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1.
基于经典的板块构造而建立的成矿理论已日臻完善,完好地解释了增生造山成矿作用及汇聚边缘成矿系统发育机制,但却无法解释碰撞造山成矿作用及大陆碰撞带成矿系统。通过对青藏高原碰撞造山与成矿作用的详细研究,并与中国秦岭和其它碰撞造山带综合对比,本文系统提出了一套全新的大陆碰撞成矿理论,简称"大陆碰撞成矿论",初步阐明了大陆碰撞带成矿系统和大型矿床的成矿动力背景、深部作用过程和形成机制。该理论认为,伴随大陆三段式碰撞过程而发育的主碰撞陆陆汇聚环境、晚碰撞构造转换环境和后碰撞地壳伸展环境,是大陆碰撞带成矿系统和大型矿床的主要成矿构造背景。对应于三段式碰撞而在深部出现的俯冲板片断离、软流圈上涌和岩石圈拆沉过程,是导致大规模成矿作用的异常热能驱动力。伴随三段式碰撞而分别出现的压-张交替或压扭/张扭转换的应力场演变,是驱动成矿系统形成发育的构造应力机制。大陆碰撞产生的不同尺度的高热流、不同起源的富金属流体流、不同级次的走滑-剪切-拆离-推覆构造系统和张性裂隙系统,是形成成矿系统和大型矿床的主导因素。成矿金属在碰撞形成的壳/幔混源高fO2岩浆-热液系统、地壳深熔低fO2岩浆-热液系统、剪切变质-富CO2流体系统以及逆冲推覆构造驱动的区域卤水系统和浅位岩浆房诱发的对流循环流体系统中,伴随成矿金属的积聚与淀积是形成大型矿床的关键机制。"大陆碰撞成矿论"还强调,完整的大陆碰撞过程可以引发三次大规模成矿作用,形成一系列标示性的大型矿床:在主碰撞陆陆汇聚成矿期,大陆碰撞引发地壳加厚与深熔,产生富W-Sn壳源花岗岩,形成花岗岩型Sn-W矿床;大陆俯冲板片断离诱发软流圈上涌,产生富金属的壳/幔混源花岗闪长岩,形成岩浆-热液型或叠合型Pb-Zn-Mo-Fe矿床;大陆碰撞从变质地体排挤出富CO2流体,在剪切带形成造山型Au矿,从造山带排泄出建造流体,在前陆盆地形成MVT型Zn-Pb矿。在晚碰撞构造转换成矿期,大规模走滑断裂系统诱发壳幔过渡带和富集地幔减压熔融,其岩浆在浅部地壳岩浆房出溶成矿流体,分别形成斑岩型Cu(-Mo-Au)矿床和碳酸岩型REE矿床;深切岩石圈的剪切作用与下地壳变质产生含Au富CO2流体,形成造山型Au矿;逆冲推覆构造驱动地壳流体长距离迁移汇聚、走滑拉分导致流体大量排泄和充填,形成Pb-Zn-Cu-Ag矿。在后碰撞地壳伸展成矿期,新生下地壳部分熔融产生富金属、富水、高fO2埃达克质岩浆浅成侵位和流体出溶,产生斑岩型Cu矿;中上地壳部分熔融层(岩浆房)驱动地热流体系统,在地热区发育热泉型Cs-Au矿,在构造拆离带形成热液脉型Pb-Zn-Sb和Sb-Au矿。 相似文献
2.
中国大陆环境斑岩型矿床包括斑岩型Cu(-Mo、-Au)、斑岩型Mo、斑岩型Au和斑岩型Pb-Zn等矿床类型,主要产出于青藏高原大陆碰撞带、东秦岭大陆碰撞带和中国东中部燕山期陆内环境,在地球动力学背景、深部作用过程、岩浆起源演化、流体与金属来源等方面与岩浆弧环境斑岩型矿床存在重要差异.在大洋板块俯冲形成的岩浆弧,主要发育斑岩Cu-Au矿床或富金斑岩Cu矿(岛弧)和斑岩Cu-Mo及斑岩Mo矿床(陆缘弧).相比,在大陆碰撞带,晚碰撞构造转换环境发育斑岩Cu、Cu-Mo和Cu-Au矿床,矿床受斜交碰撞带的走滑断裂系统控制,后碰撞地壳伸展环境则主要发育斑岩Cu-Mo矿床,矿床受垂直于碰撞带的正断层系统控制;在陆内造山环境,早期发育斑岩Cu-Au矿床,晚期发育斑岩Pb-Zn矿床,它们主要沿古老的但再活化的岩石圈不连续带分布,受网格状断裂系统控制;在后造山(或非造山)伸展环境,则大量发育斑岩Mo矿和斑岩Au矿,它们则主要围绕大陆基底-克拉通(或地块)边缘分布,受再活化的岩石圈不连续带控制.大陆环境斑岩Cu(-Mo,-Au)矿床的含矿斑岩多为高钾钙碱性和钾玄质,以高钾为特征,显示埃达克岩地球化学特性.岩浆通常起源于加厚的新生镁铁质下地壳或拆沉的古老下地壳.上地幔通过三种可能的方式向岩浆系统供给金属Cu(和Au):①提供大批量的幔源岩浆并底垫于加厚下地壳底部,构成含Cu岩浆的源岩;②提供小批量的软流圈熔体交代和改造下地壳,并诱发其熔融;③与拆沉的下地壳岩浆熔体发生反应.大陆环境含Mo岩浆系统高SiO_2、高K_2O,岩相以花岗斑岩为主,花岗闪长斑岩次之,既不同于Climax型,又有别于石英二长斑岩型Mo矿床,岩浆起源于古老的下地壳.金属Mo主要为就地熔出,部分萃取于上部地壳.大陆环境含Pb-Zn花岗斑岩多属铝过饱和型,与S型花岗岩相当,以高δ~(18)O(>10‰)和高放射性Pb为特征,Sr-Nd-Pb同位素组成反映其来源于中下地壳的深熔作用,金属Pb-Zn主要来源于深融的壳层.大陆环境含Au岩浆系统以富B花岗闪长斑岩为主,常与矿前闪长岩密切共生.Sr-Nd-Pb同位素显示,含Au岩浆主要来源于上部地壳,但曾与幔源岩浆发生相互作用.金属Au部分来源于上地壳,部分来源于地幔岩浆.大陆环境斑岩型矿床显示各具特色的蚀变类型和蚀变分带,其中,斑岩型Cu(-Mo,-Au)矿热液蚀变遵循Lowell and Guilbert模式;斑岩型Mo矿主要发育钙硅酸盐化、钾硅酸盐化和石英-绢云母化;斑岩型Pb-Zn矿主要发育绿泥石-绢云母化和绢云母-碳酸盐化,缺乏钾硅酸盐化;斑岩型Au矿强烈发育中度泥化.斑岩型矿床的成矿流体初始为高温、高fO_2、高S、富金属的岩浆水,由浅成侵位的长英质岩浆房在应力松弛环境下出溶而来,晚期有天水不同程度地混入.Cu、Mo、Pb-Zn通常沉淀于流体分相和流体沸腾过程中,而Au则主要沉淀于岩浆-热液过渡阶段. 相似文献
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本文在综述斑岩铜矿(PCDs)最新研究进展基础上,结合最新资料,重点阐释了中国大陆非弧环境PCDs的地球动力学背景、成矿岩浆起源、岩浆-流体系统演化、成矿金属(Cu,Au,Mo)和H2O来源及富集过程。中国大型PCDs除少量产于岩浆弧外,主要产于碰撞造山环境的构造转换和地壳伸展阶段、陆内造山环境的岩石圈伸展和崩塌阶段以及活化克拉通的边缘及内部。这些非弧环境成矿斑岩多呈彼此孤立的近等间距分布的岩株或岩瘤产出,以高钾为特征,显示埃达克岩地球化学亲和性。成矿岩浆主要起源于加厚的镁铁质新生下地壳或拆沉的古老下地壳,少数起源于遭受早期俯冲板片流体/熔体交代改造过的富集地幔。大陆碰撞和陆内俯冲引起的地壳大规模增厚和紧随其后的板片撕裂、断离、岩石圈拆沉和软流圈上涌,是形成这些成矿岩浆的主要动力机制。与岩浆弧环境斑岩类似,非弧环境斑岩也相对富水(>4%H2O)和高f(O2)值(ΔFMQ≥+2),但H2O不是来自俯冲板片,而是主要来自新生下地壳的角闪石分解或/和幔源富水超钾质岩浆水注入;金属Cu(Au)主要来自新生的镁铁质下地壳中含Cu硫化物的熔融分解,或者来自拆沉下地壳熔体与金属再富集的地幔岩反应,而金属Mo则主要来自具有高Mo丰度的大陆地壳。不论在岩浆弧还是非弧环境,成矿岩浆通常相对富集成矿金属(Cu,Au,Mo),但PCDs的形成并不要求成矿岩浆在初始阶段就异常富集金属组分,但要求金属硫化物相在岩浆流体出溶前没有从岩浆中饱和分离。浅成侵位的斑岩体(1~6 km)虽然可以出溶成矿流体,但大型PCDs通常要求成矿流体出溶自深部(侵位深度≥6 km)、有镁铁质岩浆持续补给的稳定大体积岩浆房。斑岩体可以分凝出不混溶的低盐度的气相和高盐度的液相,岩浆房则直接出溶出高温低盐度的富金属超临界流体。高盐度液相和低密度的超临界气相流体均可以迁移金属,伴随大规模热液蚀变,形成PCDs。 相似文献
4.
富铜斑岩岩浆形成机制与演化过程 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
斑岩铜矿在现代经济和科学中扮演了重要的角色,已成为一种最重要的铜矿床类型。自Schwartz(1947)首次使用"斑岩铜矿(porphyry copper deposit)"术语以来,地质学家对其开展了系统研究,取得一系列重要进展。本文对斑岩铜矿成矿岩浆形成机制及演化过程的研究进展进行了总结与回顾。结果显示,富铜斑岩岩浆的形成经历了在洋壳俯冲或大陆岩石圈地壳拆沉机制下形成含矿岩浆,中间岩浆房岩浆的结晶分异与成矿流体、成矿物质的富集,以及富成矿流体与成矿物质的岩浆(富矿斑岩岩浆)上侵至地壳浅部结晶固化并与围岩、地下水相互作用等过程,斑岩铜矿是该"生产线"的"终端产品"。最后,本文对斑岩铜矿形成机制待进一步研究的一些问题进行了思考与概括。 相似文献
5.
作为金属Cu最主要来源的斑岩铜矿床主要产于岛弧及陆缘弧环境.基于大量弧环境斑岩铜矿床研究而建立的经典斑岩铜矿成矿模型,在后来环太平洋成矿带斑岩型矿床的勘查中取得了重大突破,成为科学理论指导矿床勘查的典范.然而,近年来国内矿床学家发现,除经典成矿模型所记录的岛弧及陆缘弧环境外,斑岩铜矿还可产于碰撞造山带内,甚至产在陆内环境中.显然,这些斑岩铜矿的成因无法用经典的斑岩铜矿成矿模型解释.文章从弧环境斑岩铜矿成矿模型的综述人手,通过对青藏高原斑岩铜矿床的成矿环境及构造控制、含矿斑岩起源、矿床基本特征、成矿物质来源、金属富集机制以及成矿流体来源及演化等已有研究成果的综合分析,初步提出了碰撞造山环境斑岩铜矿的成矿模型.该模型强调:①碰撞造山环境斑岩铜矿含矿斑岩为强烈挤压构造背景下形成的埃达克岩,岩浆起源于加厚的新生下地壳,板块断离或岩石圈拆沉诱发的软流圈物质上涌,以及斜向碰撞导致的挤压.伸展的构造机制转换通常是引发岩浆源区发生部分熔融的外部条件;②成矿金属的深部富集是因岩浆高氧逸度所致,高氧逸度条件下,S主要以硫酸盐的形式溶解于岩浆之中,从而导致通常优先向硫化物分配的Cu、Au等开始作为不相容元素向硅酸盐熔浆中富集;③含矿斑岩的侵位既可受到因斜向碰撞诱发的大型走滑断裂系统的控制,也可受到岩石圈拆沉诱发的大型张性断层的控制;而含矿斑岩的就位则受矿区尺度的构造控制,多组构造的交汇部位或大型背斜的核部常是斑岩铜矿产出的重要位置;④大型矿床,特别是超大型矿床下部通常存在岩浆房,岩浆房的流体出溶是引发矿床大规模蚀变与矿化的根源;成矿金属与S均来自岩浆,与含矿斑岩可能具有相同的源区;⑤矿床整体上具有与弧环境类似的蚀变分带规律,从内向外依次为钾硅酸盐化、石英-绢云母、粘土化及青磐岩化;不过,因碰撞造山带环境含矿斑岩相对富K,从而导致岩浆房或浅侵的岩株/岩枝中出溶的岩浆热液常具有比弧环境斑岩铜矿床更高的K+/H+比值,从而诱发钾硅酸盐化蚀变的强烈发育;因钾硅酸盐化蚀变持续时间较长,铜钼矿化主要产于该蚀变阶段,特别是以黑云母大量发育为特征的晚期钾硅酸盐化阶段;⑥成矿物质沉淀可能因成矿过程中温度、压力、盐度、氧逸度、pH值等因素的变化所致,而这些因素的变化又直接或间接与高原的快速隆升与剥蚀有关. 相似文献
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中国是世界第一大钼生产国和资源国,同时也是铅、锌的重要资源国。中国东部燕山期斑岩型钼矿床及热液脉型、夕卡岩型铅锌(银)矿床是中国钼、铅、锌的主要来源。前人基于斑岩钼和热液型铅锌(银)矿床的地质、地球化学研究,提出了中国东部燕山期斑岩型钼-热液型铅锌(银)成矿系统的新认识,但对该成矿系统的岩浆起源、成矿物质来源等仍存在认识上的分歧。近年来,越来越多的地质、地球化学证据表明,斑岩钼矿的成矿可能与幔源岩浆活动有关,成矿斑岩的Sr、Nd、Pb同位素组成也显示有幔源物质的贡献。碳酸岩作为典型的幔源岩浆岩,是研究地幔物质组成的探针岩石,源自俯冲交代富集地幔的碳酸岩是已知Mo含量最高的岩浆岩,同时其Pb、Zn、Ag含量也很高,并具有富水、富F、富S、富CO2的特征。中国东部与斑岩钼矿同期的碳酸岩、基性岩的地球化学研究表明,中国东部中生代地幔为经历了俯冲交代的富集地幔,富集地幔的部分熔融可能为斑岩钼-热液型铅锌(银)成矿系统提供了成矿岩浆、成矿金属,同时还可能提供了S、F和成矿流体。 相似文献
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滇西北衙金矿床富水岩浆对成矿的制约 总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2
成矿岩浆富水(4%)是形成斑岩型矿床的关键。滇西北衙金矿床是金沙江-哀牢山新生代富碱斑岩成矿带中规模最大的金多金属矿床,目前探明金资源储量超过320吨,伴生的铅锌、银、铜、铁、硫也达到大-中型规模。本文以北衙成矿的二长花岗斑岩中角闪石斑晶和锆石为研究对象,开展岩相学和地球化学研究,厘定成矿岩浆的特征,并探讨富水岩浆对成矿的制约。研究表明,北衙二长花岗斑岩角闪石斑晶发育、轻稀土富集而重稀土亏损、具有高Sr(300×10~(-6))、低Y(10×10~(-6))和高(La/Yb)N(6.19~26.8)的地球化学特征,暗示在岩浆结晶早期有角闪石斑晶的晶出。角闪石晶出的条件是岩浆中水含量大于4.5%,因此北衙金矿床成矿岩浆演化早期角闪石的晶出显示成矿岩浆相对富水。角闪石矿物组分计算表明岩浆熔体中水含量在3.8%~4.1%之间,进一步证实北衙金矿床成矿岩浆相对富水。北衙金矿床这种具有高水含量的岩浆在源区岩石部分熔融的过程中,水的加入可以降低其熔点,促进源区含Cu、Au硫化物重熔,或萃取岩石中Cu、Au成矿元素,或聚集岩浆中分散分布的金属元素,形成富金属、富水的岩浆。含矿岩浆就位后,其通过压力的降低(岩浆房脆性破裂或岩浆向上侵位)来降低水的溶解度,或通过岩浆持续的结晶(在等压条件下晶出无水矿物)逐渐提高岩浆水含量,促使熔体中水含量大于水在熔体中溶解度,从而导致岩浆水达到饱和状态,流体开始出溶。总体而言,北衙金矿床富水岩浆不仅能促进北衙矿床成矿流体的形成与演化,也对成矿流体中Cu、Au等成矿元素的富集具有重要的作用。 相似文献
8.
氧化性和还原性斑岩型矿床流体成矿特征分析 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
目前已经广泛认同斑岩型Cu-Au(-Mo)矿床是在相对较高的氧化性含矿流体作用下形成的。但是随着研究的深入,逐渐发现了一系列具备还原性特征的斑岩型矿床,这些矿床往往不发育表征高氧逸度的原生磁铁矿和硫酸盐矿物。文中对几种与斑岩型矿化相关的花岗岩分类进行了分析讨论,并采用氧化型和还原型花岗岩分类方案,将对应的斑岩型矿床划分为氧化性斑岩型矿床(OPD)和还原性斑岩型矿床(RPD)。结合相关资料,认为还原性流体中所含有的CH4可能来自邻近的S型花岗岩的混染作用,但是不排除是经地球排气作用从地幔进入到地壳的可能性。结合实际还原性斑岩型矿床研究,文中给出了一个化学模型,认为CH4和SO2属于岩浆系统自生成分,在特定物理化学阶段发生反应,形成H2S和CO2,从而抑制了硫酸盐矿物的形成。这两类矿化系统的成矿流体来源、金属溶解-运移-沉淀以及成矿物质富集-分散-贫化等特征存在较为明显的差别。由于低氧逸度条件不利于成矿金属物质(Cu、Mo等)的迁移和富集,所以RPD矿化系统成矿潜力往往低于OPD矿化系统,但是可以发育次级斑岩型Au矿。结合实验分析结果,文中给出了OPD和RPD矿化系统流体成矿对比模式,认为如果原始岩浆中存在大量的成矿物质,RPD矿化系统可以形成"两端员矿化",即底部形成硫化物矿床,顶部形成次级斑岩型金矿床。 相似文献
9.
碳酸岩流体及其稀土成矿作用 总被引：12，自引：0，他引：12
火成碳酸岩熔浆可侵入到大陆和洋壳构造环境 ,多数大陆构造环境下的碳酸岩在时间和空间上与地壳减薄事件有关 ,高温下它具有极强的搬运碱金属、大离子亲石元素和高场强元素的能力。碳酸岩中可能出现的原生包裹体有两相水溶液 (气 +液 )包裹体、含子矿物多相水溶液包裹体、含CO2 包裹体和CO2 +盐水溶液混合多相包裹体以及硅酸盐玻璃质熔融包裹体等。碳酸岩型稀土矿床中赋存的流体包裹体类型也可分为气液相、含碳水溶液相和气液固多相包裹体 ,包裹体中稀土子矿物的出现是该类矿床最显著的特征。富碱碳酸岩流体中REE ,Sr ,Th和Fe等都具有极高的溶解度 ,水岩反应和流体不混溶是造成成矿热液中REE及Fe等沉淀成矿的关键因素 ,REE的迁移沉淀可延续到低温、低盐度的成矿晚阶段 相似文献
10.
金属矿床的成矿流体成分和流体包裹体 总被引：7，自引：1，他引：6
自然界中的成矿流体按其主要成分,可分为:(1)岩浆,即形成岩浆矿床的岩浆;(2)以H2O为主的流体(含Na Cl);(3)以CO2为主的流体。地壳中的流体类型很多,只有含一定金属元素含量的,并且达到一定浓度时才称为金属矿床的成矿流体。基于对矿床中流体包裹体和天然成矿流体中金属种类和含量的测定,这些金属矿床的成矿流体按金属元素含量可以分为五组,成矿流体可以来自岩浆、岩浆热液、大气降水、盆地卤水和变质流体等地质环境。 相似文献
11.
《地学前缘(英文版)》2022,13(2):101339
The current margins of the North China and Yangtze Cratons provide arguably the best examples globally of anomalously high mineral endowment within a 100 km buffer zone, hosting 66 diverse world-class to giant ore systems that help explain China’s premier position as a producer of multiple metal and mineral commodities. After the cratonization of these crustal blocks during the Neoarchean-Paleoproterozoic, with incorporation of iron ores on assembled micro-block margins, the margins of the cratons experienced multiple convergence and rifting events leading to metasomatism and fertilization of their underlying sub-continental lithospheric mantle. The rifted margins with trans-lithosphere faults provided pathways for Cu-Au (Mo-W-Sn)-bearing felsic to Ni-Cu-bearing ultrabasic intrusions and REE-rich carbonatite magmas, and for the development of marginal sedimentary basins with both Cu-Pb-Zn-rich source units and reactive carbonate or carbonaceous host rocks. There was diachronous formation of hydrothermal orogenic gold, antimony, and bismuth systems in the narrow orogenic belts between the cratons. Complexity in the Mesozoic Paleo-Pacific subduction systems resulted in asthenosphere upwelling and lithosphere extension and thinning in the North China Craton, leading to anomalous heat flow and formation of orogenic gold deposits, including those of the giant Jiaodong gold province on its north-eastern margin. These gold deposits, many of which formed from fluids liberated by devolatilization of previously metasomatized sub-continental lithospheric mantle, helped propel China to be the premier gold producer globally. The thick sub-continental lithospheric mantle of the cold buoyant cratons helped the preservation of some of the world’s oldest porphyry-skarn and epithermal mineral systems. Although craton margins globally control the formation and preservation of a diverse range of mineral deposits, China represents the premier example in terms of metal endowment due to the anomalous length of its craton margins combined with their abnormally complex tectonic history. 相似文献
12.
Sonja Aulbach Thomas Stachel Larry M. Heaman Robert A. Creaser Steven B. Shirey 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2011,161(6):947-960
Peridotitic sulphide inclusions in diamonds from the central Slave craton constrain the age and origin of their subcontinental
lithospheric mantle (SCLM) sources. These sulphides align with either a ca. 3.5 Ga (shallow SCLM) or a ca. 3.3 Ga isochron
(deep SCLM) on a Re–Os ischron diagram, with variably enriched initial 187Os/188Os. Since some Archaean to recent plume-derived melts carry a subducted crust (eclogite) signature and some cratonic SCLM
may have been generated in plumes by extraction of komatiitic liquids, we explain these data by subduction of evolved lithospheric
material (shallow SCLM) and melting in a hybrid mantle plume that contains domains of recycled eclogite (deep SCLM), respectively.
In upwelling hybrid mantle, eclogite-derived melts react with olivine in surrounding peridotites to form aluminous orthopyroxene,
convert peridotite to pyroxenite and confer their crustal isotope signatures. We suggest that it is subsequent to orthopyroxene
enrichment of peridotite in an upwelling plume that partial melting of this Al- and Si- enriched source generated komatiites
and complementary ultradepleted cratonic mantle residues. Although subduction is needed to explain some cratonic features,
melting of a hybrid plume source satisfies several key observations: (1) suprachondritic initial 187Os/188Os in subsets of lithospheric mantle samples and in some coeval Archaean komatiites; (2) variable enrichment of cratonic mantle
by high-temperature aluminous orthopyroxene; (3) high Mg# combined with high orthopyroxene content in cratonic mantle due
to higher melt productivity of an Al- and Si-richer source; (4) variable orthopyroxene enrichment possibly linked to varying
mantle potential temperatures (Tp), plume buoyancy and resultant eclogite load and/or variable availability of subducted material
in the source; and (5) absence of younger analogues due to a secular decrease in Tp. Most importantly, this model also alleviates
a mass balance problem, because it predicts a hybrid mantle source with variably higher SiO2 and Al2O3 than primitive mantle, and, contrary to a primitive mantle source, is able to reconcile compositions of komatiites and complementary
cratonic mantle residues. 相似文献
13.
早中生代的扬子大陆向华北大陆的深俯冲碰撞作用以及中、新生代的华北东部岩石圈减薄作用是国际大陆动力学问题研究的两个热点。然而,把它们有机联系起来,探讨深部岩石圈演化动力学过程的研究还很少。报道了中国大陆科学钻探先导孔(CCSD-PP1)橄榄岩的矿物岩石化学分析结果。这些橄榄岩亏损玄武质组分(如低w(CaO+Al2O3)、高Mg#等),并经历了中元古代来自软流圈的碳酸岩熔体的交代作用和早中生代的超高压再平衡过程。结合已发表的华北捕虏体橄榄岩资料,对这一橄榄岩的原始地幔属性进行了分析。发现CCSD-PP1橄榄岩与华北古老岩石圈地幔组成相似,是早中生代来自华北岩石圈的构造侵入体。早中生代华北岩石圈的伸展减薄与苏鲁超高压变质岩石的折返提供了早期软流圈物质上涌的构造体制。 相似文献
14.
The North China Craton (NCC) provides a classic example for extensive destruction of the cratonic lithosphere. The Mesozoic magmatism which contributed to the decratonization of the NCC was also accompanied by the formation of a variety of mineral deposits. In order to gain further insights into the cratonic destruction process, typical iron and gold deposits are investigated here. Helium–argon isotopic data on pyrite, from typical skarn iron deposits of the Beiminghe and Fushan in the Han-Xing district of the central NCC, and the Linglong and Canzhuang gold deposits in the Jiaodong district in the eastern NCC, are presented in this paper. The 3He/4He, 40Ar/36Ar and 40Ar/4He ratios show generally uniform patterns within the individual deposits and reveal a complex evolutionary history of the ore-forming fluids with varying degree of crust–mantle interaction. The ore-forming fluids associated with the gold mineralization at the Jiaodong mine have higher content of fluids of mantle origin with mantle helium ranging from 1.24% to 18.02% (average 6.73%; N = 18). In contrast, the ore-forming fluids related to the iron ore deposits contain less mantle contribution with mantle helium ranging from 0.12% to 4.96% (average 1.29%; N = 10). Our results suggest complex and heterogeneous crust–mantle processes associated with the magmatism and metallogeny, where the lithosphere of the eastern NCC was subjected to more extensive thinning and destruction as compared with that in the western part, consistent with the observations from geophysical studies in the region. Our study demonstrates that fluids associated with the Mesozoic metallogenic processes in the NCC provide useful insights into the geodynamics of destruction and refertilization of the cratonic lithosphere. 相似文献
15.
Despite the critical influence of oxidation state on the geochemical and geodynamic evolution of Earth, its impact on the longevity of cratons is poorly understood. To address this issue, we investigated the redox state of the Late Mesozoic subcontinental lithospheric mantle (SCLM) beneath the eastern North China Craton (NCC), which was destroyed during the Phanerozoic. We report the occurrence of high-Fo olivine (Fo > 87, where Fo = atomic Mg/(Mg + Fe2+)) within Early Cretaceous basalts; these olivines show extremely low Ti (<60 ppm) contents, high δ18O (5.8‰–7.2‰) values, and relatively cool crystallization temperatures (1125 to 1218 °C). These features support derivation of the lavas from highly refractory and cold SCLM. The relatively low partition coefficients of vanadium between olivine and whole rocks (0.019–0.025) indicate a high fO2 for the Early Cretaceous basalts and their mantle sources (ΔQFM = +1.0 and ΔQFM = +1.5, respectively), and, consequently, an oxidized Late Mesozoic SCLM beneath the eastern NCC. The high degree of oxidation of the mantle was caused by the ingress of hydrous melts and/or fluids released from a subducting slab during the Phanerozoic. We propose that oxidization of the SCLM softened the mantle, which triggered the removal of the cratonic root beneath the eastern NCC. The results highlight the crucial role of oxidation state in craton stability. 相似文献
16.
The petrology and geochemistry of shallow continental lithosphericmantle (SCLM) can be studied via (1) tectonically emplaced ultramaficmassifs and (2) mantle xenoliths entrained in alkaline magmas.Data from these two separate sources are used to identify processesthat have formed and modified the SCLM. In western and centralEurope where the continental crust consolidated in Phanerozoictimes, both sources of information are available for study.Rock types found in ultramafic massifs in Europe are generallysimilar to those found in ultramafic xenolith suites. The mostfrequent lithology is anhydrous spinel lherzolite, grading towardsharzburgite. Massifs reveal pyroxenite layering, harzburgitebands and cross-cutting mafic and ultramafic dykes. The PhanerozoicEuropean SCLM xenoliths and massifs show broad mineralogicaland chemical similarities to Phanerozoic continental spinelperidotites world-wide. The main process that controls the geochemistryof the SCLM is depletion by removal of basaltic melt. Differencesfrom this norm reflect significantly different processes inthe SCLM, such as interaction with melts and fluids. Such processesprobably gave rise to hornblendite veins and pyroxenite layers,although the latter have also been interpreted as recycled oceaniccrust. Rare earth element data for whole-rock peridotites andtheir constituent clinopyroxenes show a variety of patterns,including light rare earth element (LREE) depletion as a resultof removal of basaltic melt, LREE enrichment caused by metasomatism,and U-shaped REE patterns that are probably due to interactionwith carbonatite melts. Extended mantle-normalized incompatibletrace element patterns for whole rocks show enrichment in Rband Ba in peridotites considered to have been subduction-metasomatized,whereas those considered to be carbonate-metasomatized havestrong negative anomalies in Zr, Nb and Hf. Mantle amphibolesare strongly enriched in LREE when found in veins, but can beLREE depleted if they are interstitial. Radiogenic isotope ratiosfor xenoliths and massifs largely overlap, although the xenolithsshow a significant clustering around a ‘plume-component’identical to the Neogene alkaline magmatism of Europe. Thiscomponent is lacking in the massifs, most of which were emplacedinto the crust before the onset of Neogene plume activity. Infiltrationof carbonatite melts is observed petrographically in some xenolithsand evidenced by low Ti/Eu ratios in bulk rocks, but is veryrare. The effect of passage of hydrous fluids from subductingslabs is also seen in some suites and massifs, being exhibitedmainly as unusual Sr and Pb isotope ratios, although enrichmentin K, Rb and Ba, and the presence of modal phlogopite, may alsopoint to subduction-metasomatism. KEY WORDS: peridotites; xenoliths; orogenic massifs; Europe 相似文献
17.
This paper presents new major and trace element data from 150 garnet xenocrysts from the V. Grib kimberlite pipe located in the central part of the Arkhangelsk diamondiferous province (ADP). Based on the concentrations of Cr2O3, CaO, TiO2 and rare earth elements (REE) the garnets were divided into seven groups: (1) lherzolitic “depleted” garnets (“Lz 1”), (2) lherzolitic garnets with normal REE patterns (“Lz 2”), (3) lherzolitic garnets with weakly sinusoidal REE patterns (“Lz 3”), (4) lherzolitic garnets with strongly sinusoidal REE patterns (“Lz 4”), (5) harzburgitic garnets with sinusoidal REE patterns (“Hz”), (6) wehrlitic garnets with weakly sinusoidal REE patterns (“W”), (7) garnets of megacryst paragenesis with normal REE patterns (“Meg”). Detailed mineralogical and geochemical garnet studies and modeling results suggest several stages of mantle metasomatism influenced by carbonatite and silicate melts. Carbonatitic metasomatism at the first stage resulted in refertilization of the lithospheric mantle, which is evidenced by a nearly vertical CaO-Cr2O3 trend from harzburgitic (“Hz”) to lherzolitic (“Lz 4”) garnet composition. Harzburgitic garnets (“Hz”) have probably been formed by interactions between carbonatite melts and exsolved garnets in high-degree melt extraction residues. At the second stage of metasomatism, garnets with weakly sinusoidal REE patterns (“Lz 3”, “W”) were affected by a silicate melt possessing a REE composition similar to that of ADP alkaline mica-poor picrites. At the last stage, the garnets interacted with basaltic melts, which resulted in the decrease CaO-Cr2O3 trend of “Lz 2” garnet composition. Cr-poor garnets of megacryst paragenesis (“Meg”) could crystallize directly from the silicate melt which has a REE composition close to that of ADP alkaline mica-poor picrites. P-T estimates of the garnet xenocrysts indicate that the interval of ～60–110 km of the lithospheric mantle beneath the V. Grib pipe was predominantly affected by the silicate melts, whereas the lithospheric mantle deeper than 150 km was influenced by the carbonatite melts. 相似文献
18.
Contribution of mantle components within juvenile lower-crust to collisional zone porphyry Cu systems in Tibet 总被引：17，自引：0，他引：17
Zengqian Hou Yuanchuan Zheng Zhiming Yang Zongyao Rui Zhidan Zhao Sihong Jiang Xiaoming Qu Qinzhong Sun 《Mineralium Deposita》2013,48(2):173-192
Most porphyry Cu–Mo–Au deposits are found in magmatic arcs worldwide, and are associated with hydrous, high-fO2, calc-alkaline magmas, derived from a mantle wedge that was metasomatized by the fluids from a subducted oceanic slab. Recently, such deposits have been documented as occurring widely in collisional settings, where they are associated with potassic magmas generated during the collisional process, but the genesis of the fertile magmas and the mechanism of metallic enrichment remain controversial. Here we present new geochemical and Sr–Nd–Hf isotopic data from the post-collisional fertile and barren porphyries of the Miocene Gangdese porphyry belt in the Tibetan orogen, an orogen formed by the collision of India and Asia in the early Cenozoic. Both types of porphyry are characterized by high K2O contents, and have geochemical affinities with adakite, but the fertile magmas were most likely derived from the melting of a thickened juvenile mafic lower-crust, formed by the underplating of earlier asthenospheric melts at the base of crust, whereas the derivation of the barren magmas involved variable amounts of old lower-crust in Tibet. The melting of sulfide-bearing phases in the juvenile mantle components of the Tibetan lower-crust probably provided Cu, Au, and S to the fertile magmas. The breakdown of amphibole during melting at the source released the fluids necessary for the formation of the porphyry Cu deposits in Tibet. The thickened crust (up to 70–80 km), due to collision, is thought to be responsible for a decrease in the fO2 of the fertile magmas during their ascent to the upper crust, thus preventing the generation of more porphyry Cu–Au and epithermal Au deposits in this collisional zone. 相似文献
19.
The role of polymetallic melts in scavenging ore components has recently been highlighted in the context of fluid-poor metamorphosed ore deposits. In contrast, the role of polymetallic melts in systems dominated by hydrothermal fluids remains poorly understood. Using a simple Au-Bi model system, we explored experimentally whether such polymetallic melts can precipitate directly from a hydrothermal fluid, and investigated the ability of these melts to scavenge Au from the solution. The experiments were conducted in custom-built flow-through reactors, designed to reproduce a hydrothermal system where melt components are dissolved at one stage along the flow path (e.g., Bi was dissolved by placing Bi-minerals along the fluid path), whereas melt precipitation was caused further along the flow path by fluid-rock interaction. Bi-rich melts were readily obtained by reaction with pyrrhotite, graphite or amorphous FeS. When Au was added to the system, Bi-Au melts with compositions consistent with the Au-Bi phase diagram were obtained. In the case of fluid reaction with pyrrhotite, epitaxial replacement of pyrrhotite by magnetite was observed, with textures consistent with an interface-coupled dissolution-reprecipitation reaction (ICDRR). In this case, the metallic melt precipitated as blebs that were localized at the replacement front or within the porous magnetite.Direct fractionation of Bi-Au melts from a hydrothermal fluid, or precipitation of a Bi-melt followed by partitioning of Au from ambient fluid, offer new pathways to the enrichment of minor ore components such as Au, without requiring fluid saturation with respect to a Au mineral. This mechanism can explain the strong geochemical affinity recognized between Au and low-melting point chalcophile elements such as Bi in many gold deposits. Examples of deposits where such a model may be applicable include orogenic gold deposits and gold skarns. Contrary to models involving migration of polymetallic melts to explain element remobilization, only small quantities (ppm) of polymetallic melts are required to affect the Au endowment of a deposit via interaction with a hydrothermal fluid. The experiments also show that micro-environments can play a critical role in controlling melt occurrences. For example, reaction fronts developing via ICDR reactions can promote melt formation as observed during the replacement of pyrrhotite by magnetite. The associated transient porosity creates space for the melt and promotes melt-fluid exchanges whereas the reaction front provides local geochemical conditions favorable to melt precipitation (e.g., reduced, low aH2S(aq), and catalytic surface). 相似文献
20.
Carbonatites host some of the largest and highest grade rare earth element (REE) deposits but the composition and source of their REE-mineralising fluids remains enigmatic. Using C, O and 87Sr/86Sr isotope data together with major and trace element compositions for the REE-rich Kangankunde carbonatite (Malawi), we show that the commonly observed, dark brown, Fe-rich carbonatite that hosts REE minerals in many carbonatites is decoupled from the REE mineral assemblage. REE-rich ferroan dolomite carbonatites, containing 8–15 wt% REE2O3, comprise assemblages of monazite-(Ce), strontianite and baryte forming hexagonal pseudomorphs after probable burbankite. The 87Sr/86Sr values (0.70302–0.70307) affirm a carbonatitic origin for these pseudomorph-forming fluids. Carbon and oxygen isotope ratios of strontianite, representing the REE mineral assemblage, indicate equilibrium between these assemblages and a carbonatite-derived, deuteric fluid between 250 and 400 °C (δ18O + 3 to + 5‰VSMOW and δ13C ? 3.5 to ? 3.2‰VPDB). In contrast, dolomite in the same samples has similar δ13C values but much higher δ18O, corresponding to increasing degrees of exchange with low-temperature fluids (< 125 °C), causing exsolution of Fe oxides resulting in the dark colour of these rocks. REE-rich quartz rocks, which occur outside of the intrusion, have similar δ18O and 87Sr/86Sr to those of the main complex, indicating both are carbonatite-derived and, locally, REE mineralisation can extend up to 1.5 km away from the intrusion. Early, REE-poor apatite-bearing dolomite carbonatite (beforsite: δ18O + 7.7 to + 10.3‰ and δ13C ?5.2 to ?6.0‰; 87Sr/86Sr 0.70296–0.70298) is not directly linked with the REE mineralisation. 相似文献