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基于2006年南极威德尔海冬季科学考察期间由机载激光测高仪测得的海冰上表面高度数据,以脊高和脊距的理论与实测概率密度的相对误差之和为性能指标,以切断高度为控制变量建立优化模型。结果表明,W'80型分布和对数正态分布分别与实测脊高和脊距分布吻合较好;最优切断高度为0.62 m。进而从海冰表面起伏中确定出冰脊。利用k均值聚类算法以冰脊强度(Ri)为标准将剖面分为3类(Ri≤0.01, 0.01< Ri≤0.026和Ri > 0.026)。对应各类剖面分别有:平均脊高为0.99 m,1.12 m和1.17 m;平均脊距为232 m,54 m和31 m。利用数学模型估算并分析了多脊冰平均厚度、有效厚度,帆横截面积及冰脊所占面积,这些参数值均随冰脊强度增大而增大。 相似文献
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CFD-DEM耦合方法已广泛应用于岩土流固耦合问题分析,其模拟准确性与其中用于处理颗粒-流体相互作用的拖曳力模型密切相关。为了探究拖曳力模型精度的影响因素,采用CFD-DEM耦合方法建立了水中单颗粒沉降数值模型,模拟中考虑了3种典型拖曳力模型以及多种颗粒尺寸,将模拟得到的最终沉降速度与经验公式预测结果进行对比,分析了不同颗粒雷诺数（Rep）时3种拖曳力模型（Ergun、Wen和Yu模型,Di Felice模型,Hill和Koch模型）的模拟精度。结果表明,Ergun、Wen和Yu模型以及Di Felice模型的精度均随着Rep的增大而降低,而Hill和Koch模型的精度随着Rep的增大出现先升高后降低的趋势：一般情况下,当Rep≤14以及Rep>72时,3种拖曳力模型的精度从高到低顺序为Ergun、Wen和Yu模型> Di Felice模型> Hill和Koch模型;而当14< Rep≤40时,Hill和Koch模型的精度最高,Di Felice模型的精度最低;当40<Rep≤72时,3种拖曳力模型的精度从高到低顺序为Ergun、Wen和Yu模型>Hill和Koch模型>Di Felice模型。 相似文献
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海冰拖曳系数的确定方法研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
风和流对海冰的拖曳系数是海冰数值模式中的基本参数, 它是精确模拟海冰漂移轨迹, 分析海冰的动力破坏、海冰爬升与堆积问题的重要依据.首先讨论了计算海冰拖曳系数的3种方法, 即涡动法、剖面法和动量法, 并分析了它们各自的特点和适用条件.针对辽东湾JZ20-2油气平台上同步连续观测的风速、流速和冰速等资料, 选用动量法对海冰拖曳系数进行了计算, 得到低密集度条件下光滑平整冰的风拖曳系数Ca(42) =1.402×10-3, 流拖曳系数Cw(7) =2.563×10-3.该数值能反映风和流对海冰表面拖曳和形状拖曳的共同作用.不同冰类型和密集度条件下的海冰拖曳系数有很大差异, 对其进一步的研究结果将提高海冰数值模拟的精度. 相似文献
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为探究土体与结构之间相互作用的机制,通过设计3种颗粒中值粒径d50(1.21、4.56、8.91 mm)、3种结构表面粗糙度系数JRC(0.4、9.5、16.7)和3种剪切速率(1、5、10 mm/min)下的室内直剪试验,对剪切过程的应力变化、体变量进行监测,研究不同剪切速率下粗糙度对不同粒径砂-混凝土界面剪切特性影响。结果表明,d50=1.21 mm时,砂与混凝土界面抗剪强度随JRC的增大而先增大后减小;d50=8.91 mm时,界面抗剪强度随JRC的增大而增大。随着JRC增大,混凝土与砂土界面内摩擦角不断增大;随着颗粒粒径增大,混凝土与砂土界面内摩擦角先减小后增大。在不同剪切速率下,试样最终剪胀量均随颗粒粒径的增大而增大。剪切速率为5 min/mm时,砂-混凝土界面剪切试验最终剪胀量最小。存在某一临界粒径,当砂的颗粒粒径大于此临界粒径时,砂-混凝土界面剪切强度随JRC的增大而不断增大。 相似文献
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利用DSJ-2型电动四联等应变直剪仪分别进行了不同粒径砂和粘土(方案1)、不同含水量砂和粘土(方案2)的直剪试验,揭示了其接触面的力学特性。试验结果表明:法向应力(σn)、砂粒径大小、砂含水量对接触面的力学特性有着重要的影响。方案1和方案2接触面的抗剪强度和达到剪切应力峰值时的剪切位移随着法向应力的增大而增大,当σn为100 kPa时,粘土和不同粒径砂的接触面剪切应力和水平剪切位移(τ-δ)关系曲线呈现应变软化现象;方案1接触面抗剪强度随砂粒径的减小而降低,方案2在σn为100 kPa时,接触面抗剪强度随砂含水量增加而降低,σn>100 kPa时,接触面抗剪强度随砂含水量增加先降低后变大;方案2在低法向应力下,接触面抗剪强度对应的含水量敏感区间为[10%,15%],且较明显。 相似文献
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对硫酸钠盐含量为0.5%的冻结粉砂在-2℃的温度下和0.3～17 MPa围压范围内进行了三轴压缩试验.试验结果表明,含硫酸钠冻结粉砂强度随围压的增大呈先增大后降低的规律,强度的增大阶段可分为两个阶段,第一阶段为0.3～4 MPa,增大速率为1.775;第二阶段为4～8 MPa,增大速率为0.753,围压8 MPa时强度最大,其值为13.10 MPa,与0.3 MPa围压处的最小强度值3.52 MPa相差9.58 MPa;在8～17 MPa的围压范围内,强度整体呈现下降趋势,强度在13.10～12.19 MPa波动.为在冻土工程计算中选取合理的变形指标,对比分析了初始切线模量E0与0.5倍强度处割线模量E0.5、初始切线泊松比μ0和0.5倍强度处割线泊松比μ0.5随围压的变化规律.分析结果表明,两种方式确定的弹性模量和泊松比的变化规律均可按围压分为0.3～4 MPa、4～10 MPa和10～17 MPa三个阶段,弹性模量E0与E0.5在第一阶段和第二阶段均随围压的增大而增大,但第二阶段的增加速率比第一阶段低,在第三阶段E0随围压的增加呈现明显的减低趋势,从最大值1 022.39 MPa降低到490.27 MPa,而E0.5在在该阶段受围压影响不大;泊松比μ0与μ0.5在第一阶段与第二阶段均随围压的增大而减小,但第二阶段的降低速率比第一阶段小,在第三阶段μ0与μ0.5随围压的增大而增大.对变形指标随围压的变化规律分析表明,冻土初始变形行为对围压敏感,数据离散性大,在工程计算中选取0.5倍强度处对应的割线变形指标在数据上更为稳定、可靠. 相似文献
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富含有机物质是泥炭土工程性质不良的主要原因。不同有机质含量及组分的泥炭土,其物理力学性质差异很大。为明确有机质含量的影响,对数十组不同有机质含量无定形泥炭土试样进行一系列室内试验,系统分析了物理、变形、强度及渗透性随有机质含量的变化规律;为比较有机质组分不同导致的工程性质差异,将以上无定形泥炭土物理力学指标与纤维泥炭土试验数据进行系统分析。结果表明:无定形泥炭土基本物理力学指标与有机质含量间有一定的线性关系,其中,初始孔隙比（e0）、天然含水率（w0）、液塑限（wL、wp）、黏聚力（c）随有机质含量增加线性增大,比重（Gs）、固结系数（Cv）和内摩擦角（φ）随有机质含量增大而减小。相较无定形泥炭土,纤维泥炭土比重小、含水率大、孔隙比大。抗剪强度方面,无定形泥炭土黏聚力随有机质含量增大而增大,较纤维泥炭土略高;内摩擦角随有机质含量增大而有下降趋势,约为纤维泥炭土的1/5～1/14。渗透性方面,无定形泥炭土的初始渗透系数（kv0）及渗透指数（Ck）随有机质含量增大而减小,且普遍小于纤维泥炭土。 相似文献
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现浇混凝土-冻土接触面冻结强度直剪试验研究 总被引：9，自引：2，他引：7
关于混凝土-冻土接触面的力学强度研究多集中于预制成型混凝土样（块）与冻土接触面的力学试验研究,而与工程实际更为接近的冻土中现浇混凝土、冻结稳定后混凝土-冻土接触面的力学强度研究则少有涉及。基于冻土中现浇混凝土的试验方式,开展了不同水灰比、含冰量及冻土温度条件下,混凝土-冻土复杂接触面冻结强度的直剪试验研究。结果表明：试验条件下,由于混凝土中粗、细骨料导热系数及水化热侵蚀强度不同,冻土中现浇混凝土会导致混凝土-冻土接触面发生起伏变化。受该因素影响,粗糙接触面较光滑接触面的冻结强度增大71.9%。粗糙接触面引起的应力集中,使得剪应力在剪切破坏过程中出现间歇性增大、跳跃。在冻结强度构成中,随接触面粗糙程度的增大, φ值对冻结强度增长的贡献要大于c值。水灰比由0.4增至0.6,混凝土导热系数降低,生成接触面趋于光滑,冻结强度减小;土体含水量由15%增大至30%时,冻结强度增大,含水量继续增大至40%时,冻结强度减小;在不同温度条件下,整体呈现冻土温度降低冻结强度相应增大的趋势。基于上述结果,多年冻土区灌注桩设计时,建议混凝土采用0.4~0.5水灰比。 相似文献
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Kusuma G. Rao 《Journal of Earth System Science》1996,105(3):273-287
Using MONTBLEX-90 mean velocity data, roughness lengths and drag coefficients are estimated at Jodhpur and Kharagpur. At Jodhpur,
since the surface is not uniform the roughness length is estimated separately in three different subsectors within the range
of prevailing wind directions and averages to 1.23 cm in the sector between 200° and 230° which is relatively flat with no
obstacles on the ground. At Kharagpur, where the terrain is more nearly homogeneous, the average value (for all prevailing
wind directions) is 1.94 cm.
The drag coefficient CD at Jodhpur shows variation both with the roughness subsector and with wind speed, the average over all directions increasing
rapidly as themean wind speed Ū10 at 10m height drops according to the power lawC
D
= 0.05 Ū
10
t-1.09
in trie range 0.5 < Ū10 < 7 m s−1. At Kharagpur, the drag coefficient is smaller than at Jodhpur by nearly 50% for the same range of wind speeds (> 3 ms−1). 相似文献
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为揭示散粒粗糙床面的当量糙率尺度特征,采用4种散粒粗糙床面开展了8组粒子图像测速法(PIV)水槽明渠紊流试验,探讨了理论床面位置、当量糙率尺度和阻力系数的沿程分布规律,分析了当量糙率尺度与阻力系数的内在关系。结果表明:(1)散粒粗糙床面明渠水流特性沿程可分为颗粒区和粒间区,各区的理论床面位置参数ξ、相对当量糙率尺度ks0和阻力系数f具有显著差异,颗粒区0. 65≤ξ≤0. 85,ks0波动明显,f较大;粒间区ξ=1,ks0变化相对平缓,f较小。(2) ks0沿程平均值与颗粒直径d成正比,与排列间距Lx及水流雷诺数Re成反比,在d、Lx及Re相同时,梅花形排列的ks0大于矩形排列。(3) f随ks0呈递增变化,变化特性与相对光滑度h/d密切相关。研究成果可为散粒粗糙床面沿程阻力系数确定提供科学参考。 相似文献
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为了研究北方浅水湖泊冬季结冰对风生流的影响,采用MIKE21构建山东省聊城市东昌湖水动力学模型,分析真实风场作用下6种风应力拖曳系数对应的模拟流速与实测数据的差异,进一步讨论了冰盖面积对模拟结果产生的影响。结果表明,风应力拖曳系数为随风速连续变化比设置为常数模拟精度提高20%左右,其中采用微风条件下的风应力拖曳系数表达式模拟效果最好。此外,冬季水体结冰对风生流数值模拟影响较大,尤其是在被冰盖所覆盖的水域,风应力对水体流动的作用减弱甚至被抵消。与传统的风生流模拟相比,在北方浅水湖泊冬季风生流模拟中,引入冰场或是对风应力拖曳系数进行相应调整是有必要的。 相似文献
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Heterogeneous coarse grained channels are often characterized by local transitions in bed surface roughness. Distinct spatial zones in terms of grain size have been reported, for example sand ribbons and bedload sheets. The transition from areas of finer to coarser grained surface sediment is often abrupt. However, the effects of these transitions on the shape of the velocity profile and associated shear velocity and roughness length estimates have not been investigated in detail in coarse grained channels. This paper therefore examines the combined effects of a sudden change in surface roughness and of superimposed scales of resistancé on the structure of the turbulent boundary layer. Measurements along roughness transitions from smooth to rough beds were conducted in a flume using artificial roughness features and in a natural gravel bed river. Immediately at the transition from a zone of close packed roughness to a rougher section dominated by obstacles superimposed on the more or less uniform roughness surface, boundary shear stress and roughness length increase considerably. Downstream from this transition, velocity profiles become concave upwards. Downstream and upstream sections show significant differences in terms of near bed velocities (deceleration downstream of the transition), velocity gradient and turbulence intensity of the streamwise velocity component. Comparing the mean velocity profiles corresponding to these two different roughness surfaces gives some indication of the proportion of total shear velocity (or shear stress) associated with the pressure drag produced by large and isolated obstacles. 相似文献
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Jae Il Lee Ho Il Yoon Kyu-Cheul Yoo Hyoun Soo Lim Yong Il Lee Donghyun Kim Young-Suk Bak Takuya Itaki 《Quaternary Research》2012,78(1):119-129
Geochemical characteristics of marine sediment from the southern Drake Passage were analyzed to reconstruct variations in sediment provenance and transport paths during the late Quaternary. The 5.95 m gravity core used in this study records paleoenvironmental changes during the last approximately 600 ka. Down-core variations in trace element, rare earth element, and Nd and Sr isotopic compositions reveal that sediment provenance varied according to glacial cycles. During glacial periods, detrital sediments in the southern Drake Passage were mostly derived from the nearby South Shetland Islands and shelf sediments. In contrast, interglacial sediments are composed of mixed sediments, derived from both West Antarctica and East Antarctica. The East Antarctic provenance of the interglacial sediments was inferred to be the Weddell Sea region. Sediment input from the Weddell Sea was reduced during glacial periods by extensive ice sheets and weakened current from the Weddell Sea. Sediment supply from the Weddell Sea increased during interglacial periods, especially those with higher warmth such as MIS 5, 9, and 11. This suggests that the influence of deep water from the Weddell Sea increases during interglacial periods and decreases during glacial periods, with the degree of influence increasing as interglacial intensity increases. 相似文献
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Michael J. Bentley 《Quaternary Science Reviews》1999,18(14):211
The volume of Antarctic ice at the Last Glacial Maximum is a key factor for calculating the past contribution of melting ice sheets to Late Pleistocene global sea level change. At present, there are large uncertainties in our knowledge of the extent and thickness of the formerly expanded Antarctic ice sheets, and in the timing of their release as meltwater into the world’s oceans. This paper reviews the four main approaches to determining former Antarctic ice volume, namely glacial geology, glacio-isostatic studies, glaciological modelling, and ice core analysis and attempts to reconcile these to give a ‘best estimate’ for ice volume. In the Ross Sea there was a major expansion of grounded ice at the Last Glacial Maximum, accounting for 2.3–3.2 m of global sea level. At some time in the Weddell Sea a large grounded ice sheet corresponding to c. 2.7 m of global sea level extended to the shelf break. However, this ice expansion has not yet been confidently dated and may not relate to the Last Glacial Maximum. Around East Antarctica there was thickening and advance offshore of ice in coastal regions. Ice core evidence suggests that the interior of East Antarctica was either close to its present elevation or thinner during the last glacial so the effect of East Antarctica on sea level depends on the net balance between marginal thickening and interior thinning. Suggested East Antarctic contributions vary from a 3–5.5 m lowering to a 0.64 m rise in global sea level. The Antarctic Peninsula ice sheet thickened and extended offshore at the Last Glacial Maximum, with a sea level equivalent contribution of c. 1.7 m. Thus, the Antarctic ice sheets accounted for between 6.1 and 13.1 m of global sea level fall at the Last Glacial Maximum. This is substantially less than has been suggested by most previous studies but the maximum figure matches well with one modelling estimate. The timing of Antarctic deglaciation is not well known. In the Ross Sea, terrestrial evidence suggests deglaciation may have begun at c. 13,000 yr BP1 but that grounded ice persisted until c. 6,500 yr BP. Marine evidence suggests the western Ross Sea was deglaciated by c. 11,500 yr BP. Deglaciation of the Weddell Sea is poorly constrained. Grounded ice in the northern Antarctic Peninsula had retreated by c. 13,000 yr BP, and further south deglaciation occurred sometime prior to c. 6,000 yr BP. Many parts of coastal East Antarctica apparently escaped glaciation at the LGM, but in those areas that were ice-covered deglaciation was underway by 10,000 yr BP. With existing data, the timing of deglaciation shows no firm relation to northern hemisphere-driven sea level rise. This is probably due partly to lack of Antarctic dating evidence but also to the combined influence of several forcing mechanisms acting during deglaciation. 相似文献
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钙质砂作为南海岛礁填筑常用的岩土材料,其渗透性很大程度上决定着填筑后土体的固结和沉降。拖曳力系数是表达流体对土体颗粒表面力的参数,也是表征颗粒状土体渗透能力的一个重要参数,目前国内外对钙质砂拖曳力系数的研究十分有限。首先引入一个修正的三维参数 对钙质砂这种天然非规则颗粒材料的形状进行定量描述,然后开展一系列单个钙质砂颗粒在液体中沉降试验,利用高速相机记录颗粒沉降过程,结合图像处理技术获得颗粒沉降平衡速度Ut,进而计算出拖曳力系数CD和雷诺数Re,最后拟合出包含CD、Re及 三个参数的钙质砂拖曳力系数半经验模型。结果发现,在相同雷诺数条件下钙质砂的形状系数 越大,拖曳力系数越小。通过与其他研究结果对比发现,其表面微孔隙越发育,拖曳力系数越小的规律。该模型能够考虑不规则颗粒形状对拖曳力系数的影响,从而提高对土体渗透性预测的精度,对南海岛礁填筑工程中钙质砂固结和沉降的计算也具有重要意义。 相似文献
19.
2003年1月4日至2月15日期间,在5种不同情况下对南极海冰进行了调查研究。包括:(1)基于走航观测的威德尔海至普利茨湾之间海冰分布研究;(2)基于航空拍摄的普利茨湾海冰分布研究;(3)纳拉海峡固定冰和上浮雪厚度钻孔测量以及冰心钻取;(4)中山站附近融化冰的分布研究以及(5)中山站附近海冰早期冻结过程观测研究。结果表明,威德尔海至普利茨湾之间走航观测得到的海冰全部密集度为14.4%,大部分冰(99.7%~99.8%)属于一年冰,观测到冰的厚度在15~150 cm。沿观测航线上海冰最大密集度(80%)出现在威德尔海,从59°56 S到69°22 S以及从040°41 W到076°23 E的区域分布着广阔的水域。这一结果验证了Silvia的海冰漂移理论。普利茨湾沿岸海冰受制于沿岸地形、拉斯曼丘陵以及搁浅冰山的影响,其密集度呈现较大的空间变化。钻孔测量显示,纳拉海峡固定冰平均厚度为169.5 cm。风吹雪的重分布以及日照强度差异是导致纳拉海峡固定冰厚度差异的主要因素。观测表明,中山站附近海冰早期冻结遵循Lange的海冰早期冻结过程“饼状循环”最初的两个阶段。 相似文献