共查询到17条相似文献，搜索用时 359 毫秒
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为研究沉水植被对水流结构的影响,以苦草为对象,利用实验室水槽实验研究了含淹没水生植被水流时均流速、雷诺应力及紊动能的垂向分布特征。受苦草冠层的影响,时均流速在冠顶以上呈对数分布,且随着流量的增加,冠层倾伏高度降低,对数剖面愈加明显;冠层内部,由于冠层阻流面积在垂向分布上的差异,冠层内时均流速出现逆梯度分布,且在床面附近出现局部流速最大值。雷诺应力在冠顶附近达到最大值,并向水面与床底方向逐渐减小;受逆流速梯度的影响,冠层内部雷诺应力出现负值以及局部最大值。雷诺应力产生的剪切紊动使得紊动能在冠顶处最大,并向水面与床底进行垂向传输;受紊动传输距离的限制,冠层底部以叶片后产生的尾流紊动为主,紊动能较小。 相似文献
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阶梯-深潭系统的水力特性 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
阶梯-深潭系统是山区河流中常见的河床形态,具有稳定河床和消能减灾的作用,其水力特性较为复杂。在温峡水库下游温峡河修建典型的阶梯-深潭系统开展野外实验以研究阶梯-深潭系统的水力特性。利用先进的高频声学多普勒流速仪测量阶梯-深潭系统阶梯上游、阶梯上、深潭中和沿深泓线的水力特性。实验在10 L/s、50 L/s、100 L/s、150 L/s、290 L/s 和 420 L/s 6种流量工况下进行。实验结果表明:阶梯-深潭系统流场尤其是深潭流场具有很强的三维性,阶梯上与深潭中水力特性相差很大。阶梯上沿流向的时均流速远大于横向和垂向的时均流速,三向紊动强度处在一个量级且较小。深潭中的时均流速比阶梯上小,但紊动强度远大于阶梯,紊动强度随流量变大增大。实验工况下,阶梯上的相对紊动强度在0.1左右,深潭中则最大超过8.0。随着水流从阶梯上跌入深潭,机械能大量转化为紊动能消耗。实验流量范围内,雷诺应力随流量小幅增大,深潭中的雷诺应力约为阶梯上的50倍。阶梯-深潭系统消能率在实验工况下为64%~91%。 相似文献
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利用声学多普勒测速仪（ADV）实测了凹口溢流堰与同侧布置竖缝组合式鱼道的三维瞬时流速,应用射流力学和紊流统计理论剖析了鱼道水池内的时均流速、紊动强度、雷诺应力、相关函数、紊动尺度等紊流结构。试验研究结果表明:溢流堰与竖缝组合式鱼道池内水流流态呈现出复杂的三维紊流结构;同竖缝相比,溢流堰对紊动强度和雷诺应力的变化有着更为显著的影响,尤其是鱼道池内表层区域;堰流区涡旋的相关性比竖缝壁面射流区好,并且堰流区存在较大尺度的涡旋结构,而竖缝壁面射流区的涡旋尺度则较小。相比单一式鱼道,组合式鱼道紊流结构更加复杂,研究结果可为优化鱼道设计、修复鱼类生境提供参考。 相似文献
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河冰是陆地冰冻圈的重要组成要素,在生消演变过程中影响水流运动规律,受冰凌影响河流流态可分为明流、完全冰封和部分冰封。为探究冰盖下水流的紊动特性,采用声学多普勒三维测速仪测量3种流态的恒定均匀流场,对比分析纵向时均流速、雷诺应力和紊动强度的分布规律。结果表明：完全冰封流纵向时均流速垂向上呈不对称“■”型分布,雷诺应力在垂向上线性分布,紊动强度在基于双层假定划分的冰盖层和床面层均符合指数分布律;部分冰封流纵向时均流速垂向分布兼具明流和完全冰封流的特性,存在横向动量交换,导致冰盖区、明流区和过渡区的雷诺应力和紊动强度在水深方向上也存在明显的差异。试验结果可为冰凌灾害防治和供水安全保障提供理论指导。 相似文献
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在一定的水动力条件下,不同水生植物对水流结构改变的程度及对底泥再悬浮的影响由于其形态结构的差异有所不同.在玻璃水槽中铺设太湖底泥并种植天然沉水植物(水蕨)和挺水植物(菖蒲),通过水槽实验,用三维声学多普勒流速仪ADV对植物段紊流特性进行测量研究,分析含水生植物明渠水流的水力特性及底泥再悬浮规律.结果表明:含沉水植物和挺水植物明渠水流的垂向流速分布各自遵循不同的规律;其紊动强度和雷诺应力具有明显的各向异性特性;在沉水植物冠层交界处及挺水植物的茎杆和枝叶分叉处,紊流强度及雷诺应力均出现最大值;在一定条件下沉水植物和挺水植物均能抑制底泥再悬浮,但当雷诺数达到一定数值时,水生植物的存在反而加剧了底泥的再悬浮,与挺水植物相比,沉水植物对底泥再悬浮的抑制效果要更好. 相似文献
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灌区分水口多为直角, 附近普遍存在冲刷、淤积及结构破坏现象。天然河流分、汇流多为锐角, 为探索非直角分水口区域明渠水流紊动特性, 以30°分水角明渠为研究对象, 采用声学多普勒点式流速仪测量各断面上的三维瞬时流速, 分析典型断面上的时均流速、环流强度、紊动强度、紊动能和床面剪切应力分布规律。试验结果显示: 分水口处水流横向流速沿渠宽方向变化较大, 易形成环流, 导致局部冲淤现象明显; 靠近口门侧水流紊动强度变化剧烈且分布无规律, 最大值出现在口门上唇断面; 分水口处下层水体紊动能明显大于上层水体, 紊动能较大值多集中在口门附近; 口门断面下唇附近床面剪切应力较大, 易出现冲刷侵蚀, 破坏渠道稳定; 与直角分水口相比, 分水角为30°时, 泥沙颗粒不易进入侧渠道, 水流对渠底及边壁侵蚀速率较低。研究结果可为灌区渠系设计及运行提供参考。 相似文献
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受地形、地质等条件影响,明渠收缩过渡段在输水工程中十分常见,过渡段长度过短,会导致水面波动,水体紊动加剧。为研究明渠不同长度过渡段内纵向时均流速及紊动强度的分布规律,通过室内模型试验,利用二维电磁流速仪ACM2-RS测量了渠道内沿程中垂线不同深度处瞬时流速。试验结果表明:收缩段内,纵向时均流速沿程增加,紊动强度沿程降低,遵循涡旋的拉伸机制和线性扭曲理论;受二次流影响,最大流速位于水面以下,且最大流速的位置随二次流作用的增强而降低;不同长度过渡段对下游纵向流速分布和紊动强度影响不同,过渡段越短,下游水流紊动越强,但非渠底附近紊动强度沿垂向先减后增的规律不变。 相似文献
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淹没刚性植被通过改变水流结构,造成时均流速、紊动强度、雷诺应力等水力参数垂线分布不均匀和沿程差异化。采用声学多普勒测速仪(ADV)测量3种淹没度(3.0、4.0、5.0)下的流速,结合统计学方法,系统分析植被段内及其上、下游过渡段流速和紊动特性差异。结果表明：植被显著增强了水流紊动,且紊动特性取值与淹没度正相关;植被段内流速差异在低淹没度下的植被层内和高淹没度下的自由流动层内更加显著,而紊动特性沿程增强,且垂线分布具有相似性,最大值点位于冠层顶部附近;当淹没度满足KH涡的形成和发展条件时,随淹没度的增大,植被段内紊动特性垂线分布出现转折点(临近此点梯度急剧减小并趋于0)的断面数量增多,经验证,在充分发展的紊流区此点可作为KH涡的上边界点。 相似文献
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建立了一套大尺度格栅紊流试验系统,格栅进行有别于传统垂向模式的横向振动,采用粒子图像测速技术(Particle Image Velocimetry,PIV)测量流速。对瞬时流速的检验表明,该系统产生的紊流场具有较强的随机性和统计规律性。均方根流速在格栅片附近变化较大,在两片格栅中间处趋于稳定,纵向均方根流速明显大于垂向均方根流速,二者比值在1.5~2.0之间,接近天然明渠紊流。雷诺应力在距格栅越近处波动越大,随着距格栅距离的增加而减小,至两片格栅中间处雷诺应力基本为0。时间和长度积分尺度在格栅片处最小,随着距格栅距离的增加而线性增加,至两片格栅中间处达到最大值。流速能谱呈现Kolmogorov理论的-5/3次方规律。本系统生成的紊流场的统计规律与传统的垂向振动格栅紊流较为一致,但纵向和垂向的紊动强度更接近实际,为后续紊流中泥沙和污染物等运动机理的研究奠定了基础。 相似文献
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Mean flow and turbulence structure over fixed, two-dimensional dunes: implications for sediment transport and bedform stability 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
Detailed measurements of flow velocity and its turbulent fluctuation were obtained over fixed, two-dimensional dunes in a laboratory channel. Laser Doppler anemometry was used to measure the downstream and vertical components of velocity at more than 1800 points over one dune wavelength. The density of the sampling grid allowed construction of a unique set of contour maps for all mean flow and turbulence parameters, which are assessed using higher moment measures and quadrant analysis. These flow field maps illustrate that: (1) the time-averaged downstream and vertical velocities agree well with previous studies of quasi-equilibrium flow over fixed and mobile bedforms and show a remarkable symmetry from crest to crest; (2) the maximum root-mean-square (RMS) of the downstream velocity values occur at and just downstream of flow reattachment and within the flow separation cell; (3) the maximum vertical RMS values occur within and above the zone of flow separation along the shear layer and this zone advects and diffuses downstream, extending almost to the next crest; (4) positive downstream skewness values occur within the separation cell, whereas positive vertical skewness values are restricted to the shear layer; (5) the highest Reynolds stresses are located within the zone of flow separation and along the shear layer; (6) high-magnitude, high-frequency quadrant-2 events (‘ejections’) are concentrated along the shear layer (Kelvin-Helmholtz instabilities) and dominate the contribution to the local Reynolds stress; and (7) high-magnitude, high-frequency quadrant-4 events occur bounding the separation zone, near reattachment and close to the dune crest, and are significant contributors to the local Reynolds stress at each location. These data demonstrate that the turbulence structure associated with dunes is controlled intrinsically by the formation, magnitude and downstream extent of the flow separation zone and resultant shear layer. Furthermore, the origin of dune-related macroturbulence lies in the dynamics of the shear layer rather than classical turbulent boundary layer bursting. The fluid dynamic distinction between dunes and ripples is reasoned to be linked to the velocity differential across the shear layer and hence the magnitude of the Kelvin-Helmholtz instabilities, which are both greater for dunes than ripples. These instabilities control the local flow and turbulence structure and dictate the modes of sediment entrainment and their transport rates. 相似文献
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A field study of turbulence and sediment dynamics over subaqueous dunes with flow separation 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Ray Kostaschuk 《Sedimentology》2000,47(3):519-531
This study examines flow, turbulence and sand suspension over large dunes in Canoe Pass, a distributary channel of the Fraser River delta, Canada. Dune morphology is characterized by a symmetrical shape and steep leeside slopes over 30°. Velocity was measured with an electromagnetic current meter and suspended sand concentration with four optical backscatter (OBS) probes. The general patterns of time-averaged velocity and sand suspension are consistent with previous studies, including an increase in mean velocity and decrease in turbulence intensity and sand concentration with height above the bed, reversed flow with high turbulence intensity and high sand concentrations in the leeside flow separation zone and an increase in near-bed velocity and sand concentration along the stoss side of the dune. Frequency spectra of near-bed velocity and OBS records from leeside separation zones are composed of two distinct frequencies, providing field confirmation of scale relations based on flume experiments. The low-frequency spectral signal probably results from wake flapping and the high-frequency signal from vortex shedding. The wake-flapping frequency predominates outside the separation zone and is linked to turbulent structures that suspend sand. Predictions from a depth-scale Strouhal Law show good agreement with measured wake-flapping frequencies. Cross-correlations of OBS records reveal that turbulent sand suspension structures advect downstream at 23–25° above the horizontal. These advection angles are similar to coherent flow structures measured in flumes and to sand suspension structures visualized over large dunes in the field. 相似文献
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Quantifying velocity and turbulence structure in depositing sustained turbidity currents across breaks in slope 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Two-dimensional experiments investigating sediment transport and turbulence structure in sustained turbidity currents that cross breaks in slope are presented as analogue illustrations for natural flows. The results suggest that in natural flows, turbulence generation at slope breaks may account for increased sand transport into basins and that the formation of a hydraulic jump may not be necessary to explain features such as the occurrence of submarine plunge pools and the deposition of coarser-grained beds in the bottomsets of Gilbert-type fan deltas. Experimental flows were generated on 0°, 3°, 6° and 9° slopes of equal length which terminated abruptly on a horizontal bed. Two-component velocities were measured on the slope, at the slope break and downstream of the slope break. Flows were depositional and non-uniform, visibly slowing and thickening with distance downstream. One-dimensional continuous wavelet transforms of velocity time series were used to produce time-period variance maps. Peaks in variance were tested against a background red-noise spectrum at the 95% level; a significant period banding occurs in the cross-wavelet transform at the slope break, attributed to increased formation of coherent flow structures (Kelvin–Helmholtz billows). Variance becomes distributed at progressively longer periods and the shape of the bed-normal-velocity spectral energy distribution changes with distance downstream. This is attributed to a shift towards larger turbulent structures caused by wake stretching. Mean velocity, Reynolds shear stress and turbulent kinetic energy profiles illustrate the mean distribution of turbulence through the currents. A turbulent kinetic energy transfer balance shows that flow non-uniformity arises through the transfer of mean streamwise slowing to mean bed-normal motion through the action of Reynolds normal stresses. Net turbulence production through the action of normal stresses is achieved on steeper slopes as turbulence dissipation due to mean bed-normal motion is limited. At the slope break, an imbalance between the production and dissipation of turbulence occurs because of the contrasting nature of the wall and free-shear boundaries at the bottom and top of the flows, respectively. A rapid reduction in mean streamwise velocity predominately affects the base of the flows and steeper proximal slope flows have to slow more at the break in slope. The increased turbulent kinetic energy, limited bed-normal motion and strong mixing imposed by steep proximal slopes means rapid slowing enhances turbulence production at the break in slope by focusing energy into coherent flow structures at a characteristic period. Thus, mean streamwise slowing is transferred into turbulence production at the slope break that causes increased transport of sediment and a decrease in deposit mass downstream of the slope break. The internal effects of flow non-uniformity therefore can be separated from the external influence of the slope break. 相似文献
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Current knowledge of flow and turbulent processes acting across the sand bed continuum is still unable to unequivocally explain the mechanism(s) by which ripples become dunes. Understanding has been improved by comparative high-resolution studies undertaken over fixed bedforms at different stages in the continuum. However, these studies both ignore the role of mobile sediment and do not examine flow structure during the actual transition from ripples to dunes. The aims of the paper are: (i) to describe flow and turbulence characteristics acting above mobile bedforms at several stages across the transition; and (ii) to compare these data with those arising from experiments over fixed ripples and dunes. Laboratory experiments are presented that examine the turbulence structure across seven distinct stages of the transition from ripples to dunes. Single-point acoustic Doppler velocimeter sampling at three flow heights above a developing mobile boundary was undertaken. Time-averaged statistics and the instantaneous quadrant record reveal distinct changes in flow structure either side of the change from ripples to dunes. Initially, shear-related, high-frequency vortex shedding dominates turbulence production. This increases until two-dimensional (2D) dunes have formed. Thereafter, turbulence intensities and Reynolds stress decline and three-dimensional dunes exhibit values found over 2D ripples. This is the result of shear layer dampening which occurs when the topographically-accelerated downstream velocity increases at a faster rate than flow depth. Activity at reattachment increases due to high velocity fluid imparting high mass and momentum transfer at the bed and/or wake flapping. Suspended sediment may also play a role in turbulence dampening and bed erosion. Ejections dominate over sweeps in terms of event frequency but not magnitude. Strong relationships between inward interactions and sweeps, and ejections and outward interactions, suggest that mass and momentum exchanges are dependent upon activity in all four quadrants. The results contradict the notion present in most physical models that larger bedforms exhibit most shear layer activity. Consequently an improved model for the ripple–dune transition is proposed. 相似文献
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为了探索宽窄相间河道的水流紊动特性，以西南地区宝兴河上游宽窄相间河段为研究对象，基于室内概化模型试验，采用多普勒声学流速仪（ADV）测量了室内模型典型断面上的三维瞬时流速，分析典型断面上的纵向时均流速、紊动强度、雷诺切应力和紊动能的分布规律。试验结果显示：宽窄相间水槽中，扩散段边壁的紊动强度大于中心区域的紊动强度，最大值位于0.2倍水深处；扩散段两侧坡脚处紊动能最大；侧壁区的平面和立面雷诺切应力最大值出现在扩散段内，中心区域最大雷诺切应力位于两槽间的中间断面处；扩散段内水流紊乱，两侧出现旋涡和涡脱，易造成侧壁侵蚀加强，引起河道拓宽。深入分析了宽窄相间河道水流的紊动特性，可为山区河流治理和自然灾害防治提供参考。 相似文献
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为了探索宽窄相间河道的水流紊动特性,以西南地区宝兴河上游宽窄相间河段为研究对象,基于室内概化模型试验,采用多普勒声学流速仪(ADV)测量了室内模型典型断面上的三维瞬时流速,分析典型断面上的纵向时均流速、紊动强度、雷诺切应力和紊动能的分布规律。试验结果显示:宽窄相间水槽中,扩散段边壁的紊动强度大于中心区域的紊动强度,最大值位于0.2倍水深处;扩散段两侧坡脚处紊动能最大;侧壁区的平面和立面雷诺切应力最大值出现在扩散段内,中心区域最大雷诺切应力位于两槽间的中间断面处;扩散段内水流紊乱,两侧出现旋涡和涡脱,易造成侧壁侵蚀加强,引起河道拓宽。深入分析了宽窄相间河道水流的紊动特性,可为山区河流治理和自然灾害防治提供参考。 相似文献
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In this paper, we have attempted a diagnostic study of the turbulence characteristics of the ABL by means of two one-dimensional models. The first model uses a first order non-local closure, based on the Transilient Turbulence Theory, for parameterizing turbulent fluxes. while the second model uses second order local closure for parameterizing these. The models have been applied to conduct case studies using the Kytoon data taken at Kharagpur, during 17th–21st June, 1990, as part of the MONTBLEX programme. Our findings bring out various interesting features regarding the non-local and local turbulent statistics such as kinematic fluxes, turbulence kinetic energy, vertical velocity variance, the contribution of the eddies of various sizes to the fluxes at different level and the mixing lengths. The one-dimensional anisotropy of the turbulent eddies has been revealed by the findings from the transilient model. The vertical variation of the turbulence kinetic energy, as computed directly by the second order model, is found to be strongly correlated with the vertical velocity variance. In particular, for stably stratified boundary layers, identification of two distinct zones of the turbulence kinetic energy and corresponding vertical velocity maxima is possible, which has been interpreted as positive evidence of patchy turbulence in the boundary layer. 相似文献