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地质灾害风险区划是地质灾害风险管理与防治的有效手段之一，对于科学防治地质灾害具有重要意义。基于自然灾害风险理论，从致灾因子危险性，承灾体暴露性和脆弱性以及防灾减灾能力（恢复力）等入手，选取评价指标，构建省级地质灾害风险评价模型，对全省地质灾害进行风险区划。该模型在吉林省地质灾害风险区划中应用表明，评价结果合理，与野外调查情况吻合，可以为规划和地质灾害防治等工作提供依据。 相似文献
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基于风险评价的黄土滑坡分类及特征 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
整理分析了国际上通用的滑坡分类方法,并对国内有关的滑坡分类体系汇总,在此基础上,将运动形式、规模大小或运动速度综合考虑,形成一个二维的分类表,提出了基于风险评价的黄土滑坡分类方法。根据该方法,黄土滑坡可分为剥落、倾倒、崩塌、滑塌、滑动、泥流、复合型7个类,每一大类再分为不同的亚类或小类,共将黄土滑坡分为7个大类,10个亚类,38个小类。每一种黄土滑坡的变形破坏方式和运动学特征不同,具有不同的规模、速率和滑移距离,因此其风险特征也不同,对不同类型黄土滑坡的风险特征做了分析和总结。 相似文献
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农业干旱风险评价技术应用初探 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
本文应用风险分析技术对农业干旱风险评价方法作了初步探讨,建立以风险理论为核心的农业干旱风险评价模型。并以湖南邵阳市为研究区,进行农业干旱风险评价研究,得到该地区旱作物干旱灾害风险分布情况,为该地区干旱风险管理提供决策依据。 相似文献
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地质灾害风险调查的方法与实践 总被引：20，自引：5，他引：15
风险管理是一门新兴的管理学科,风险调查是风险源识别、分析、评价和风险处置的基础。在分析国内外地质灾害风险管理进展和差异的基础上,提出了中国地质灾害风险管理中术语统一的意见,论述了地质灾害风险调查的类型和精度,风险的分级,不同精度下风险调查的内容和方法,以及风险调查的技术要点。并以陕西省延安市市区和虎头峁场址风险调查为例,分别阐述了1∶10000、1∶1000比例尺精度下的风险调查和区划的过程、结果。 相似文献
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滑坡风险评价是从国外引进的新理念和新方法,国内目前对此的理解和应用,甚至概念都有混淆之处;同时又由于"风险"的本质是一种未来事件的不确定性,对其评价也有诸多困难。本文根据当今国际上通用的滑坡风险管理理论,得出风险评价要素,进而分析出进行滑坡风险评价的难点,从滑坡的空间预测、时间预测、滑移距离预测和强度预测四个方面,综述了国内外在这些难点上进行量化和评价的技术方法,并对各种方法的优缺点和适用性进行了评述。 相似文献
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平原区超采地下水引发的地面沉降地质灾害已成为影响这些地区经济可持续发展的重要因素,风险管理是实现灾害防治从被动应对向主动防御转变的标志。根据地面沉降地质灾害自身特点,从其易发性、易损性和抗风险能力三方面进行分析评价,初步构建了地面沉降风险评价指标体系,介绍了常用的数学模型方法和空间分析技术,最后以苏锡常地区为例进行了实例研究。结果表明,决定当前地面沉降区风险分布的首要因素是地区经济发展水平,就相同级别的地面沉降而言,其对经济发达地区所造成的侵害要高于经济欠发达地区;其次才是地面沉降灾害发生程度。由此建议加大抗灾投入,增强区域风险抵御能力。 相似文献
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自然灾害风险的分析要素 总被引：18，自引：0，他引：18
灾害风险是由风险源、风险载体和人类社会的防减灾措施等 3方面因素相互作用而形成的、人们不能确切把握且不愿接受的、一种具有不确定性特征的灾害系统状态。因此 ,用系统学理念来研究灾害风险就需要从灾害风险的成因性要素、影响性要素、描述性要素和评判性要素 4个方面入手逐步地加以系统分析。文章认为 ,风险源及其危险性、风险载体及其脆弱性和人类社会的防减灾措施及其防减灾有效度等 3类要素是灾害风险的成因性要素 ,这些要素首先决定了灾害风险是否存在 ,然后影响灾害风险的类型、特点和大小 ;风险载体的“价值”属性、讨论问题的时间尺度和空间尺度等 3类要素是灾害风险的影响性要素 ,这些要素虽然不是决定灾害风险是否存在的必要条件 ,但却对灾害风险的形式、特点和大小产生深远影响 ;因此 ,从发生学角度 ,在理论上对灾害风险的完整描述应是以上述这 6类要素为变量的某种 6维多变量函数 ;但在具体工作中 ,一般用类型、特点和大小等来刻画灾害风险即可满足实际的风险管理需要。文章最后简要分析了灾害风险的评判性要素—灾害风险的评判标准 ,认为灾害风险的评判标准是正确评价风险和制定对策以便合理调控风险的基本参照。 相似文献
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四川德阳地区农田生态系统重金属健康风险评价 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
环境健康风险评价是定量描述环境中污染物对人体产生健康危害的风险的重要方法。文中结合国内外健康风险评价理论,利用美国环保总署健康风险评价模型,计算了四川德阳地区居民经呼吸(大气颗粒物)、食入(粮食)、饮用(饮用水)和皮肤接触途径摄入重金属而引起的健康风险。研究结果显示:德阳地区所有市县的非致癌风险指数都大于1,表明存在一定的风险。绵竹和旌阳区的风险最高,二者的非致癌风险指数分别达到7.76和4.36。从不同暴露途径的贡献来看,主要是经食物暴露的贡献,各市县都达到了90%以上。虽然计算结果存在一定的不确定性,但对研究区进行风险管理具有重要的参考价值。 相似文献
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市政管道的全寿命风险评估是市政管道风险管理的重要组成部分,准确而有效的评估决策关系到管道建设的成败问题。本文通过对市政管道全寿命周期内单元风险进行识别与分类;采用现有的管道风险技术,和专家评分法等方法对风险因子进行实效因素评分,然后进行市政管道的全寿命风险评估。 相似文献
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Shi Peijun Wang Aihui Sun Fubao Li Ning Ye Tao Xu Wei Wang Jing&#x ai Yang Jianping Zhou Hongjian 《地球科学进展》2016,31(8):775-781
Global climate change featured with warming has created serious challenge to world sustainable development and human security. It has become an important consensus of the international society to assess global change risk at the global scale and carry out tailored governance and risk-based adaptation. National Key Research and Development Program “Study on global change population and economic system risk forming mechanism and assessment” aims at quantitatively predicting future global climate change and population and economic system exposure and vulnerability change, developing global change population and economic system risk assessment model based on complex system dynamics, synthesizing risk assessment model with proprietary intellectual property rights, assess global change population and economic system risk of the near and mid future at the global scale, and compiling the atlas of global change population and economic system risk. The outcomes intend to serve the participation of global risk governance and international climate negotiation, and to provide scientific support to the implementation of international disaster risk reduction strategy. 相似文献
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论述了安全风险及安全风险管理的概念,探讨了顶管施工中可能遇到的安全风险以及安全风险管理的过程,最后提出了顶管施工中安全风险的规避对策与措施。 相似文献
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暴雨诱发滑坡致灾机理与减灾方法研究进展 总被引：6，自引：1，他引：5
暴雨滑坡是多发性的地质灾害.阐述了暴雨诱发滑坡致灾机理、风险评估与减灾方法研究的重要意义.分别从暴雨诱发滑坡的地质力学机制、暴雨诱发滑坡的机理、暴雨诱发滑坡演化过程的数值模拟方法、暴雨滑坡动态风险评估方法以及暴雨诱发滑坡灾害的减灾方法5个方面,详细综述了国内外研究的主要成果和进展.在此基础上,指出了目前暴雨诱发滑坡灾害研究中存在的主要问题.最后,提出了在暴雨诱发滑坡灾害的研究中应以暴雨作用下的斜坡演化动力学过程为主线,以暴雨诱发滑坡的地质力学机制研究为基础,以暴雨诱发滑坡机理研究为核心,以暴雨诱发滑坡灾害的风险评估为手段,以最大可能地防灾减灾为目标. 相似文献
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Landslide risk assessment and management: an overview 总被引：29，自引：0，他引：29
Landslides can result in enormous casualties and huge economic losses in mountainous regions. In order to mitigate landslide hazard effectively, new methodologies are required to develop a better understanding of landslide hazard and to make rational decisions on the allocation of funds for management of landslide risk. Recent advances in risk analysis and risk assessment are beginning to provide systematic and rigorous processes to enhance slope management. In recent years, risk analysis and assessment has become an important tool in addressing uncertainty inherent in landslide hazards.This article reviews recent advances in landslide risk assessment and management, and discusses the applicability of a variety of approaches to assessing landslide risk. Firstly, a framework for landslide risk assessment and management by which landslide risk can be reduced is proposed. This is followed by a critical review of the current state of research on assessing the probability of landsliding, runout behavior, and vulnerability. Effective management strategies for reducing economic and social losses due to landslides are described. Problems in landslide risk assessment and management are also examined. 相似文献
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Quantitative Risk Assessment of Catastrophic Debris Flows through Numerical Simulation 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The risk assessment is not only the one of the most effective soft measures in natural hazard prevention, but also is the base of hazard risk management. On account of the specificity of various elements at risk and debris flow mechanism, the theoretical system and technical procedure of debris flow quantitative risk assessment for buildings and roads were established in the mountaineous area of Southwest China, which included three sections: ①To represent debris flow hazard quantitatively using the intensity index IDF through FLO-2D simulation; ②To build debris flow physical vulnerability curve based on the loss exceedance-probability from Qipan gully debris flow case; ③To quantify the expected loss of the important elements at risk based on their database after setting the future debris flow scenarios. The case study of Yangling catchment indicated that the responding mechanism between elements at risk and debris flow physical mechanism was described quantitatively by this quantitative risk assessment system, which can contribute to the construction planning and prevention measure making in the southwestern mountainous area. 相似文献
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论气候变暖背景下干旱和干旱灾害风险特征与管理策略简 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
The drought is a most severe natural disaster worldwide, which leads to great risk in human being. The drought disaster and risk have more prominent because of obvious climatic warming in the last hundred years. At present, the understanding of the internal laws of the occurrence of drought and drought risk is not comprehensive, and the recognition of the characteristics of the drought and drought risk under climatic warming is obscure. In this paper, we summarized systematically the domestic and overseas research progress of the drought and drought disaster risk, introduced the principle of the drought disaster transfer process and the essential features of drought disaster, analyzed synthetically the main characteristics and interactions among the key factors of the drought disaster risk, discussed the effect of climatic warming on drought and drought disaster risk, and probed into the basic requirement of drought disaster risk management. Above all, we provide the main protective measurements of the drought disaster and the main strategy of drought disaster risk management. 相似文献
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Sea Level Rise and Its Risk Management 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Sea level rise is among the most severe societal consequences of anthropogenic climate change. Significant advance has been achieved in recent years in the study of future sea level rise and its risk management practice: ①Sea level rise is considered as a kind of hazard,its future plausible scenarios and their probabilities are necessary to be predicted and estimated,and the upper limit with very low probability and high consequences should be emphasized. For this purpose,a complete probability distribution framework has been developed to predict the scenarios and probabilities of future sea level rise with Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) and the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) in recent years. ② For a high emissions scenario,it was found that Antarctic Ice Sheet might make a contribution to Global Mean Sea Level (GMSL) rise as high as 78150 cm (mean value 114 cm) by 2100. For the same scenario,the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report gave an Antarctic contribution of only -8+14 cm (mean value 4 cm). ③ Recent studies recommended a revised worst-case (Extreme) GMSL rise scenario of 2.5 m from previous 2.0 m by 2100. It is recognized that GMSL rise will not stop at 2100; rather,it will continue to rise for centuries afterwards,but the degree of uncertainty related to sea level rise will increase. ④ Approaches of combining the upper-bound scenario and a central estimate or mid-range scenario, Adaptation Pathways and robust decision-making are developed to provide a set of long-term planning envelope. These decision-making methods are used widely in coastal risk management related to future sea level rise. Sea level rise and its risk management need to enhance monitoring,analysis and simulation to predict the global,regional and local seal level rise scenarios and the probabilities with different time scales,reduce the estimate uncertainty, assess its upper limits, and enhance decision methods and their application under deep uncertain, in order to meet the needs of climate change adaptation planning,decision-making and long-term risk management in coastal regions. 相似文献