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1.
气候变暖背景下极端气候对青海祁连山水文水资源的影响 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
利用青海祁连山区极端气候要素和青海湖、哈拉湖及主要河流的水文资料,研究表明：冷夜日数（10%）呈显著减少趋势,暖夜日数（90%）呈显著增加趋势;年大风日数显著减少;年降水量21世纪初增加趋势最为显著并发生突变,降水量增加幅度中西段大于东段;≥ 5 mm、≥ 10 mm、≥ 25 mm年降水日数呈显著增加趋势,进入21世纪后更为明显,而≥ 0.1 mm年降水日数呈减少趋势;年平均大风日数与湖泊水位、河流流量变化呈负相关,大风天气的减少,可以缓解湖面和土壤因蒸发而导致的水分损失,对植被的改善可增加径流的产生,流入湖泊的流量增加;降水量与湖泊水位、河流流量呈正相关,受21世纪降水量增加的影响青海湖水位逐年上升,共上升1.67 m,达到20世纪70年代末的水位,中西部主要河流流量近几年也达到最大值,而东段流量增加不明显;祁连山区≥ 5 mm、≥ 10 mm、≥ 25 mm年平均降水量与湖泊、河流流量变化呈正相关,各量级年降水量对湖泊水位、河流流量的增加贡献显著。 相似文献
2.
利用1970 —2001 年1 ～12 月中国西北区冰雹日数的气象实测资料，将年冰雹日数发生的变化趋势看作每年的一个气候现象，分析其发生的气候变化趋势、年代际变化以及与大气环流的相关关系，得出多雹年北半球500 h Pa 极涡强、位置偏东，副热带高压面积小、强度弱、位置偏南，乌拉尔山至巴尔喀什湖高度场为正距平，雅库次克至贝加尔湖高度场为负距平。少雹年北半球500 h Pa
极涡弱、位置偏西，副热带高压面积大、强度强、位置偏北，乌拉尔山至巴尔喀什湖高度场为负距平，雅库次克至贝加尔湖高度场为正距平区。从而找出冰雹气候趋势预测的着眼点，建立冰雹短期气候预测概念模型；此模型对冰雹发生变化趋势的预测具有一定的实用价值。 相似文献
3.
辽宁省不同等级降雪变化特征 总被引：9，自引：6，他引：3
利用辽宁省52个站逐日降水量及降雪天气现象资料提取出逐日降雪数据,采用多种统计方法分析了近53 a(1961-2013年)不同等级降雪的时空变化特征,研究表明:降雪量和降雪日数空间分布上山地要大于平原地区,由东部山区向沿海地区减少;降雪强度中心位于辽宁中部城市群所在的平原地区。降雪量、降雪日数年内分配分别呈双峰型和单峰型分布,中雪等级以上的降雪多发生在冬末春初。年降雪量增加,年降雪日数(降雪强度)显著减少(减小);降雪日数的显著减少主要表现为微量降雪日数和小雪日数的减少,尤其是微量降雪日数,降雪强度的显著增大主要是暴雪强度的增大。1960s和1970s为降雪偏多时段,1990s以来降雪量增加,降雪日数减少。不同区域各级降雪占总降雪的比例,辽东地区以微量降雪日数最大,其他区域均以小雪日数和暴雪降雪量最大。全省降雪量有65.4%站点呈增加趋势,降雪日数96.2%的站点呈减少趋势,降雪强度90.4%站点呈增大趋势,辽西地区降雪变率要大于辽东山区。小雪降雪量和微量降雪日数贡献率均呈下降趋势,其他不同等级降雪贡献率均呈上升趋势。随着纬度升高(海拔增高),总降雪量(降雪日数)和各等级降雪量(降雪日数)均增加,总降雪强度和小雪强度减小。 相似文献
4.
本文利用1954～1998年中国681个站的气象实测资料,分析了近45年我国扬沙和沙尘暴天气的时空分布特征.结果表明,我国西北、华北、东北和青藏高原地区是扬沙和沙尘暴的主要影响区,其中西北地区是多发区,并有两个明显的高频中心;扬沙和沙尘暴的季节变化大致可划分为3种类型;45年间除青海、内蒙古和新疆的小部分地区扬沙和沙尘暴日数呈增长趋势外,我国北方大部分地区扬沙和沙尘暴日数在减少.进一步分析表明,扬沙、沙尘暴日数与大风日数的年际振荡及多年变化趋势有一致性;70年代以后由大风日数减少所引起的扬沙、沙尘暴减少可能是气候准周期性变化的反映. 相似文献
5.
近50 a塔里木河流域生长季大风日数变化特征及对特色林果业的影响 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
大风是塔里木河流域特色林果业的主要气象灾害. 在对塔里木河流域44个气象站大风资料进行质量控制基础上, 统计分析了1960-2011年作物生长季节(3-10月)月大风日数. 结果表明: 近50 a来塔里木河流域生长季节内各月大风日数的长期变化具有显著的递减趋势, 递减速度为0.8~2.6 d·(10a)-1, 趋势系数为-0.37~-0.8, 通过了95％的秩检验; 但二次和三次系数为正, 反映出生长季节大风日数近期呈现回升的趋势. 周期分析发现, 生长季节大风日数存在11~15 a左右的中期振荡, 5~8 a的短周期振荡, 以及5 a以下的小扰动. 虽然从更高的20 a频域尺度看, 20世纪80年代中期之后是大风的少发时期, 但从15~16 a周期上看, 生长季节大风日数亦开始有回升的趋势. 尤其是在春末及夏秋(4-9月)塔里木河流域特色林果业的关键生长时期, 大风日数占整个生长期(3-10月)的89%. 虽然, 近10 a平均每年大风日数只有20世纪60年代的一半, 但每年平均也有7 d之多, 并没有脱离大风的威胁, 而且近期大风日数还有回升的趋势. 因此, 春末及夏秋(4-9月)是塔里木河流域特色林果业的重点防风时期. 从空间分布上看, 南疆东部平均每年大风日数1~2 d, 是塔里木河流域生长季节防风重点地区. 相似文献
6.
气候变暖背景下内蒙古大兴安岭生态功能区冷暖急转气候特征 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
1961-2015年内蒙古大兴安岭生态功能区气候变暖趋势明显,其气温突变年份为1987年。在气候变暖的背景下,生态功能区的严寒和寒冷日数在突变前呈减少趋势、在突变后呈增加趋势,表明突变后冬季冷天日数并没有明显减少趋势;炎热和温暖日数在突变后呈极显著增加趋势,而暖天日数突变前后变化较为平缓。综合来看,在气候变暖的背景下气温突变后高温日数增加要显著多于低温日数增加。过渡期日数变化趋势特征表明,严寒炎热过渡期、寒冷温暖过渡期和冷暖过渡期在突变后明显变短,生态功能区冷暖急转现象尤为明显。在历年尺度上,冷暖过渡期日数变化随着温度范围的扩大而减少幅度在加大。 相似文献
7.
1981-2010年青藏高原积雪日数时空变化特征分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
全球气候变暖大背景下, 作为冰冻圈最为活跃和敏感因子, 青藏高原积雪变化备受国内外关注. 本文利用青藏高原(以下简称高原)1981-2010年地面观测积雪日数资料, 较系统地分析了近30年来高原积雪日数的时空变化特点. 主要结论如下: (1) 近30年内高原平均年积雪日数出现了非常显著的减少趋势, 减少幅度达4.81 d·(10a)-1, 其中冬季减幅最为明显, 为2.36 d·(10a)-1, 其次是春季(2.05 d·(10a)-1), 而夏季最少(0.21 d·(10a)-1); (2) 30年间, 积雪日数较少的年份多数出现在本世纪初10年内, 且2010年属于异常偏少年, 高原积雪日数在1997年左右发生了由多到少的气候突变; (3) 在空间上, 北部柴达木盆地及其附件区域部分气象台站观测的年积雪日数出现了不显著的增加趋势之外, 高原91.5%的气象站年积雪日数呈减少趋势, 且高寒内陆中东部和西南喜马拉雅山脉南麓等高原历年积雪日数高值区域减少最为明显; (4) 由于受到气象台站所在地理位置、地形地貌、地表类型、海拔高度、局地气候以及大气环流等综合影响, 高原平均年积雪日数的空间差异很大, 最多达146 d, 最少的则不足1 d, 平均仅为38 d, 其中高寒内陆中东部是积雪日数最长的区域, 而东南部海拔和纬度较低的干热河谷地区积雪日数最少. 相似文献
8.
1961-2013年青海高原雷暴日数及雷电灾害变化特征研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用青海省48个测站雷暴、 雷电灾害监测资料, 分析了1961-2013年青海全省雷暴日数、 1997-2014年雷电灾害气候特征及其变化趋势. 结果表明: 青海省年雷暴日数在2.3～73.8 d之间, 两个高值中心分别在囊谦及祁连山的大通, 而两个低值中心在冷湖和西宁. 多雷区分布在三江源大部、 青海高原东北部大部, 而柴达木盆地为雷暴低发区. 青海高原雷暴日数分布特征为自东南向西北随纬度增加而逐渐减少, 各地区雷暴日数减少趋势非常显著, 三江源尤为突出. 全省大部分地区经历了增加-减少-增加-减少的演变规律; 各地雷暴的年内分布呈单峰型, 雷暴主要发生在5-9月, 主要集中在 6-8月, 最早出现在1月, 最晚出现在11月. 全省平均初雷日为4月16日, 最早初雷暴日为1月9日, 平均终雷暴日为9月15日, 最晚终雷暴日为11月28日. 青海省雷电灾害次数以微弱的次数增加, 直接经济损失、 人员伤亡也呈增加趋势, 家用、 办公电子电器设备损失呈增加趋势, 而电力设备、 建筑物、 交通、 金融等行业发生的次数、 损失呈下降趋势. 相似文献
9.
10.
青海省极端气温事件的气候变化特征研究 总被引：9，自引：3，他引：6
选用青海省37个气象站点1961-2011年近51 a, 逐日气温(最高、 最低、 平均)资料, 采用国际通用的极端气温指数定义计算了9种极端气温指数, 并分析其主要气候特征.结果表明: 近51 a青海省极端气温呈明显上升趋势, 极端冷指标(霜冻、 结冰日数、 冷夜、 冷昼指数)呈下降趋势, 而极端暖指标(夏天日数、 暖夜、 暖昼指数)呈上升趋势, 且极端冷指标的减少幅度高于极端暖指标的增加幅度.空间分布上, 极端气温指数在全省呈一致的上升(下降)趋势分布.在近51 a的时间尺度上各种极端气温指数都存在多个较明显的周期, 如较短的3~8 a的准周期, 以及13 a、 17 a、 27 a的年代际周期特征.青海省年平均气温与极端气温指数有很高的相关性, 气候变暖突变前后极端气温指数表现出明显差异: 在变暖突变发生后, 霜冻日数、 冷夜指数、 冷昼指数、 结冰日数明显减少, 夏天日数、 暖夜指数及暖昼指数明显增加, 其中相对指数几乎呈倍数显著变化, 表明极端气温指数对气候变暖有很好的响应. 相似文献
11.
The ongoing greenhouse gas buildup and increase in near-surface air temperatures may have an impact on severe weather events in the United States. Output from some numerical modeling simulations suggests that the atmosphere over mid-latitude land areas could become more unstable in the future thereby supporting an increase in convective activity. However, despite the numerical simulation results, empiricists have been unable generally to identify significant increases in overall severe storm activity as measured in the magnitude and/or frequency of thunderstorms, hail events, tornadoes, hurricanes, and winter storm activity across the United States. There is evidence that heavy precipitation events have increased during the period of historical records, but for many other severe weather categories, the trends have been downward over the past half century. Damage from severe weather has increased over this period, but this upward trend disappears when inflation, population growth, population redistribution, and wealth are taken into account. 相似文献
12.
Natural hazards pose an increasing threat to society and, for this reason, it is necessary to develop models and methodologies for better understanding and forecasting extreme weather events. A new structure of the Greek Regional Administration (Kallikratis) was established in 2011, based on geographical criteria, in order to create an operational and capable administration. An Atmospheric Hazards Early Warning System (AHEWS) could be characterised as an ultimate tool for the local authorities (first and second tier level) in order to organise and implement efficient plans to mitigate the risk. New operation centres (related to regional and municipality administration level) are suggested to be staffed and equipped with the proposed Early Warning System (EWS). The AHEWS will link to extensive Geographical Information Systems (GIS) datasets and methodologies for safety plans by government agencies and services in order to mitigate the impacts caused by atmospheric extreme events. AHEWS involves high-resolution Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) products, ground observation network, lightning detection network and satellite information in terms of early convective, initiation and Now-Casting. Storms, lightings, gale winds, snow, hail, tornadoes, low temperatures, heatwaves and several others extreme events are weather phenomena that AHEWS deals with in order to prevent and mitigate impacts on humans and constructions. An automated dissemination procedure is described here for individual and administrative users, followed by safety and action plans, respectively. 相似文献
13.
On the Canadian Prairies, a significantportion of the transpiration is derived from a ratherhomogenous agro-ecosystem comprised of springwheat and other annual C3 field crops with similar water use patterns. The seasonal pattern oftranspiration is determined, to alarge extent, by crop phenology. By increasing thespecific humidity of the atmospheric boundarylayer, regional transpiration has a large positive effect on themagnitude of the potential energy available fordeep convection and thus, on the likelihood of occurrence andintensity of severe thunderstorms. Acomparison of the average wheat phenologycurve, for a representative aridgrassland and for a representativetransitional grassland site, with theaverage number of tornado days per week inthe entire eco-climatic zone demonstrated that the twoare linked. With increasing atmospheric concentrations ofCO2, the physiological response of C3 cropsmight lower transpiration rates and climate warming may advance cropseeding dates. The former would reduce the specifichumidity of the convective boundary layer, and thereby, reducethe potential energy available for deep convection.Thus, future summer severe weather seasons might, on average,be more benign and occur earlier in the seasonthan at present. This conclusion is far from certain as there are amultitude of complex feedback mechanisms. What ismore certain is that global circulation models (GCMs) mustadequately handle the inter-action between theatmosphere and the agro-ecosystem of the Canadian Prairies beforethey can correctly simulate the thermodynamic propertiesof the convective boundary layer and determine the impactof increasing atmospheric concentrations of CO2 onfuture summer severe weather. 相似文献
14.
Thunderstorms are the recurrent features of India and are responsible for the redistribution of excess heat and moisture in the atmosphere. However, the thunderstorms that occur over the urban station Kolkata (22°34′N, 88°22′E), India, during the pre-monsoon months of April and May are extremely devastating while accompanied with high wind speed, lightning flashes, torrential rain and occasional hail and tornadoes. The development and verification of a model output are described in this study. The system consists of multiple linear regression (MLR) equations, and the purpose is to nowcast the categories of thunderstorms over Kolkata, both ordinary (wind speed <65 km h?1) and severe (wind speed ≥65 km h?1) as per the warning provided by the India Meteorological Department for the prevalence of thunderstorms. The MODIS terra/aqua satellite data of cloud parameters, ground-based Radiosonde/Rawinsonde upper air observations and records of wind speed accompanied with thunderstorms over Kolkata are considered for the study. The MLR models are formulated with the cloud parameters as input and the target output being the peak wind speed associated with the pre-monsoon thunderstorms. The MLR model is trained with the data and records from 2002 to 2009, and the results are validated with the observations of 2010 and 2011. The results reveal that the accuracy in nowcasting the ordinary and severe categories of thunderstorms during the pre-monsoon season over Kolkata with MLR models are 94.26 and 91.29 %, respectively, with lead time <12 h. 相似文献
15.
Lightning can threaten human and equipment safety. An indicator of sever convective weather, it plays an important role in atmospheric chemistry. The intensive studies have advanced the lightning forecast in the mesoscale weather models and its application in global climate models. There are three methods to forecast lightning by using numerical weather models: Numerical diagnosis prediction based on synoptic background filed statistical relations; Flash rate parameterization developed with the relationship between dynamical, microphysical and electrification processes, and The numerical weather model coupled with the explicit electrification and lightning parameterization schemes. In this paper, the research progress in lightning forecast with three above-mentioned methods were reviewed, and the future research issues on lightning forecast were also discussed. 相似文献
16.
Urban hailstorms are rarely studied in detail. This work documents five urban storms in Alberta where damage has, on three occasions, set the record for Canada's most costly natural disaster. Information from newspapers, insurance companies, and disaster assistance programs was utilized to supplement meteorological records and information obtained from public surveys.The record-breaking hail swath which accompanied the 1987 Edmonton tornado was mapped using over 800 responses to an unprecedented newspaper survey. Tennis ball sized hail struck 125 km2 of the city. Record-sized hailstones for Alberta were collected. Citizens' measurements of giant hailstones were compared to laboratory measurements. The rural storms were tracked using lightning detector information and damage was mapped using crop insurance and disaster assistance claims. The tornado-bearing storm was found to have a unique track.A late-season hailstorm which struck Calgary in 1991 was mapped using homeowner insurance claims organized by postal areas. Nine out of thirty areas had claims rates exceeding 50%, mainly for shingle replacement. Experiences of claims adjustors and an informal public survey were also utilized. Rural storms were mapped using weather radar and crop losses. The radar beam was strongly attenuated when it passed through hail-bearing storms and, thus, its ability to detect large hail was compromised.Weather conditions, urban and rural damaged areas, and insurance payments were compared for all five local hailstorms. These storms were discussed within the context of the long history of Alberta hail research and current trends in technology implementation. Forecasting of these hailstorms using conventional severe weather indicators was difficult in Calgary because of that city's proximity to the mountains. Hailstorms that struck Munich, Denver, and Toowoomba (Australia) were also discussed, and the hailstones collected from the great Munich storm were compared to those collected from the Edmonton storms. 相似文献
17.
Radar data from Cerro Catedral (a peak close to Mexico City) were used to investigate the properties of convective storms over central Mexico, a region with complex orography. The spatial distribution shows a preference for storms to form and move to the west of radar, over a narrow band of high terrain. However, the storms with the higher volumes and echo-top heights tend to be located southwestward over lower terrain. Each radar feature was matched with the number of cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning produced inside it, as retrieved from the World Wide Lightning Location Network dataset. The storms in which lightning was detected, with an average of more than six lightning bolts, clearly outperform in size and intensity the group of storms in which lightning was not detected, and tend to lie over lower terrain. The sample of over 98 000 identified cells was divided into four elevation groups to look for elevation trends in the mean properties, as reported for other Mexican regions. While the number of storms per unit area increases with terrain height, the average values for properties related to both size (area, volume, echo-top height) and intensity (maximum reflectivity, number of CG bolts, height of maximum reflectivity, maximum height of 30 dBZ echo) decrease. These results could be related to the possible shallower warm-cloud depths over the higher elevations. The diurnal cycles of convection and lightning north of the radar show a nearly typical continental regime of precipitation in that zone, with maxima at 18:00 LT in both variables. However, south of the radar, a maximum in lightning activity occurs during late night and early morning, which is linked with the deeper nocturnal convection over the lower terrain in that zone. 相似文献
18.
中国西南地区冻雨灾害特征分析与评估 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用1961-2015年中国西南地区96个气象台站逐日气象观测资料,采用模糊信息分配法分析了我国西南地区出现冻雨天气时有利气象要素的变化规律。选取气温、湿度及日照时间确定了西南地区冻雨天气判断的评估标准：日平均气温≤ 2℃,日最高气温≤ 8℃,日最低气温≤ 0℃,相对湿度≥ 80%,日照时间≤ 1 h。通过重建发现发生冻雨的天数在11月-次年3月间呈现单峰型变化,其季节内冻雨日数的演变规律是少~多~少,每年的1月冻雨日数最多。经检验上述指标可用于重建西南地区各站点冻雨强度指数,并由此评估了西南地区冻雨灾害的时空分布状况。四川盆地南缘、云贵高原大部,以及湖南省东部地区冻雨指数大,表明该区域遭受冻雨灾害严重;青藏高原、川西高原地区气温虽低,但相对湿度小,日照时间长,均不满足冻雨条件,因此发生冻雨灾害的风险小。近年来我国西南地区冻雨强度总体呈现减弱的趋势。 相似文献
19.
根据卫星、地面、飞机和气球的探测结果,TGFs和与雷暴、闪电过程有关的高能辐射现象可以大致分为2类:持续时间为毫秒量级的短时间高能辐射,一般认为多数可能与闪电有关;持续时间为几秒甚至更长的长时间高能辐射,一般认为可能与雷暴有关.对已有的TGFs和与雷暴、闪电有关的高能辐射现象的观测事实、理论探索和数值模拟方面的进展进行简要的回顾,并提出目前尚未解决的问题. 相似文献