共查询到19条相似文献，搜索用时 109 毫秒
1.
叠加于弧后前陆盆地挠曲沉降之上的另一类沉降——动力沉降 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
弧后前陆盆地挠曲沉降包括逆冲负载沉降和盆地沉积物负载沉降。叠加于挠曲沉降之上还存在另一类沉降,即动力沉降。动力沉降是动力地形的一种,即动力地形低。动力地形一般认为具有两种成因,一种为与超大陆集聚和分散有关的动力地形,另一种为与大洋板片俯冲有关的动力地形。由大洋板块俯冲产生的动力沉降往往分布于弧后前陆盆地区,其幅度、波长与板块俯冲角度、俯冲速率、俯冲板块在地幔中通过的位置和俯冲岩石圈的热年代密切相关。将通过弧后前陆盆地沉积地层的去压实得到的总沉降减去盆地模拟获得的逆冲带负载和盆地沉积物负载沉降可以得到剩余沉降,即动力沉降。从地层资料中定量分离出动力沉降为改进和限制长期以来悬而未决的由洋壳俯冲导致的地幔-粘性流动构造模型提供理论基础和实际资料。 相似文献
2.
大洋俯冲和大陆碰撞沿走向的转换动力学及流体-熔体活动的作用 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
为了深入探讨大洋俯冲和大陆碰撞沿走向的转换及其动力学特征,同时更好的理解俯冲-碰撞带的流体-熔体活动及其效应,我们建立了一系列三维空间的大尺度、高分辨率的动力学数值模型。模拟结果显示,在板块会聚过程中,流体-熔体活动可以降低周围岩石的流变强度及两个板块之间的耦合作用,并能够促进大陆碰撞带俯冲板块的断离。同时,俯冲-碰撞带的空间转换模型揭示其深部结构存在巨大的沿走向的差异性,大陆碰撞带发生俯冲板块断离,而大洋俯冲板块持续下插。并且上覆板块的地壳物质发生从陆-陆碰撞带向洋-陆俯冲带的侧向逃逸。这种三维空间中沿走向的差异性俯冲-碰撞模式与中-东特提斯构造带相吻合,并揭示其动力学机制。 相似文献
3.
俯冲带热结构是控制俯冲板块演化的最主要因素之一.前人通过建立解析模型和数值模型对大洋俯冲带热结构进行了一系列研究,发现俯冲板块年龄和俯冲速度是影响俯冲带热结构的关键因素.为了认识大陆俯冲带热结构,特别是理解数值模型结果与岩石学结果之间的差异,我们建立了二维大陆俯冲带运动学和动力学数值模型研究其热结构演化.模型结果显示,如果大陆俯冲板块的俯冲速度与角度和大洋板块一致的话,较低的大陆俯冲带初始温度导致其板块温度比大洋俯冲带低.但是,当大陆俯冲板块的初始温度较高,俯冲速度超慢并且考虑大陆地壳中的放射性元素生热时,模型得到的大陆俯冲带热结构能够解释通过高压和超高压变质岩得到的较热的俯冲板块温度.另一方面,如果俯冲板块与上覆板块存在动力学解耦作用,也能够得到较热的俯冲温压数据. 相似文献
4.
第32届国际地质大会通过按地域和构造作用过程等形式划分11个专题会场,展示了地球动力学的研究成果。其成果主要包括特提斯域构造演化及其不同阶段的块体裂解、拼合及后期改造的细节过程,地质历史中的超大陆分布和成因,俯冲—碰撞带深部构造和变质机制,安第斯山(Andes)缓倾角平坦式俯冲过程及其地壳变形和岩浆作用的响应,显微构造对动力作用过程的影响和控制,地壳和上地幔熔融、流变学和动力学意义,大洋岩石圈构造与演化,大陆地盾区构造和再活动,稳定大陆区地震,空间大地测量学和现代板块运动等方面。这些研究成果充分显示了地球动力学研究具有多学科、多手段(如古地磁、超深钻、地球物理、大地测量和GPS等)、多尺度(宏观、微观)和多时期、全面、综合、并逐步接近定时、定位和定量地探索和研究的特点,它从地球(主要为上地幔和地壳)的组成、结构构造入手,逐步认识地球(主要为地球岩石圈)的演化和动力学。 相似文献
5.
蓝片岩及其有关高压变质带研究的新进展 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
通常认为蓝片岩主要分布在中新生代的造山带中，其成因与大洋板块的俯冲作用有关；而大陆上的蓝片岩一般与蛇绿岩和混杂岩伴生代表了古板块的缝合线。但近来研究发现，蓝片岩的矿物组合、时空分布和原岩建造多种多样。归纳起来可分为两种类型：科迪勒拉型和大陆内部型。不同的蓝片岩是在不同的大地构造环境下由不同的成因机制形成的，还是仅在洋壳俯冲环境中，由于不同的物质卷入俯冲带，引起俯冲过程中动力学机制变化形成的，是当前蓝片岩研究中至为重要的问题。 相似文献
6.
化学地球动力学研究进展 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
化学地球动力学是地球化学与地球动力学之间的交叉学科,是20世纪末期地幔地球化学研究的热点和前沿。随着人们对板片-地幔相互作用机制及其地球化学效应的认识,化学地球动力学研究已经从地幔不均一性本身拓展到具体俯冲板片对地幔成分的影响。这个拓展为我们认识地球内部的运作机制、俯冲带壳幔相互作用和地幔不均一性的尺度等重要科学问题做出了重大贡献。本文系统回顾了大洋玄武岩成因与地壳物质再循环、大洋玄武岩源区的岩石学性质、板块俯冲与大洋玄武岩成因、大陆镁铁质超镁铁质岩成因和板片-地幔相互作用以及花岗岩成因与大陆动力学等方面的突出进展,对化学地球动力学领域存在的重要科学问题和今后的研究方向也提出了建议。 相似文献
7.
新疆造山带造山作用及类型 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
对造山带的研究已有一百多年的历史 ,不同的学派有不同解释 :(1)地槽回返说认为 :造山带开始是地壳沉降成为槽地 ,后经回返作用褶皱成山 ;(2 )板块俯冲碰撞说认为 :岩石圈板块之间俯冲 -碰撞而造山 ;(3)多成因说认为 :大洋岩石圈和大陆岩石圈有本质的差别。大陆造山带不仅发生于板块边缘 ,更多的发生于大陆板块内部 ,大陆造山带是在多成因、多种多样的机制下形成的。依据以下五种原则 :1岩石圈的性质及其变形方式 ;2板块运动学方式 ;3造山作用的构造体制 ;4下冲作用所卷入范围的大小及其对上驮板块所造成的影响 ;5造山带增厚与剥露过程。将造山作用划分为 14种类型、2 1种造山方式。特别是软碰撞型、弱造山方式及盆山耦合式是具新疆特色的造山方式 相似文献
8.
《地学前缘》2017,(4):341-351
全球汇聚板块边缘是产生8级以上大地震和破坏性海啸的地方,一直以来是全球科学家关注的焦点和热点区域。马尼拉俯冲带位于南海东部,也是许多地震、海啸和活火山活跃的区域。本文依据以往穿过马尼拉俯冲带的多条多道反射地震测线和海底地震仪剖面数据,分析了马尼拉俯冲带海沟沉积物充填厚度变化、增生楔宽度变化、海底变形特征以及地壳速度结构变化,提出马尼拉俯冲带具有明显的分段特征,分为北吕宋区段、海山链区段和南部西吕宋区段。不同区段的俯冲过程明显不同,提出俯冲增生和俯冲剥蚀(构造剥蚀)两种机制分别控制了该俯冲带的南、北区段。北段主要受到俯冲增生机制的控制,在海沟和弧前盆地之间形成巨大的增生楔构造,在南海北部大陆边缘10~15km厚的减薄陆壳不断俯冲作用下,引起许多与俯冲有关的地震活动和构造变形。南段海山链区段海底地形复杂和粗糙,在俯冲增生、剥蚀或构造剥蚀的联合控制下,5~6km厚大洋板块不断俯冲形成较小的增生楔结构,部分沉积物可能随着板块的俯冲被拖曳到板块边界的深部。 相似文献
9.
10.
提出全球规模最大的白云鄂博稀土矿受亚洲洋向华北克拉通北缘俯冲的洋板块地质演化控制.探讨了白云鄂博地区亚洲洋洋板块地质构造发育过程、亚洲洋向华北克拉通北缘俯冲过程中相继发育的新元古代，早、晚古生代俯冲增生杂岩带的地质构造特征.探讨了白云鄂博稀土矿成因，认为稀土矿成矿碳酸岩岩浆产在华北克拉通北缘的所谓特殊的远端弧后构造环境（far backarc settings），也有人称为远离弧后背景或者变形的大陆边缘环境（deformed continental margins），不在大洋俯冲过程中发育的岩浆弧环境中.相对于大陆边缘弧，远端弧后构造环境位于向克拉通或向弧后更远的位置，它是控制白云鄂博深部成矿物质向浅部地表运移聚集成大型矿床、矿集区的关键储运空间.远端弧后构造环境远离大洋汇聚带或俯冲带向大陆或向弧后位置的克拉通边缘上，即在华北克拉通北缘岩石圈与亚洲洋造山带的岩石圈分界上的伸展构造中，受大规模岩石圈不连续系统或深切岩石圈的断裂带系统控制.成矿碳酸岩岩浆可能来自携带大量铁与REE的亚洲洋洋壳沉积物，于晚元古-早古生代向华北克拉通俯冲消减到华北克拉通陆下岩石圈地幔SCLM深循环过程中，在深切华北克拉通边缘的岩石圈的不连续构造系统中出溶形成岩浆碳酸岩及其携带的REE矿床. 相似文献
11.
The structural coupling is a common geological phenomenon. The structural differences between eastern and western active continental margins of modern Pacific and between paleo-Pacific and modern-Pacific continental margins are related to the characteristics and status of the subducting oceanic plate, namely, 1. subducting angle; 2. change in subducting angle; 3. subducting velocity; 4. change in subducting velocity; 5. subduction depth; 6. horizontal distance between the leading edge of the subducting plate and the trench; 7. the structural form of the subducting plate at the 670kin boundary between the upper and lower mantle; 8. the displacement and the direction of displacement of subducting plate. The control and influence toward the shallow-level structures by the deep-level structural activities is a detailed representation of the structural coupling on active continental margin. The basin-maintain coupling phenomenon is an intracontinental structural coupling. The far field effect of collision be 相似文献
12.
论构造耦合作用 总被引：17，自引：2，他引：17
构造耦合作用是一种普遍存在的地质现象。现今东、西太平洋的构造差异及古太平洋和现今太平洋大陆边缘构造差异与俯冲的洋壳板块性状有关,即:①俯冲角度;②俯冲角度的改变;③俯冲速率;④俯冲速率的改变;⑤俯冲深度;⑥俯冲板块前缘与海沟间的水平距离;⑦俯冲板块在670km上、下地幔界线处的构造形态;⑧俯冲板块的位移及位移方向。这种深部构造活动对浅部构造形成的制约和影响,是活动大陆边缘构造耦合现象的具体表现。中国西北部的盆山耦合现象是大陆内部的构造耦合作用,印度板块与欧亚板块碰撞产生的远距离效应,导致中亚地区产生陆内A型俯冲,A型俯冲是造成盆地消亡、山系形成的重要因素。 相似文献
13.
徐强 刘宝珺 余光明 G. Einsele W. Frisch 刘光华 J. Wendt A. Wetzel L. Ratschbacher H. P. Luterbacher 《沉积与特提斯地质》1993,(1):58-65
喜马拉雅特提斯中、新生代属印度板块北部被动大陆边缘。对充填这个被动大陆边缘的沉积物用“反剥法”(backstrippiog)进行研究,恢复了从被动大陆边缘到前陆盆地的抓降史。对分离出的盆地构造沉降曲线与McKenzie模式图版进行对比相关性分析,判断认为被动大陆边缘成熟期主要为热耗散沉降,前陆盆地时逆冲推覆动力为主要影响因素。 相似文献
14.
The salinity crisis of the Mediterranean during Messinian time was one of the most dramatic episodes of oceanic change of the past 20 or so million years, resulting in the deposition of kilometer thick evaporitic sequences. A large and rapid drawdown of the Mediterranean water level caused erosion and deposition of non-marine sediments in a large ‘Lago Mare’ basin. Both the surface loading by the Lower Messinian evaporites, and the removal of the water load resulted in isostatic/flexural rebound that significantly affected river canyons and topographic slopes. We use flexure models to quantitatively predict possible signatures of these events, and verify these expectations at well-studied margins. The highly irregular shape of the reconstructed basin calls for a three-dimensional model. Near basin margins, plate-bending effects are most pronounced which is why flexure is particularly important for a relatively narrow basin like the Mediterranean. We focus on one specific sea level scenario for the Messinian Salinity Crisis, where most of the evaporite load was deposited during a sea level highstand, followed by a rapid desiccation. Evaporite loading at current sea level is expected to cause subsidence of the deep basins by hundreds of meters and simultaneous uplift of continental parts of the margins. Differential uplift may lead to significant slope angle changes and thus gravity flows. The relative scarcity of Lower Evaporite sequences along the margins may be a result of these phenomena. Normal faulting of Lower Evaporite and older sediments and rocks is expected on the margins. Desiccation enhances erosion of the freshly exposed continental shelf and slope. Subsidence and riverbed sedimentation occurs on the continental margins, and significant uplift towards the basin center. Reverse faulting is predicted at the margins. Finally, regional isostatic uplift following Zanclean flooding is predicted to destabilize margin slope deposits, and to cause marginal uplift, river down-cutting, and normal faulting. 相似文献
15.
借助一个简单的大陆与大陆碰撞模型,即把两个大陆的碰撞简化为两个粘弹性块体的碰撞,两个块体之间的不连续变形面对应两个大陆之间的碰撞断裂带,运用三维粘弹性拉格朗日非连续变形有限元(LDDA)方法,通过分析模型中不连续变形面的存在对两个粘弹性块体碰撞变形的影响,探讨了大陆碰撞断裂带的倾角和摩擦系数对两个大陆碰撞变形影响的一般规律,给出了大陆碰撞变形的一些显著的特点。尽管运算模型的几何尺寸、边界条件等参考了印度和欧亚大陆碰撞的实际特征,但所得结果适用于更一般的情况。研究结果表明,碰撞断裂带倾角和摩擦系数对陆-陆碰撞变形有着重要的影响。当断裂带倾角在15~30°时,两个大陆板块碰撞导致的仰冲板块一侧隆升高度相对更大,利于形成高大的山脉,其中以15°倾角对应的仰冲板块一侧隆升最高;当断裂带倾角在30~45°时,两个大陆板块碰撞导致的俯冲板块的俯冲深度相对更深,利于形成深陷的盆地,其中以45°倾角对应的俯冲陆块一侧俯冲最深;当断裂带倾角≥75°时,两个大陆板块之间的相对俯冲和仰冲作用变得不明显。碰撞断裂带摩擦系数越小,碰撞过程中两个大陆板块之间相对俯冲和仰冲作用越强,形成高大的山脉和深陷的盆地要求碰撞断裂带摩擦系数≤0.2。从大陆与大陆碰撞变形构造特征看,除发育前陆盆地-山脉系统外,在仰冲陆块一侧靠近造山带后缘还发育呈不对称结构的挤压性凹陷,当两个大陆板块碰撞断裂带倾角在15~30°时,该类型凹陷更容易形成,其中以30°倾角对应的凹陷最深,反映其形成可能是大陆碰撞过程中陆块之间相对俯冲和仰冲运动的综合结果。 相似文献
16.
Convergent margins, being the boundaries between colliding lithospheric plates, form the most disastrous areas in the world due to intensive, strong seismicity and volcanism. We review global geophysical data in order to illustrate the effects of the plate tectonic processes at convergent margins on the crustal and upper mantle structure, seismicity, and geometry of subducting slab. We present global maps of free-air and Bouguer gravity anomalies, heat flow, seismicity, seismic Vs anomalies in the upper mantle, and plate convergence rate, as well as 20 profiles across different convergent margins. A global analysis of these data for three types of convergent margins, formed by ocean–ocean, ocean–continent, and continent–continent collisions, allows us to recognize the following patterns. (1) Plate convergence rate depends on the type of convergent margins and it is significantly larger when, at least, one of the plates is oceanic. However, the oldest oceanic plate in the Pacific ocean has the smallest convergence rate. (2) The presence of an oceanic plate is, in general, required for generation of high-magnitude (M > 8.0) earthquakes and for generating intermediate and deep seismicity along the convergent margins. When oceanic slabs subduct beneath a continent, a gap in the seismogenic zone exists at depths between ca. 250 km and 500 km. Given that the seismogenic zone terminates at ca. 200 km depth in case of continent–continent collision, we propose oceanic origin of subducting slabs beneath the Zagros, the Pamir, and the Vrancea zone. (3) Dip angle of the subducting slab in continent–ocean collision does not correlate neither with the age of subducting oceanic slab, nor with the convergence rate. For ocean–ocean subduction, clear trends are recognized: steeply dipping slabs are characteristic of young subducting plates and of oceanic plates with high convergence rate, with slab rotation towards a near-vertical dip angle at depths below ca. 500 km at very high convergence rate. (4) Local isostasy is not satisfied at the convergent margins as evidenced by strong free air gravity anomalies of positive and negative signs. However, near-isostatic equilibrium may exist in broad zones of distributed deformation such as Tibet. (5) No systematic patterns are recognized in heat flow data due to strong heterogeneity of measured values which are strongly affected by hydrothermal circulation, magmatic activity, crustal faulting, horizontal heat transfer, and also due to low number of heat flow measurements across many margins. (6) Low upper mantle Vs seismic velocities beneath the convergent margins are restricted to the upper 150 km and may be related to mantle wedge melting which is confined to shallow mantle levels. 相似文献
17.
The final rifting evolution at deep magma-poor passive margins from Iberia-Newfoundland: a new point of view 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
Gwenn Péron-Pinvidic Gianreto Manatschal 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》2009,98(7):1581-1597
In classical rift models, deformation is either uniformly distributed leading to symmetric fault bounded basins overlying
stretched ductile lower crust (e.g. pure shear McKenzie model) or asymmetric and controlled by large scale detachment faulting
(simple shear Wernicke model). In both cases rifting is considered as a mono-phase process and breakup is instantaneous resulting
in the juxtaposition of continental and oceanic crust. The contact between these two types of crusts is often assumed to be
sharp and marked by a first magnetic anomaly; and breakup is considered to be recorded as a major, basin wide unconformity,
also referred to as breakup unconformity. These classical models, are currently challenged by new data from deep rifted margins
that ask for a revision of these concepts. In this paper, we review the pertinent observations made along the Iberia-Newfoundland
conjugate margins, which bear the most complete data set available from deep magma-poor margins. We reevaluate and discuss
the polyphase nature of continental rifting, discuss the nature and significance of the different margin domains and show
how they document extreme crustal thinning, retardation of subsidence and a complex transition into seafloor spreading. Although
our study is limited to the Iberia-Newfoundland margins, comparisons with other margins suggest that the described evolution
is probably more common and applicable for a large number of rifted margins. These new results have major implications for
plate kinematic reconstructions and invite to rethink the terminology, the processes, and the concepts that have been used
to describe continental rifting and breakup of the lithosphere. 相似文献
18.
断层对采空区地表沉降影响的模拟 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
断层是影响采空区地表沉降的重要因素。针对这一问题,采用数值模拟的方法,建立矿山地层、断层和采空区的三维地质模型,对比有无断层时,采空区地表沉降的变化规律,并详细分析了断层倾角、断层与采空区相对位置关系、断层摩擦强度等因素对沉降规律的影响。研究表明：断层不仅对采空区沉降起放大作用,同时对地表沉降变形起隔断作用。断层的存在使地表塌陷盆地中心向断层方向偏移。断层倾角在40°~50°时,地表沉降量出现最大值;断层倾角在35°~40°时,采空区顶板下沉量出现最大值。随着断层抗剪强度的减弱,采空区地表沉降量增大;但当断层的内摩擦角大于或等于周围地层的内摩擦角时,断层内摩擦角的增大对地表沉降量的影响不明显。 相似文献
19.
Two-dimensional thermal-mechanical numerical models show that Rayleigh-Taylor-type （RT） gravitational removal of high-density lithosphere may produce significant surface deformation （vertical deflection 〉1000 m） in the interior of a continental plate.A reasonable range of crustal strengths and thicknesses,representing a variation from a stable continental interior to a hot orogen with a thick crust,is examined to study crustal deformation and the surface deflection in response to an RT instability.In general,three types of surface deflection are observed during the RT drip event：（1） subsidence and negative topography; （2） uplift and positive topography; （3） subsidence followed by uplift and inverted topography.One key factor that determines the surface expression is the crustal thickness.Models with a thin crust mainly show subsidence and develop a basin.In the thick crust models,surface expressions are more variable,depending on the crustal strength and depth of highdensity anomaly.With weak crust and a deep high-density anomaly,the RT drip is decoupled from the overlying crust,and the surface exhibits uplift or little deflection,as the RT drip induces contraction and thickening of the overlying crust.In contrast,with a strong crust and shallow anomaly,the surface is more strongly coupled with the drip and undergoes subsidence,followed by uplift. 相似文献