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1.
To explain both origin and outcome of disasters (natural, technical, and war-borne), as well as social action during disasters proper, a macrosociological model of internal causation is introduced (PERDUE). It consists of six stages of possible, and of most likely paths of social change between these six (Peace is founded, Everyday routine, Rising class struggle, Disasters strike, Unconditional surrender of collective defence, and Evaporation of common values). The stages are developed by making use of three dimensions of social change (rapidity, radicality, and rituality), and described.  相似文献   

2.
Summary A proposal is under consideration to construct a dam on an experimental basis by a cast (or directional) blasting technique, DBT. The dam site is located at Bharari Khad, a tributary of the Sutlaz river in Himachal Pradesh. Site investigations have been completed and a large scale blast has been designed for construction of the experimental dam.The paper describes the basic design concept of DBT and application of throw and caving methods for construction of dams. The preliminary tests required to design the blasting pattern are detailed. The technique has a great potential because it reduces construction cost and time particularly in inaccessible mountain regions.  相似文献   

3.
The volcanic stratigraphy and petrogenesis of the Oman ophiolite complex   总被引：12，自引：0，他引：12  
The volcanic stratigraphy and trace element geochemistry of the Oman ophiolite complex indicate a multistage magmatic origin comprising: (1) magmatism due to sea-floor spreading in a marginal basin; (2) magmatism associated with discrete submarine volcanic centres or seamounts; (3) magmatism associated with crustal uplift and rifting; and (4) magmatism associated with continent-arc collision.Trace element petrogenetic modelling is used to investigate the nature of the mantle source region and the partial melting and fractional crystallization history for each magmatic event. The petrogenetic pathway for the sea-floor spreading lavas requires a high degree of melting of a mantle that was depleted in incompatible elements prior to subduction but subsequently selectively enriched in certain elements (mostly LIL elements and H2O) from an underlying subduction zone; it also requires magma mixing in an open system magma chamber prior to eruption. The seamount lavas were probably derived by a similar degree of partial melting of a similar source, but fractional crystallization was restricted to smaller high-level magma chambers. The rifting lavas were derived from a mantle source that was more depleted than the seamount lavas prior to subduction but which was later modified by a larger subduction zone component. The syn-collision lavas were however derived from an enriched mantle source, which probably underlay the passive continental margin rather than the marginal basin complex. Results such as these may provide considerable insight into the petrogenetic changes accompanying the transitions from spreading to arc volcanism in a supra-subduction zone setting.  相似文献   

4.
This paper studies the basis and nature of the long-term factors that may have influenced the electoral behavior of St. Petersburgers between 1989 and 1995 from the perspective of geography. Our analysis shows two distinct periods in St. Petersburgs recent electoral history marked by differing behavioral motivations of voters in the city. The first period was marked by only one ideological cleavage between marketers and hard-liners. In 1993 protest motivation managed to erode the predominance of ideology as the determining variable in voting behavior, and began to act as a new independent variable. This marked the beginning of the second period. Four major groupings of St. Petersburg electorate are described in terms of the basic ideological cleavages, party affiliations and geographical gravity centers.  相似文献   

5.
IPCCs statement in its 1995 report (IPCC 1996) that a human influence was discernible in global climate has been widely quoted but often misunderstood. The character of the evidence underpinning this detection statement is explained so that its strengths and weaknesses can be better understood and the subtleties of its message better appreciated. To demonstrate the close linkage between the government-approved summary and the underlying chapters of the IPCC report the detailed evolution of the detection statement from first draft through to the form finally approved by the IPCC is described.  相似文献   

6.
Knowledge production, organisation and agglomeration economies   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
Jan G. Lambooy 《GeoJournal》1997,41(4):293-300
The increasing attention for the economic value of the scientific work produced in universities has resulted in a multitude of concepts concerning the production and transfer of knowledge and possible linkages with the business community. Many universities are engaged in activities aimed at improving the economic development of their respective regions. They often participate in Science Parks, Techno Parcs, and Technopoles. They attempt to stimulate spin-offs and to promote the further use of the knowledge produced in their departments. The regional economic impact varies with the kind of knowledge involved. Only certain parts can be put to commercial use, more in particular the technological products of the knowledge output. Property rights of knowledge have to be defended, which makes it less easy to imitate or use the knowledge in other regions. The current trend to sell knowledge makes it necessary to build a strong organisational structure, especially in the first stages of the production of knowledge that is commercially applicable. Such an organisation requires huge funds and the establishment of strong teams of experts, to prevent valuable knowledge from premature dissipation. These teams and departments have better prospects in larger urban areas with a strongly differentiated economy, with agglomeration economies and lower transaction costs. In these regions it will be easier to have spin-offs (new firms) and to retain a linkage with entrepreneurs-alumni from the universities. An efficient organisation is an important precondition for successful universities and regions.  相似文献   

7.
Defining the urban   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
A. Sayer Dr. 《GeoJournal》1984,9(3):279-284
In everyday discourse, the term urban causes few problems, but it certainly has for social theory. While the paper accepts the recent consensus that the term no longer serves to refer to a distinct object in capatalist societies, it argues that the familiar arguments have been confused by inadequate approaches to the problem of definition and inadequate concepts of space and ideology. Clarification of such definitions is a prime task of social theory and different methods of definition are discussed. The paper ends with a commentary on what is probably the best attempt at defining the urban — Raymond Williams The Country and the City.  相似文献   

8.
The focus in this paper is residential change taking place since 1980 in the innercity suburb of Woodstock, Cape Town. This area is significant as it was one of the few multiracial spaces which survived the deliberate whitening of South African cities during the apartheid era. The paper analyses the major threat posed to the longstanding multi-racial complexion of Woodstock by the state's attempt to declare part of the suburb for exclusive coloured residence under Group Areas legislation. Nonetheless, while community resistance in the form of the Open Woodstock campaign was successful in halting enforced residential change, processes of gentrification have shaped a new class composition in this inner-city suburb.  相似文献   

9.
Environmental data seldom follow normal distributions, so how to calculate their means is a very important problem. Commonly used methods for mean calculation, such as arithmetic mean, geometric mean, and median, were evaluated. Arithmetic means should only be used when datasets follow normal distributions. Geometric means are suitable for datasets which follow log-normal distributions. Medians are a kind of robust treatment. However, their efficiency is very low. Based on the methods described, two new ideas are developed: robust and symmetric, for calculating means. As far as the symmetric feature is concerned, Box-Cox power transformation is better than logarithmic transformation. Robust statistics and Box-Cox transformation are combined to produce the robust-symmetric mean. As environmental data often follow log-normal or skewed distributions, this method is better than the previous ones and also is appropriate.  相似文献   

10.
Zusammenfassung Im NW-Karakorum, einem Innensegment der großen zentralasiatischen Faltengebirgsscharung, überschneiden sich die Einflüsse der variskisch schon weitgehend konsolidierten Pamirischen Scharung und der jungalpidisch noch hochaktiven Himalaya-Syntaxis, wobei die zone axiale des NW-Karakorum die paläogeographische und tektogenetische Schnittlinie darstellt.Die in den einzelnen Baueinheiten (Zonen I bis V) spezifischen Formungspläne, deren relative Altersfolge (b1-b2-B3-B4) durch eine tektonische Gefügeanalyse ermittelt ist, werden von einem jüngsten B5-Plan (dem heute vorherrschenden WNW-ESE-Generalstreichen des Gebirges) überprägt. Im Verlaufe dieser letzten radialen Einengung fanden steile, nord- und südvergente Auschiebungen statt. Weiträumige Deckenüberschiebungen sind diesem Baustil fremd!
Summary The geological exploration of the NW-Karakoram, carried out by the author during the German-Austrian Himalaya-Karakoram Expedition in 1954, allows an insight into the complicated development of the Alpine type mountain building within the syntaxial bend of Central Asia.The zone axiale of the NW-Karakoram (Batura Muztagh), with its synorogenetic young cretaceous evolution of different granodioritic rocks, seems to mark a boundary-line of influences between the mainly Variscan consolidated Pamir Culmination, and the Alpine activated Himalaya Syntaxis. Contrasting to the northern part of the NW-Karakoram (the Tethys-Karakoram, see Abb. 2 and 4 / Zones V-Va), which in all its paleogeography and tectonic features belongs to the southern extremity of the Pamirs, the southern part (Zones I–III) on the other hand shows clear relations to the record of the Himalaya System. Especially the Tertiary (about Oligocene) synorogenetic regeneration (granitization) of the Nanga Parbat Dome at the end of the Jhelum-Wedge, has extended its influences, mainly as dynamometamorphism, up to the zone axiale and its crystalline schistose mantle-rocks (Zones III–IV).The results of a tectonic analysis of the different zones of the actual NW-Karakoram (II–V) show that each zone has its special B-tectonic structure of older deformation (see Abb. 3 and Taf. 15: b1-b2, B3, B4). Later the entire region was exposed to an unique pressure of a younger act of deformation (B5), which caused the present actual general striking (WNW-ESE) of the zones. This B-tectonics are succeeded by huge elevations, mainly as different bloc-movement, of the mountain arcs. Contrasting to the synkinematic evolution of the granodioritic axis, distinct dykes of different igneous rocks of acid as well as basic composition, appearing in the zones III-IV-V, are younger than the B-tectonics.Sections across the NW-Karakoram (Abb. 4) show the change in vergency within the zone axiale, without a remarkable nappe structure in the whole area.

Als Habilitationsschrift der Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Universität München am 26. Juni 1957 eingereicht.  相似文献   

11.
The vein-type gold deposits of middle to late Archean age constitute one of the major sources of gold production in the world. These deposits are highly diverse in character, but are invariably found in proximity to mafic and ultramafic volcanic rocks, and closely associated with tectonically disturbed zones, or breaks, in the ancient crust. Using the Larder Lake break of northern Ontario and Quebec as a model, a general theory of genesis for such deposits is proposed.The Larder Lake break is of linear configuration, up to four miles wide, and extending over a distance of approximately 150 miles. Many rich and extensive vein-type gold deposits are associated with it. This break is recognized as a highly folded and faulted, dominantly sedimentary stratigraphic unit, formed as part of the development of the Blake River geosyncline of the Abitibi greenstone belt. Faulting is pervasive within the break but it is non-continuous.Under an oxygen-poor, somewhat acidic weathering regime believed extant in Archean time, gold and associated constituents, derived as weathering products from mafic and ultramafic volcanics, appear to have been concentrated as solutions and sols in muddy surficial accumulations along a paleo-continental margin. On transfer to a shallow marine environment, the gold-bearing solutions became concentrated mainly as cherty and pyritic evaporitic residues. These residues, infolded and variably metamorphosed and remobilized during ensuing geosynclinal development, formed the numerous and apparently heterogeneous gold deposits of the Larder Lake break.Mode of redistribution of gold-bearing residues and metamorphism of their host rocks varies widely. In mild form, little vein development is present and original sedimentary features of the host rock are often preserved. In more extreme cases, true hydrothermal veining is evident and complete recrystallization of the host rock has taken place, sometimes to the extent of formation of a melt with intrusive capabilities. In any case, the gold and related vein constituents remain closely associated with the primary host material and alteration effects are largely derived from the recrystallization of original host rock constituents.The suggested mode of genesis clarifies the relationship between various types of break-related, vein-type gold deposits and offers an explanation of the complex stratigraphy and structure of the break environment. It also suggests a penecontemporaneous relationship between the Larder Lake break and other auriferous breaks, of varying configuration, within the Superior Province of the Canadian Shield. The concept can be used advantageously in exploration for new breaks and new deposits.  相似文献   

12.
Object of study is the insight of traditional herbalists in the landscape-ecological factors wich control the growth of the plants they use for healing their patients. The extent of this insight determines their capacity to adapt to environmental changes such as deforestation and soil degradation. This paper deals with the landscape-ecological perception of herbalists who live in an area with sharp landscape contrasts and drastic changes in landuse: the Keiyo Escarpment in the Rift which links the cool and humid Uasin Gishu Plateau at a level of more than 2600 m above sea level, with the warm and semi-arid Kerio Valley at 1250 m. The landuse changes of the last 50 years are caused by growing population density, loss of traditional attitudes towards the value of the land, and changes in forest cover. Data on local knowledge are acquired through interviews and field visits. The corresponding western knowledge is derived from aerial photographs and existing reports and maps. Six landscape-ecological zones are recognized. They are named after topography (wareng, mosop, soin), vegetation (teguming, korget) or landuse (tumdo). These zones coincide with the units of the agro-climatic map of Kenya. Apart from geology, all the factors of the hierarchical model used in western-based landscape ecology (climate, geology, relief, water, soil, vegetation and fauna) are included in the indigenous perception of the landscape, but the hierarchical order is not necessarily the same: e.g. the herbalists assume that rock grows in the soil instead of the other way around, and that forests attract rain. From the herbalists' point of view, deforestation and the establishment of small-holder agriculture is less serious for their trade than the replacement of indigenous trees by plantations with exotic species. They adapt to the loss of the forest by travelling to areas with comparable landscape-ecological conditions or, especially in the case of women and older male herbalists, by planting the required species in the garden. According to the herbalists, good climate and fertile soil stimulate species diversity, but best medicinal performance give plants on soils which are periodically dry.  相似文献   

13.
J. Eyles Dr. 《GeoJournal》1984,9(3):247-253
Social geography is seen as part of an integrated social science, being important for its emphasis on people and its maintenance of the importance of the spatial in social theory. The paper proceeds by looking at the problems of definition, concluding that most definitions are time-specific. Despite this fact, they remain influential and also enable the three main strands of social geographical development to be identified, these being the empirical, the theoretical and the practical. These themes are elaborated in turn as are the relationships between them. While the empirical has tended towards empiricism, the theoretical is perhaps only just beginning to ground itself in the study of the real world. But the practical — or policy element — is seen as being underdeveloped. The conclusion addresses the possible fusion of the three strands.  相似文献   

14.
The revival of ethnic identities and the search for historical roots have been significant factors in re-shaping the map of the world in the late twentieth century. Multi-ethnic states have come under increasing strain throughout the century and undermining the concept of the nation-state. However, the successor states to the colonial empires in Africa exhibit the same strains as the often highly fragile successors to the European continental empires earlier in the century. The survival of these quasi-states has been dependent upon the support of the international community for over thirty years as a reaction to the era of colonialism. Anti-colonialism offers little practical support for states in a post-colonial, post-Cold War era. In some cases the result has been disintegration and the emergence of the collapsed state. The revived political movements aimed at democratisation and self-determination have unleashed forces which may be incompatible with the survival of the current state system.  相似文献   

15.
Zusammenfassung Sowohl in Arabien, ne-Afrika und auf den den Atlantik umgebenden kontinentalen Tafeln können große, epirogene Wellenwürfe ausgemacht werden. All diese Undulation-Systeme sind im Streichen parallel zu benachbarten Riftsystemen ausgerichtet, und ihre Wellenlänge nimmt mit Abstand vom Rifttrog zu. Die Untersuchungen am arabischen Beispiel zu den Zusammenhängen zwischen Bildung ozeanischer Kruste einerseits und deren tektonischen Auswirkungen auf kontinentale Tafeln, wie Magmatismus, Orogenese und besonders in intra-platten dynamischer Hinsicht andererseits, scheinen neue Gesichtspunkte zur Paläogeographie zu eröffnen, und zum Verstehen der Ursachen und Evolution der Schildwellungen beizutragen. Sie zeigen, daß die Schildwellungen nicht im vollen morphologischen Ausmaß mit Beginn des Rifting einsetzen, sondern die Schildbereiche allmählich von der Riftseite her durchdringen (± 40 m. a.) und etwa 80 m. a. zur Vollentwicklung brauchen. Rift-parallele Becken und Schwellen sind in Rift-Nähe am ältesten und werden mit Abstand von letzeren jünger. Über die paläogeographischen Entwicklungen kann ferner gezeigt werden, daß der Wellungs-Prozeß nicht kontinuierlich, sondern in Schüben verläuft.Blattverschiebungen im Rahmen diagonal angelegter Scherung sind eine konjugate Reaktion zur kompressionellen Wellung oder Faltung. Große und kleinere Störungen oder Störungssysteme dieser Kategorie sind im Bereich der Schildwellungen fast immer vorhanden. Schildwellung, die in dieser Arbeit absichtlich etwas überbetont wird, scheint auf alten, auf tiefe Stockwerke erodierten und stark konsilidierten Kratonen gegenüber Scherung zu überwiegen (z. B. Arabischer Schild), während Scherung und Bruchschollen-Tektonik im Sedimentmantel jüngerer, wenig tief erodierter und wohl möglich weniger konsolidierter, kratonisierter Areale ausgeprägter ist (z. B. Europäisches Schollenmosaik).Es wird abgeleitet, daß die Schildwellungen wie die Scherungstektonik von horizontalen, kompressioneilen Verspannungen ausgelöst werden und letztere mit der Bildung und Ausbreitung ozeanischer Kruste (Mantel-Diapirismus, Ocean-Floor Spreading) in ursächlichem Zusammenhang stehen. Die aus tektonischen Gründen vermutete kompressionelle Verspanung kontinentaler Tafeln und deren Symmetriebindung an das world rift system scheint sich nunmehr durch direkte Messungen zu bestätigen, jedenfalls passen sowohl seismo-tektonische Herdmechanismen-Analysen, wie in situ-Druckmessungen in Europa ausgezeichnet zum tektonischen Modell.Arabien wird als Modell-Beispiel für Schildwellungen im Rahmen geodynamischer Beanspruchungen angesehen.
Large and gentle warping sets are recognizable in Arabia, ne-Africa and on the continents, which surround the n-Atlantic rifts (former Laurasia). All these undulation systems are aligned parallel to neighbouring rift-systems and their wavelength increases with the distance from the rifts. In Arabia studies of the geodynamic interrelations of generation of new oceanic crust, on the one side, and its structural effects on the shield area, like magmatism, orogeny and especially intra-plate dynamics, on the other side, seem to provide new aspects and a better understanding for the causes and evolution of these warping structures. These studies imply that warping sets are not developed to their full morphological extend with the beginning of continental rifting, they seem to penetrate the shield areas slowly (± 40 m. a.) and grow gradually (± 80 m. a.), i. e. they are oldest next to the oceanic rift troughs and become younger with distance from them. It also can be stated that rift-parallel basins and uplifts are developed sporadically during episodes of increased tectonic activity.Lateral movements along diagonally arranged shear zones are a conjugate reaction to compressional shield folding; major faults or fault systems of this category are usually recognizable in warped areas. Shield warping, which is purposely overemphasised in this article, seems to be predominant on old, deeply eroded and strongly consolidated cratons, while shearing and block-tilting seem to prevail on younger, less deeply eroded and consolidated, cratonised areas.Continental warping as well as shearing is thought to be due to horizontal, compressional stresses caused by the injection and spreading of mantle derived, new oceanic crust (mantle diapirism, ocean-floor spreading). The postulated, horizontally compressional stress environment on continental plates and its symmetry relation to spreading-ridges seem now confirmed by two independant means, i. e. fault-plane solutions and in situstress measurements, especially in Europe.Arabia is considered as the model-example for crustal-warping and its causal relations to geodynamic processes.
Résumé En Arabie comme aussi dans le NE de l'Afrique et tout autour de l'Atlantique, les plaques continentales sont affectées d'ondulations épirogéniques. Celles-ci ont une direction parallèle à celle du rift voisin et leur longueur d'ondes croît avec la distance au rift. Les recherches en Arabie sur les rapports entre la formation de la croûte océanique et le dynamisme interne des plaques continentales ont favorisé de nouvelles idées sur la paléogéographie et contribué à la compréhension du principe de l'ondulation des boucliers: elles montrent que l'ondulation des plaques ne commence qu'avec une faible dimension morphologique et qu'elle pénètre le bouclier successivement du côté du rift (+ou –40 m.a.). Le développement final est atteint après 80 m.a. environ. Les bassins proches du rift sont donc les plus vieux, tandis qu à plus grande distance sont les plus jeunes. Le développement paléogéographique montre en outre que l'ondulation se produit de façon discontinue et plutôt sporadique. Le décrochement latéral dans le système du cisaillement diagonal est une réaction équivalente à l'ondulation compressive ou du plissement.Des failles plus ou moins grandes ou des familles de failles de ce type existent presque toujours en association avec les ondulations des boucliers. Cette ondulation des boucliers semble l'emporter sur le cisaillement dans des cratons bien consolidés et profondément érodés, tandis que le cisaillement et la tectonique de microplaques caractérisent les couches sédimentaires des socles (peut-être cratonisés) moins profondément érodés.Il faut donc admettre que l'ondulation des bouckliers aussi bien que la tectonique de cisaillement se développe à cause de la compression latérale. La compression est en rapport avec la genèse et le développement de la croûte océanique (ocean-floor spreading, diapirs du manteau). On peut constater que la compression des plaques (supposée par la tectonique) et leur rapport avec le world rifting system est confirmé par des mesures directes. En tout cas, les analyses sismotectoniques et les mesures de pression in situ sont bien conformes au modèle tectonique. L'Arabie est prise comme modèle pour l'ondulation des boucliers et ses rapports avec la contrainte géodynamique.
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Prof. R.Brinkmann zum 83. Geburtstag gewidmet

Kurzfassung zu Vorträgen gehalten am 19. und 20. 2. 1968 auf der 58. Jahresversammlung der Geologischen Vereinigung in Göttingen und am 27.2. 1975 auf der 65. Jahresversammlung in Karlsruhe.  相似文献   

16.
The desire to spend leisure time in natural settings represents a key factor behind the recent and rapid growth of ecotourism. A search by ecotourists for remote landscapes and locations has shaped the way in which geographers have defined ecotourism, but few scholars have explored, in detail, the mechanics of the spatial relationship between ecotourism and mass tourism, two forms of travel usually considered mutually exclusive in spatial terms. Using the island of Phuket — southern Thailands premier resort destination — as a case study, this paper investigates the spatial overlaps and connections between ecotourism and mass tourism and tests the assumption that ecotourism and mass tourism must exist spatially apart in order for the former to succeed. Despite Phukets association with mass tourism, and the small physical distances between built-up mass tourist areas and natural ecotourism settings, the communicative staging of natural authenticity allows ecotourism companies to convey geographical remoteness to tourists. Although ecotourism in Phuket must struggle constantly to overcome the perceptual impact of spatial proximity to resort locations, the tourist markets and business networks of the existing mass tourism industry remain crucial to the survival of ecotourism in this region. Thus, contrary to conventional notions that ecotourism and mass tourism must exist as separate entities, this paper argues that an interconnected, symbiotic, and spatially-contiguous relationship between the two is necessary in the case of Phuket.  相似文献   

17.
Summary A criterion for determining normal stress levels of shear failure of rock masses is developed, then the shear resistance of the rock mass, based upon the geometric model of en-echelon jointed rock masses, can be evaluated for low normal stress levels or high normal stress levels respectively by using the method proposed in this paper. Finally, a procedure generating joint patterns which are described with individual joint geometry parameter or multi-joint geometry parameter is discussed.  相似文献   

18.
Two orthogneiss suites dominate the Silvretta nappe. Primary crystallization of the larger suite (younger orthogneisses) is assumed to be Ordovician in age. The second, adjacent magmatic suite consists of older, alkaline to calc-alkaline, ultrabasic, basic to intermediate and granitic rocks known as older orthogneisses. U-Pb data of multigrain zircon fractions, as well as single zircon stepwise evaporation 207Pb/206Pb results suggest a latest Proterozoic to early Cambrian intrusion age for the protoliths of the older orthogneisses as both dating methods yield early Cambrian crystallization ages of 526±7 and 519±7 Ma for an alkaline granite gneiss; similar results were obtained for two neighbouring calc-alkaline orthogneisses (207Pb/206Pb ages of 533 ± 4 and 568 ± 6 Ma, respectively). The crystal habitus corresponds to P5, S19 and S9 zircons of magmatic origin. Whole-rock initial Sr isotope ratios indicate a primitive source. The igneous protoliths of these older orthogneisses represent a fragment of a Cadomian (Pan-African) crust found in places within the basement of the European Hercynides.  相似文献   

19.
The introduction of roofbolting in the UK coal mining industry has been well documented and is an example of reinforcement design utilizing a design by measurement or observational approach. This has involved detailed monitoring of rock strata movements and rockbolt loads at a large number of sites. Analysis of roadway deformation monitoring information from across the Selby coalfield provided an ideal opportunity of assessing how geological and stress variations affect the stability of reinforced coal mine roadways. Statistical analysis of this data has confirmed the detrimental effects of maximum horizontal stress direction and relatively weak roof geology on the magnitude of roof deformation. Further analysis has led to the development of a roof lithology index for assessing the quality of the immediate roof geology and the use of geological hazard analysis for providing useful information for the development of a stability index for assessing support requirements of existing and future roadways. This investigation has also verified previous observations regarding mechanisms controlling roadway deformational behaviour and highlights the importance of the site-specific nature of reinforcement design.  相似文献   

20.
The object of the paper is to analyze changes in modal and port allocation of general cargo flows in Sweden's foreign trade between 1960 and 1976. It summarizes some results of a forthcoming report on the project Tendencies in Liner Shipping financed by the Transport Research Delegation, Stockholm.  相似文献   

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