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1.
Asbestos fibre identification vs. evaluation of asbestos hazard in ophiolitic rock mélanges,a case study from the Ligurian Alps (Italy) 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Gianluca Vignaroli Paolo Ballirano Girolamo Belardi Federico Rossetti 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2014,72(9):3679-3698
In recent years, the high incidence of harmful health effects through inhalation of airborne asbestos from amphibole-bearing rock mélanges has been thoroughly documented. Here, we present a field-based, multi-scale geological approach aimed at illustrating the occurrence of amphibole fibrous mineralisation in an ophiolitic suite from the Ligurian Alps (Italy) and discussing the implication on in situ determination of the asbestos hazard. The rock mélange is composed of plurimetre-sized blocks of different lithotypes (metagabbro, serpentinite, chloritoschist) juxtaposed by the meaning of tectonic structures. The geological-structural survey revealed that the fibrous mineralisation is localised in specific structural sites of the rock volume, including veins and schistosity. Both micro-chemical and crystal structure analyses on selected fibrous samples revealed that actinolite fibres grow in veins within the metagabbro and in chloritoschists, while fibrous tremolite occurs in serpentinite schistosity. The morphological features of these amphibole fibres have been analysed in TEM images and used for classifying them as “asbestiform” or “non-asbestiform”. The results show that the asbestos hazard determination is not unequivocally identified when different procedures for asbestos fibre identification and classification are applied. This may have impact on normatives and regulations in defining environmental hazards due to asbestos occurrence. 相似文献
2.
《International Geology Review》2012,54(9):955-963
When asbestos fibres become airborne, they can be inhaled into the lungs, where they may cause significant health problems. The latter includes progressive pulmonary fibrosis (asbestosis), pleural disease (effusion and pleural plaques) and malignancies such as bronchogenic carcinoma and malignant mesothelioma. The term asbestos applies to a group of hydrated fibrous mineral silicates including those belonging to the serpentine group of phyllosilicates (chrysotile) and amphiboles. However, only the ‘asbestiform varieties’ of amphiboles such as grunerite (amosite), riebeckite (crocidolite), anthophyllite, tremolite and actinolite are regarded as asbestos (s.s.). This implies that ‘non-asbestiform varieties’ of such minerals, that nevertheless generate acicular cleavage fragments, cannot be regarded as asbestos s.s. We argue that a discussion on the term asbestos goes beyond mere semantics, because for environmental regulatory bodies, the definition of a term can make the difference between classifying a mineral as harmful or non-harmful. A case of mesothelioma in the small mining town of La Higuera, northern Chile, may shed some light into this matter, because this form of cancer is almost always caused by exposure to asbestos. The town hosts about 20,000 t of fine-grained tailings left behind after flotation of Cu sulphides during 1950–1979. The ore was extracted from actinolite-rich, copper-iron vein deposits. We show that, if a ‘non-asbestiform variety’ of amphibole (e.g. La Higuera actinolite) is finely ground, it will cleave to asbestos-like acicular crystals and as such has the potential to induce similar health hazards to those posed by asbestos (s.s.). 相似文献
3.
Naturally occurring asbestos in eastern Australia: a review of geological occurrence,disturbance and mesothelioma risk 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Marc Hendrickx 《Environmental Geology》2009,57(4):909-926
Potential asbestos-bearing rocks account for about 0.2% of the land area of eastern Australia. The main mode of occurrence
is as narrow cross fibre and slip fibre veins of chrysotile asbestos in serpentinised ophiolite complexes along the boundaries
of major tectonic domains. Smaller deposits of chrysotile and amphibole asbestos occur in metamorphosed mafic and ultramafic
rocks associated with the Macquarie Volcanic Arc in New South Wales. Amphibole asbestos is also known from Proterozoic and
Palaeozoic amphibolite and from Devonian basalt. Natural asbestos-bearing materials in eastern Australia have been disturbed
by mining, road construction, agriculture and forestry, urban development and through natural weathering processes. Persons
most at risk of potential exposure to asbestos from natural sources include: farmers who work or live in areas where asbestos-bearing
materials may be routinely disturbed by agricultural activities; construction workers involved in large-scale earthwork projects
in areas underlain by asbestos-bearing rocks; and quarry workers who unwittingly disturb asbestos-bearing materials. Government
authorities and private enterprise need to take geological factors into account to reduce the likelihood of unplanned disturbance
of natural asbestos-bearing materials.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
4.
Asbestos and other fibrous minerals contained in the serpentinites of the Gimigliano-Mount Reventino Unit (Calabria,S-Italy) 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Andrea Bloise Teresa Critelli Manuela Catalano Carmine Apollaro Domenico Miriello Alessandro Croce Eugenio Barrese Francesca Liberi Eugenio Piluso Caterina Rinaudo Elena Belluso 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2014,71(8):3773-3786
Serpentinites are metamorphic rocks with good technological properties and valuable ornamental characteristics, which have been exploited since ancient times. Actually, their use is limited and monitored in several countries worldwide because they can contain fibrous asbestos minerals that may be carcinogenic. Furthermore, certain types of fibrous minerals can be confused with asbestos, and must therefore be carefully investigated. We have investigated the possible presence of the asbestos and non-asbestos fibrous phases contained in serpentinitic rocks in a meta-ophiolitic sequence from the Gimigliano-Mount Reventino Unit (Southern Italy), which had not been previously assessed. The detection and quantification of asbestos and the correct distinction of the fibrous non-asbestos minerals are very important not only from a scientific point of view, but also from a legislative one. This is especially the case for the administrative agencies that have to take decisions with regards to the implementation of public and occupational health protection measures (e.g., in road yards and quarry excavations). As a consequence of this, serpentinitic rock samples have been characterized in detail through X-ray powder diffraction, scanning and transmission electron microscopy combined with energy-dispersive spectrometry, analytical electron microscopy (SEM–EDS and TEM–AEM), differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetry and micro-Raman spectroscopy. Two kinds of asbestos and four kinds of non-asbestos fibrous silicates have been detected in the examined samples. In order of decreasing abundance these are polygonal serpentine, chrysotile, fibrous antigorite, tremolite, gedrite and magnesiohornblende. The size, morphology, crystallinity and chemical composition of the fibres were also discussed, in the light of the possible role these properties could play in the carcinogenic effect on human health. 相似文献
5.
Lescano Leticia Marfil Silvina Maiza Pedro Sfragulla Jorge Bonalumi Aldo 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2013,70(4):1809-1821
Vermiculites with impurities of amphibole, a dry fine residue and calcined materials from three deposits in the province of Córdoba, Argentina, were studied. From a commercial perspective, amphiboles are considered as “asbestos”, a group of silicate minerals with strong and flexible fibres that are heat resistant and chemically inert, and thus well suited for heat insulation. These fibrous particles have provoked controversies about the toxicity impact on human health and the development of diseases such as mesothelioma, asbestosis or lung cancer. Their commercialization and exploitation are currently prohibited. The sampled minerals were identified with a petrographic microscope, chemical analyses, SEM and XRD. It was concluded that amphibole minerals are present in all the deposits studied and in every phase of plant production, but not all of them have asbestiform characteristics. 相似文献
6.
Demantoid is a rare gem mineral. The Xinjiang Cr-bearing demantoid reported in this paper has been discovered for the first time in China. It contains more than 90% end-member molecule of andradite, close to the pure end-member composition, as revealed by chemical analysis, X-ray powder diffraction, Mössbauer spectrometry and both infrared and optical absorption spectrometry. The Fe2+ content lies beyond the detection limit of Mössbauer spectrometry. It was found that the green color of demantoid is directly related geological occurrence and mineral association the genesis of demantoid is inferred as follows. In ultramafic to Fe3+ in the octahedral site and that the presence of Cr3+ greatly enhances its inferred as follows. In ultramafic rocks olivine and pyroxene were replaced by serpentine under the reaction of residual volatiles, creating an Fe-rich and Al-poor environment. In such an environment late-stage hydrothermal metasomatism was developed along the fissures of serpentine, resulting in the crystallization and precipitation of demantoid in asbestos veins. On the other hand, local tectonic compression and dislocation gave rise to the formation of demantoid aggregates cemented by serpentine asbestos. Evidence has shown that the trace Cr was derived from chromite and Cr-spinel in the ultramafic rock bodies. 相似文献
7.
Folco Giacomini Vittorio Boerio Simona Polattini Massimo Tiepolo Riccardo Tribuzio Alberto Zanetti 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2010,61(8):1621-1639
This work is part of the project study for a road tunnel bypassing the town of Genova and was aimed at evaluating the amount of asbestos fibres in the metaophiolites belonging to the Voltri Group and the Sestri–Voltaggio Zone (Liguria, Northern Italy). The 85 studied rock samples (mainly mafic and ultramafic rocks) derive from exposed outcrops and prospecting boreholes. The study of field relations and petrographic/microtextural investigations under the optical microscope allowed for the identification and characterisation of asbestos-bearing settings and lithotypes. Mineralogy and concentration of asbestos fibres in powdered specimens were determined by means of a scanning electron microscope equipped with an energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy device. These investigations were combined with petrography on thin-section, X-ray diffraction analysis and phase contrast optical microscopy on rock powders. Mafic and ultramafic rocks commonly contain asbestos in concentrations below 1,000 mg/kg (considered as the contamination threshold under Italian law). However, the fibre concentration rises abruptly within localised zones, where the metaophiolite sequences were involved into late ductile to brittle tectono-metamorphic events. Two groups of asbestos-bearing settings have been so far identified in the area: (a) fracture networks within serpentinites (dominated by fibrous chrysotile), and (b) boudins of chlorite-tremolite schists, likely deriving from dynamic recrystallisation of mafic rocks under greenschist facies conditions (dominated by fibrous amphibole). Even considering the low volumetric incidence of these settings (metres to few tens of metres), their high asbestos content locally controls the total fibre amount in the excavation products, thus requiring special prevention measures during excavation, management and final storage of the contaminated debris. 相似文献
8.
四川石棉矿产出四种蛇纹石矿物:纤蛇纹石,Povlen型纤蛇纹石、利蛇纹石和叶蛇纹石。它们的形态、结构、化学成分和红外光谱各具特征,本文对此进行了描述和讨论。纤蛇纹石以纵纤维脉和横纤维脉形式产出,以斜纤蛇纹石为主,含少量正纤和副纤蛇纹石。纵纤维蛇纹石可能由地壳浅层中的大气热水形成。Povlen型纤蛇纹石是蛇纹石族矿物的一个新变种,其形态、结构和化学成分都不同于其他蛇纹石矿物。 相似文献
9.
用激光喇曼光谱显微探针研究了沉积变质岩中有机碳质物的热蚀变特征,通过解谱、多元回归数据分析及氧同位素温度数据的校正,建立了一种喇曼光谱碳质地温计。该温度计的适用条件为:温度范围为200-450℃之间,有机碳质物的反射率为2.0%至15.0%(R°),也就是说对于自浅变质岩相到角闪岩相的各种沉积变质岩中,该地温计均可获得满意的结果。在澳大利亚 South Marulan 热接触变质作用地区和维多利亚 Bendigo 金矿化地区的实测结果表明,应用新的地质温度计能有效地测试出这些地区的热变质作用特征和金矿化作用的古地温的异常变化。 相似文献
10.
地勘单位矿业权取得及流转问题探讨 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
矿业权是地勘单位开展地质勘查找矿工作的基础,也是其赖以生存和发展的前提条件。自矿业权实行有偿取得制度以来,地勘单位前期取得了一些矿业权,有的也实现了转让,但总体上矿业权取得及流转越来越困难。因此研究地勘单位如何获得矿业权以及使矿业权更有效地流转,具有十分重要的理论意义和现实意义。根据矿业权的属性及矿业权市场发展现状,指出当前地勘单位在矿业权方面存在着获取优势不复存在、收益分配关系不明确、缺少与其相法律法规及政策、流转市场秩序不规范等问题,为此提出了实施矿业权鼓励性政策的若干建议。 相似文献
11.
K. L. Kimball F. S. Spear H. J. B. Dick 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1985,91(4):307-320
Ultramafic rocks dredged from the Islas Orcadas Fracture Zone, along the SW Indian Ocean Ridge (6° E and 54° S), show evidence of progressive hydration beginning at temperatures greater than 600° C (and perhaps as high as 900° C) and continuing to less than 50° C. There are two principal types of alteration present in the ultramafic rocks, both of which are the result of hydration reactions. The first type of alteration involves hydration of original clinopyroxene, orthopyroxene and olivine to amphibole, talc, secondary olivine, and serpentine. The second is a vein type of alteration and results in the formation of veins of amphibole, chlorite, talc and serpentine. — The alteration appears to be episodic. The sequence of events suggested by the petrography is: 1) clinopyroxene altering to amphibole; 2) orthopyroxene altering to talc, or talc + olivine; 3) supersolvus hornblende veining; 4) coexisting actinolite + hornblende veining; 5) chlorite, chlorite + actinolite, or chlorite + secondary clinopyroxene veining; 6) talc veining; 7) serpentine veining; and 8) pervasive serpentinization. — The alteration fluid is most likely seawater. It is suggested that the high temperature alterations may reflect seawater circulation into the upper mantle. 相似文献
12.
地勘行业如何科学地预测其人力资源发展趋势,制定地勘人力资源开发战略,对行业内人力资源实施有效管理与开发,关系行业未来的发展和前途。本文分析了地勘单位人力资源现状及存在的问题,从战略的角度介绍了地勘单位人力资源的管理与开发措施。 相似文献
13.
Renyong Wang 《中国地球化学学报》1984,3(4):346-354
As is evidenced from the mode of occurrence, mineralogy, and features of asbestos minerals and the types of veins, as well as the fibrous characters, it is recognized that the asbestos deposit studied in this paper is different in origin from either the serpentine type associated with ultrabasic rocks or that related to dolomitic limestone or dolomite, and can be assigned to a gradation between the two types 相似文献
14.
In terms of morphology there are four major types of calcic amphibole; massive, prismatic, finely acicular and asbestos. Representatives of each of these types have been examined by optical microscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, and electron probe microanalysis. Massive specimens (nephrite) consist of randomly oriented clusters of fine, roughly lath-shaped, sub-microscopic crystals; within each cluster the lath lengths (z) are approximately aligned but neighbouring laths are rotated with respect to one another. Finely acicular specimens (“byssolites”) have well-formed crystals bounded mainly by {110} (100) and (010) faces and characteristically have striations parallel to their lengths. Asbestiform varieties range from finer (flexible) to coarser (more brittle) specimens and many specimens contain a mixture of fine and coarse fibrils. The fibrils in a bundle are aligned parallel to z but are in a range of azimuthal orientations. It is inferred that they are formed by multiple independent nucleation and growth parallel to z rather than through parting or cleavage on {110} planes. (100) defect or twin planes, or on (010) planar defects.
The {110} cleavage in amphiboles is well reported but (100) features are rarely mentioned in the literature. Our observations reveal the importance of (100) as a cleavage or parting as well as the tendency in nephrites, byssolites and asbestos towards a lath-like (parallel to z) morphology with flattening on (100). In the latter varieties therefore, the y-direction is that of second fastest crystal growth, after z.
When subjected to moderate grinding, the comminution of asbestos fibres proceeds more by separation of fibrils and less by fracturing to shorter lengths as compared with prismatic and byssolite specimens. Prolonged grinding does, however, shorten lengths of even the least brittle asbestos.
Transmission electron microscopy revealed extensive sub-grain boundaries and dislocation networks (suggesting a deformation history) in all prismatic and nephrite specimens. Fine multiple (100) twinning was observed in asbestos but not in other varieties. Although chain-width defects [on (010)], with visibility enhanced by beam damage, were most abundant in nephrites and fibrous tremolites, there appears to be no completely consistent relationship between such features and morphological type.
Electron probe analyses showed that specimens that contain more than a very small amount of aluminium do not have asbestiform habit. Asbestos specimens also have lower contents of Mn, Na and K and have formulae closer to the ideal Ca2(Mg,Fe)5Si8O22(OH)2. Small departures from this in asbestos involve Na in the A site compensated by Na for Ca rather than Al for Si whereas the reverse is true in byssolites. Chemical substitutions in prismatic specimens are much less constrained.
The characteristics of the four morphological sub-groups correlate reasonably well with what is known of their geological environments. 相似文献
15.
The Beni Bousera massif forms part of the Sebtide units in the internal Rif Mountain (Morocco). It is mainly composed of mantle peridotites surrounded by crustal metamorphic rocks (kinzigites, micaschists, and schists). The serpentinization affects all of peridotite massif to various degrees. Serpentinization is concentrated at the top of the peridotites, along the mylonitized zone, and in the NE part of the massif. It is manifested by the formation of mesh and hourglass textures along the tectonic foliation in the highly serpentinized peridotites; and brecciated texture in the least serpentinized peridotites. Pyroxene minerals are still intact hosting few serpentine veins. These petrographic features are consistent with the geochemical data, marked by the increasing of LOI and decreasing of MgO and FeO toward the top of the massif and Aaraben fault. The Raman characterization of serpentine with the brecciated mesh and hourglass textures correspond to lizardite type whereas the serpentine with the vein texture is formed by lizardite + chrysotile. 相似文献
16.
17.
广西陆川蛇纹石玉的岩相结构及成矿机理 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
应用外束质子激发X射线荧光光谱法、X射线衍射、激光拉曼光谱、扫描电子显微镜等无损分析技术,对广西陆川蛇纹石玉的成分、物相和结构进行分析。X射线衍射结果显示样品的衍射峰主要位于0.724、0.456、0.362、0.248、0.153和0.150 nm处,表明陆川蛇纹石玉主要矿物成分是蛇纹石,同时伴生方解石矿物与蛇纹石形成穿插交织结构。成矿机理分析表明,陆川蛇纹石玉是由白云质大理岩热液交代作用形成的,和广东的信宜玉均属于富镁碳酸盐型蛇纹石。拉曼光谱显示叶蛇纹石的特征峰位于229、376、457、686和1046 cm-1处,纤蛇纹石的特征峰位于228、345、386、624、690和1102 cm-1处,通过激光拉曼光谱可以快速区分陆川蛇纹石玉中纤蛇纹石和叶蛇纹石两种不同结构的蛇纹石亚种。 相似文献
18.
F. Burragato P. Comba V. Baiocchi D. M. Palladino S. Simei A. Gianfagna L. Paoletti R. Pasetto 《Environmental Geology》2005,47(6):855-868
The town of Biancavilla, located on the lower flanks of Mt. Etna volcano, eastern Sicily (Italy), showed high mortality rates owing to malignant pleural neoplasms, a cause of death specifically related to exposure to asbestos fibres. An environmental survey indicated the stone quarry site of Il Calvario as a possible source of asbestos fibre exposure, while a mineralogical study allowed to identify the new asbestiform mineral fluoro-edenite. A joint epidemiological and environmental study was conducted to assess the characteristics of the outbreak of malignant mesothelioma and to test the assumption of a causal relation with exposure to fluoro-edenite. Due to the lack of awareness of fluoro-edenite releases, Il Calvario may not be the only source of the fibre, but is probably the main one. The evolution of the volume of material quarried from Il Calvario was studied on the basis of maps printed from 1896 to 1995, by using a digital elevation model. The natural and anthropogenic causes of the territorial spread of the newly discovered amphibole fibres are discussed relatively to a geo-volcanological, territorial and environmental evolution of the area affected. 相似文献
19.
Petrological investigations supported by multi‐scale structural analysis of eclogitized serpentinite in the Zermatt–Saas Zone of the Western Alps allows for the determination of mineral assemblages related to successive fabrics, upon which the P–T–d–t path of these hydrated mantle rocks can be inferred. Serpentinites of the upper Valtournanche, with lenses and dykes of metagabbro and meta‐rodingite, display an Alpine polyphase metamorphic evolution from eclogite to epidote‐amphibolite facies conditions associated with three successive foliations having different parageneses in these rocks. Serpentinite mainly consists of serpentine with minor magnetite; however, where S1 and S2 foliations are pervasive, metamorphic olivine, together with Ti‐clinohumite and clinopyroxene, are also found. The mineral assemblage associated with D1 includes serpentine1, clinopyroxene1, opaque minerals, titanite ± olivine1, Ti‐clinohumite1 and ilmenite; the D2 assemblage is the same (±chlorite) but minerals have different compositions. The assemblage associated with D3 comprises serpentine3, opaque minerals, ±chlorite3, ilmenite and amphibole3. Ti‐clinohumite is associated with veins that are older than D2 and pre‐date D3. Veins that post‐date D3 are characterized by amphibole + chlorite or by serpentine. P–T conditions for S2 parageneses evaluated using two pseudosections for different bulk compositions suggest that these rocks experienced pressures >2.5 ± 0.3 GPa at temperatures slightly higher than 600 °C. The late epidote–amphibolite facies re‐equilibration associated with D3 and D4 developed during late syn‐exhumation deformation related to folding and testifies to a small temperature decrease. These results, which were integrated in the regional framework, suggest that different portions of the Zermatt–Saas Zone registered different P–T peak conditions and underwent different exhumation paths. In addition, the inferred P–T–d–t path suggests that the Valtournanche serpentinites re‐equilibrated close to the UHP conditions registered by the Cignana meta‐cherts. These results imply that tectonic slices exhumed after UHP metamorphism might be wider than previously reported or that small‐size UHP units, tectonically sampled during the Alpine convergence, are more abundant than those that have been detected to date. 相似文献
20.
Patrick Sharrock 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》1982,46(7):1311-1315
Quebec chrysotile asbestos fibres have been examined by EPR spectroscopy at room T and 77 K. Finely divided samples show an absorption due to manganese(II) at g = 2.0with a hyperfine coupling of 90 gauss. Several types of ferric ions are present in addition to magnetite. These include surface adsorbed hydroxides and lattice bound ions. From the EPR spectrum of structurally bound iron in long fibres oriented perpendicularly to the magnetic field, it was found that the ferric ions are in a rhombic environment. EPR thus shows promise as a tool for the identification and characterization of asbestos fibres. 相似文献