock slope has been performed considering both block toppling and block sliding models. Therefore, the multisource analysis performed in this work has allowed the identification and characterization of a complex lateral spreading, highlighting its effectiveness for a comprehensive understanding of this type of landslide. 相似文献
3.
万州西溪铺松散堆积体成因分析及稳定性评价 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：4
根据勘探钻孔资料,对西溪铺一带松散堆积体的特征及成因进行了详细的探讨.研究结果表明:分布在基岩面高程190m以下的斜坡与基岩面高程140～150 m平台上的粉质黏土夹碎石土层是由滑坡作用形成的(即西溪铺滑坡);分布在基岩面高程190 m以上的粉质黏土夹碎石土层是由崩积、残积及坡积作用形成的;卵石砂土层是苎溪河的冲积作用形成的.对西溪铺滑坡的形态、滑动面特征、水文地质条件及形成年代等进行了论述,这些特征说明西溪铺滑坡曾发生过一次大型的堆积体滑动、多次小型的表层滑动,其是在一级阶地形成时代T1以后的几千年之内形成的.根据下伏卵石砂土层的地质结构,对西溪铺滑坡的稳定性进行了评价,评价结果表明库水位的变化对西溪铺滑坡的稳定性有巨大的影响,在滑坡的防治设计中必须引起高度的重视. 相似文献
4.
5.
低电阻率油气层是一类电性上比较特殊的油气层,由于在测井结果中不易与水层区分,故被作为一类重要而特殊的油层进行研究。腰英台油田青山口组油层是低电阻率油层,作者分别在勘探和开发阶段通过地质和地球物理方法对其进行了深入的研究。结果表明,引起腰英台油田青山口组低阻油层的主要因素是岩性、岩石结构和地层,直接原因是:存在储层砂岩颗粒细、粘土含量高、孔隙结构复杂引起的高束缚水;较为富集的分散状黄铁矿在油层中形成电子导电网络降低了油层的电阻率;油层中砂泥岩薄互层中的泥岩夹层抑制了砂岩层感应测井响应。对低阻油层的判断可能由于各地区地质特征的不同而采用的方法有所不同;青山口组低阻油层主要是通过地质试验技术、可动水饱和度、自组织特征映射等方法确认的。 相似文献
6.
青藏高原地质构造活跃,内外动力作用强烈,加之气候异常变化,区内大型滑坡发育。以雅鲁藏布江断裂附近新发现的拉岗村古滑坡为研究对象,在现场调查、槽探揭露、地质测年和工程地质分析等基础上,对其发育特征及成因机制进行了分析研究。研究表明,(1)拉岗村滑坡属巨型岩质滑坡,体积达3.6×107 m3,最大水平滑动距离约3050m,滑坡后壁与堆积体前缘高差达965m,最大运动速率达78.1m/s,具明显高速远程特征;(2)受冷冻风化和冰体"楔劈"作用影响,滑坡后部岩体崩裂,全新世以来气候变化冰川逐渐消退,融雪降水入渗加剧劣化岩体结构,降低岩体强度;(3)根据14 C和10Be测年结果,拉岗村古滑坡形成于距今4140~9675a,沿雅鲁藏布江断裂发生的强震可能是该滑坡的直接诱因,岩体受到地震抛掷力作用,原有节理裂隙和新生破裂面发生张剪-拉裂破坏迅速贯通,首先沿断裂附近碎裂结构岩体发生破坏,上部岩体随之失稳并高速下滑。该研究可为认识青藏高原断裂带内大型古滑坡的形成机理提供借鉴。 相似文献
7.
北祁连东段早石炭世前黑山期岩相古地理主要特征 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本区地处北祁连加里东褶皱带东部,早石炭世前黑山期区内为海湾性质的陆表海域。前黑山中期,秦岭海水第一次侵入本区,形成海湾并逐步扩大、超覆,形成了以障壁海岸环境为主的由碎屑岩、页岩以及灰岩组成的海陆交互相的沉积岩系。相区由三角洲平原相和滨海平原相组成。前黑山组中段含有石膏层,在中国的早石炭世沉积中很具特色。基底断裂活动造成了本区沉积基底块断式差异沉降作用,因此,本区各地段的岩相古地理特征均差异很大。 相似文献
8.
The 560-km-long Kerala coast is characterised by long barriers with narrow beaches and steep cliffs. Distribution of cliffs
from nine sections measuring a cumulative length of 63.5 km is evaluated in ArcGIS Software using topomaps and field survey
data. The cliff sections in the southern coast comprise both permeable and impermeable rocks, whereas those along northern
coast are comprised of either Precambrian crystalline and/or Tertiary formations. Notches, caves and even small arches are
developed in Cannanore, Dharmadam and Kadalundi cliffs, where only primary laterites are exposed to wave attack. Stacks composed
of laterite and Precambrian crystallines found in nearshore of cliffed coast indicate recession of shoreline. Mass wasting,
mudslide and mudflow type of cliff failures are common in permeable to semi-permeable rocks, whereas rotational sliding, rockfall
and toppling failure are found in hard rock cliffs. Retreat of cliff sections are induced by natural or anthropogenic activities
or both. Rate of recession vary from a few centimetres to one metre/year depending upon the nature of lithology, structures
and recession agents acting upon the cliffs. Various methods of cliff protection for e.g. hard structures—revetments, groins,
seawalls, breakwater and jetties—and soft measures—artificial reefs/marsh creation, floating breakwaters, beach nourishment,
beach scraping and vegetation planting—are suggested. 相似文献
9.
滑坡分类研究一直是滑坡研究的基础和重点。通过对山西煤矿区滑坡灾害的工程实践和大量的调查统计分析,根据滑坡地层结构、岩性特征、诱发机制及运动特征等因素将山西煤矿区滑坡归结为5种类型:顺基岩面推移-滑动型黄土滑坡;蠕滑-挤出型黄土滑坡;水浸溜滑型黄土滑坡;煤层自燃倾覆-拉裂滑移型岩质滑坡;受节理控制的蠕滑-张裂型岩质滑坡。研究结果发现:黄土滑坡滑带土一般为松散土层,岩质滑坡的滑面为软弱结构面（多为泥岩薄层）或煤线;除溜滑型黄土滑坡滑动速度较快外,其他为低速滑坡,其典型特点是历时长,滑距短,致灾范围小,但滑坡推力大,破坏力强,往往造成更大损失。该研究进一步细化了滑坡分类的内容,其成果可对山西矿区及类似滑坡地质灾害的防治提供指导。 相似文献
10.
Quick-clay landslides are a serious geohazard in Canada, Norway and Sweden. Identification and mapping of quick clays are essential endeavours because the damage caused by an individual landslide can be large and costly, with potentially fatal consequences. We collected geophysical borehole and soil core data from an area prone to quick-clay landslides in southwestern Sweden. Methodologies included in situ and laboratory measurements, providing information about natural gamma radiation, sonic velocities, electrical conductivity, pH, physical grain size, elemental and mineral composition, magnetic properties, cation exchange capacity and fossil content. A stratigraphic thickness of almost 60 m enables us to study quick clays and their host environment in Sweden at unusually high resolution. Results identify the origin and location of reflections in nearby seismic lines and assign physico-chemical properties to the geological units present in the area. We show that coarse-grained layers are sandwiched between marine clays (some of which are quick clays). These layers function as a conduit for relatively fresh water that infiltrates the marine clays and chemically destabilizes them by leaching out their salts. The salinity distribution in the boreholes indicate that the groundwater movement is downwards, through the coarse-grained layer and towards the Göta river. The presence of these materials is important for the development of quick clays, although not a prerequisite. With the help of surface geophysical methods, the location of the coarse-grained layers can be known faster and more economically, which could be relevant for studying the potential for quick-clay landslide occurrence over large areas. 相似文献
11.
A. I. Konyukhov 《Lithology and Mineral Resources》2012,47(5):401-418
The presence of rocks capable of generating hydrocarbons (HC) in the section of sedimentaryrock basins is an essential criterion for their qualification as structures with oil and gas pools. Although organic matter (OM) is always present as dissemination in genetically different sediments, it is believed that rocks enriched with OM of the sapropel series (2 to 3% Corg) can generate a significant amount of liquid HC. However, rock sequences with the Corg ranging from 3–5 to 15–20% are considered oil source formations. The rock section of large petroliferous basins usually includes one or two source sequences, which generated liquid and gaseous HCs after submergence to high temperature and pressures zones. In the basin confined to the Arctic slope of Alaska, one of the main producers of liquid HC is represented by the Upper Triassic clays and limestones of the Shublik Formation. In the Barents Sea and North Sea basins, such rocks are represented by the Spekk Formation and the Kimmeridge Clay, respectively; in the West Siberian basin, by the Bazhenovo Formation; in the Persian Gulf, by the Fahlian, Sargelu, and Garau formations; in basins of the Caribbean region, by marls and clayey limestones of the La Luna Formation. In perioceanic basins of the South Atlantic, the major source sequences are represented by the Neocomian and Barremian clays and marls. The source rocks are identified as the Lagoa Feia Formation in the Campos and Santos basins. They are cognized as the Black Marlstone or Bukomazi Formation in the Lower Congo, Kwanzaa-Cameroon, and Angola basins. 相似文献
12.
我国黄土高原面积广阔,地质灾害频繁发生。多级旋转黄土滑坡因其特征和成因复杂成为一种特殊的灾害类型。在野外详细调查、工程勘察的基础上,分析宝鸡渭北台塬边和永靖黑方台塬边多级旋转滑坡基本特征,认为渭北台塬大型黄土-红层多级旋转滑坡主要受新构造运动、河流的侧蚀、地层岩性等因素控制形成,黑方台的浅层旋转黄土层内滑坡和黄土-泥岩多级旋转滑坡则是长期黄土塬大面积漫灌的结果。同时首次建立了多级旋转黄土滑坡的3种形成演化模式：扩展式旋转滑坡、渐灭式旋转滑坡和复合式旋转滑坡,并进行滑坡实例分析,提出多级旋转滑坡局部蠕动挤压、滑坡加速剧滑失稳、滑坡调整稳定、后缘新滑坡孕育变形和滑后稳定调整5个变形阶段,为这类滑坡的稳定性评价奠定了基础。 相似文献
13.
岷江上游干扰岸坡主要表生地质灾害分布特征及成因浅析 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
岷江上游地处我国著名的南北向地震带的中段，因其特定的地质环境导致区内表生地质灾害极为严重。通过对岷江上游（汶川以上）河段的崩塌、滑坡、泥石流等表生地质灾害的调查研究，其分布沿岷江两岸具有明显的分段特征与河谷地貌分段基本一致，它们形成发展与特定地形地貌、易崩滑或软弱地层、特殊的构造部位、降雨等密切相关。 相似文献
14.
青藏高原地壳上地幔形成与演化的地球物理研究 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
近年来,我国在青藏高原取得了大量地球物理资料,1980-1982年中法合作又在西藏得到丰富的深部地球物理资料.青藏高原是一个整体.它的构造活动可以分为南、北、中三个带.中部是整体隆升,且已达到均衡.南北两缘受到强烈挤压、叠覆,是差异隆升,但未达到均衡.它的构造作用形式,可以分为上、中、下三层.上层(上地壳)以叠覆为主,中层(下地壳)以挤压为主,下层(异常地幔)以隆升为主.在上下地壳之间有一壳内低速低阻层,是一个主要的滑曳面.它的地质历史发展可以分为两个阶段.印度板块与西藏板块未碰撞前,异常地幔使高原缓慢隆升.在碰撞后,地壳加厚,重力均衡使高原快速隆升. 相似文献
15.
Small fast-moving flow-like landslides in volcanic deposits: The 2001 Las Colinas Landslide (El Salvador) 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
Fast-moving landslides are one of the most significant dangers deriving from slope instabilities. Landslides involving large volumes can develop in rock or debris avalanches with extreme mobility and enormous destructiveness. Nevertheless, a relevant number of casualties and damages derive from small, fast-moving landslides with flow-like behaviour.
The Las Colinas landslide occurred at Santa Tecla (El Salvador, Central America) during a strong earthquake. It slid off the northern flank of the Bálsamo ridge, and resulted in almost 500 casualties and can be considered one of the most destructive landslides ever known. Earthquake shaking was amplified by the rock mass and the steep ridge topography.
We collected original geological, geomorphological and geophysical data in the Cordillera del Bálsamo area. The involved materials, ranging from lapilli to tuff layers of different strength, have been mapped and characterized.
Slope stability analyses have been performed both under static and dynamic conditions through limit equilibrium and finite element methods.
Hazard zonation for this type of landslides requires the forecast of the movement velocity and final deposition area. We used a fully two-dimensional FEM model to simulate landslide spreading downslope. The developed code allows the use of different constitutive models and yield rules with the possibility to model and study internal deformation of the landslide mass, as well material entrainment and deposition. 相似文献
16.
渭河中游宝鸡-扶风段北岸塬边集中发育大型黄土滑坡,体积超过1 000×104 m3的滑坡达58处。在区域活动断裂调查、地球物理勘察、典型斜坡结构与构造调查基础上,研究了大型滑坡结构及其形成机理。研究表明：渭河北缘活动断裂以地堑式结构控制北坡塬边斜坡的地貌,主断裂面倾向南,倾角平均为68°,而次级断面结构组合控制斜坡结构,影响塬边大型黄土滑坡结构;塬边主断裂面与多个大型黄土滑坡后缘滑壁一致,断裂最大下挫距离7.1 m,影响大型滑坡的形态及发生过程;活动断裂呈地堑式结构,局部次级断面控制塬边多级滑动面的结构及其演化过程,如杨家村滑坡,局部滑坡剪出受断裂结构控制,剪出口角度可达72°,大部分剪出口未受到断裂面影响,角度平均为23°;三门组黏土岩黏粒体积分数超过35%,塑限平均值为23,是滑坡的层间剪切带;降雨诱发老滑坡复活是目前新滑坡发育的主要形式,大量的老滑坡形成于0.009 Ma BP二级阶地侵蚀期,而古滑坡形成于0.13 Ma BP三级阶地侵蚀期。 相似文献
17.
Leandro R. Alejano Silverio García-Cortés Fernando García-Bastante Roberto Martínez-Alegría 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2013,70(6):2703-2717
In this paper, a rockfall of some tenths of cubic metres of rock, occurred in a conglomerate canyon in the northern Castilian plateau (N-Central Spain), is described in detail. This includes the basic data (geology, mapping, meteorological data and rock involved), the mechanical mechanism of the instability, the propagation and reach of the fallen rock boulders and the final location of the pieces. The study is based on detailed geological, aerial photography and geotechnical studies and advance topographical measurements. Geological engineering techniques are used to analyze the instability initiation and rockfall propagation. This study contributes to a better understanding of the geological processes leading to the occurrence of calcareous canyons and cliffs in the drainage network of the upper Castilian plateau. It is also helpful to improve our knowledge on natural rockfall phenomena for risk engineering purposes aiming to quantify, control and mitigate associated hazards. 相似文献
18.
美国Zion国家公园红层地貌发育研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
随着中国红层和丹霞地貌研究逐步走向国际,国内学者走出国门去认识和了解国外的红层及其地貌发育显得尤为必要。Zion国家公园是美国西部红层的典型代表,在干旱气候环境下发育了高原-峡谷景观。本文通过野外考察和岩样分析,从地质构造、岩性特征和外动力等方面来探讨Zion公园的红层地貌发育机制。研究表明:Zion公园为科罗拉多高原西部边缘的断块山地,公园内褶皱很少,断层稀疏,但节理密集,控制了峡谷群的发育。公园内地貌发育的主体地层为红层,主要形成于侏罗纪,其沉积环境复杂多变,兼具滨/浅海、河流、湖泊和沙漠等。岩性特征上,Zion公园的红层以细砂岩和粉砂岩为主。其中,形成崖壁的主要为风成相石英砂岩,但各段岩石的胶结特性不同,导致其岩石强度和颜色有较大差异。此外,还发现Zion公园红层的岩石强度和山体坡度并不呈正相关关系,它还与岩性是否均一有关。细粒均一的风成相砂岩和河流相Springdale段砂岩发育成陡崖,其余含有软岩夹层的岩层只能形成缓坡。外动力方面,流水下切是主导因素,同时流水侧蚀和地下水的基蚀作用等对Zion公园的地貌发育也有重要影响。 相似文献
19.
川藏交通廊道典型高位滑坡地质力学模式 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
川藏交通廊道穿越青藏高原东缘高山峡谷区,大型—巨型高位滑坡多发频发,是铁路、高速公路等交通设施规划建设必须考虑的重要因素。在区域成灾地质背景分析和现场调查的基础上,以地貌特征、斜坡岩体结构、促发条件等为基本要素,总结归纳了川藏交通廊道典型高位滑坡的6类地质力学模式,包括:堆积体滑移型、顺层滑移拉裂型、卸荷剪断型、岩溶贯通拉裂型、崩滑溃散型和构造控制型等。结合典型高位滑坡案例,重点剖析了各类滑坡启动的简化力学机制,并给出了相应的成因解析。综合考虑不同类型高位滑坡的控制因素和易发性分区结果,初步圈定了川藏铁路雅安—林芝段高位滑坡易发靶区,对高位滑坡隐患早期识别、重大工程选址选线和防灾减灾具有重要的指导作用。 相似文献
20.
《Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Part A: Solid Earth and Geodesy》1999,24(10):925-934
Detailed geomorphological mapping carried out in 5 sample areas in the North of Lisbon Region allowed us to collect a set of geological and geomorphological data and to correlate them with the spatial occurrence of landslide. A total of 597 slope movements were identified in a total area of 61.7 km2, which represents about 10 landslides per km2.The main landslide conditioning factors are: lithology and geological structure, slope angle and slope morphology, land use, presence of old landslides, and human activity.The highest landslide density occurs in Cretaceous marls and marly limestones, but the largest movements are in Jurassic clays, marls and limestones.The landslide density is higher on slopes with gradients above 20 °, but the largest unstable area is found on slopes of 10 ° to 15 °, thus reflecting the presence of the biggest slope movements. There is a correlation between landslides and topographical concavities, a fact that can be interpreted as reflecting the significance of the hydrological regime in slope instability.Concerning land use, the highest density of landslides is found on slopes covered with shrub and undergrowth vegetation.About 26% of the total number of landslides are reactivation events. The presence of old landslides is particularly important in the occurrence of translational slides and complex and composite slope movements.20% of the landslide events were conditioned by anthropomorphic activity. Human's intervention manifests itself in ill-consolidated fills, cuts in potentially unstable slopes and, in a few cases, in the changing of river channels.Most slope movements in the study area exhibit a clear climatic signal. The analysis of rainfall distribution in periods of recognised slope instability allows the distinction of three situations: 1) moderate intensity rainfall episodes, responsible for minor slope movements on the bank of rivers and shallow translational slides, particularly in artificial trenches; 2) high intensity rainfall episodes, originating flash floods and most landslides triggered by bank erosion; 3) long-lasting rainfall periods, responsible for the rise of the groundwater table and triggering of landslides with deeper slip surfaces. 相似文献