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1.
中国祖母绿矿床特征及其找矿方向 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
中国祖母绿,产于南温河变质核杂岩的变质内核中,含矿构造有两种：一种长英质伟晶岩脉,一为顺面理产生的石英脉。后者所产祖母绿质量较好,是祖母绿的主要含矿构造。经研究,构成祖母绿的主要元素Ｂｅ,主要来自燕山期花岗斑岩,而致色元素Ｃｒ和Ｖ主要来源于元古界变粒岩。矿区外围仍有很好的找矿远景,找矿靶区应选在变质核杂岩内核中的元古界层状变质岩系。 相似文献
2.
巴西典型祖母绿矿床介绍 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2
巴西的祖母绿矿床主要属于所谓的片岩型祖母绿矿床。它们产于富含暗色岩和伟晶岩的古老地盾区内。与矿化有关的伟晶岩往往脉幅小，分异不完全。最有利于矿化的围岩是富镁的滑石片岩，含滑石片岩，含滑石大理岩和黑云母片岩等。 相似文献
3.
阿尔泰稀有金属矿床的类型与造山过程 总被引：5，自引：2，他引：3
阿尔泰地区的伟晶岩在成因上主要有岩浆结晶分异和变质成因两种。前人对于伟晶岩的分类已作了详细研究,但并非所有的伟晶岩都是矿体,稀有金属矿化也并不局限于伟晶岩中。根据矿体产出特点和矿种,可将稀有金属矿床大致分为产于基性和/或碱性岩体内部或边部的综合性稀有金属矿床、产于花岗岩内部及其接触带的稀有金属或宝石矿床及产于古老变质岩中的稀有金属白云母矿床3大类。其中,稀有金属白云母矿床形成于地壳深部高压环境,代表了海西期造山作用主阶段的产物,与花岗岩有关稀有金属矿床往往形成于造山作用刚结束的阶段,而综合性稀有金属矿床主要形成于造山之后,甚至可延续到燕山期。 相似文献
4.
通过1：5万区域地质调查工作，首次在云南省洱源县盐井山古元古代苍山变质岩中发现刚玉矿床，矿体产于苍山变质岩区，大涧口韧性剪切糜模岩带的变质镁铁岩外接触带，滑石片宕、云母片岩和伟晶岩脉中。矿石有伟晶岩型和滑石片岩型两类。 相似文献
5.
6.
宝石伟晶岩中以变质分异型宝石伟晶岩矿床为其中最重要的类型。其分布于强烈地壳运动的构造隆起区的区域变质岩中,成矿以分异作用为主,矿物及化学组成简单较少有外来成矿物质加入,产状简单,成群分布。岩浆型宝石伟晶岩受构造—岩浆岩带控制,常围绕花岗岩母岩体成带状分布于稳定地块的边缘地区,成矿具强烈的交代和气成作用,具较明显的母岩体成矿物质来源,产出宝石的种类繁多。优质宝石多产于分异良好的带状伟晶岩中。 相似文献
7.
8.
世界伟晶岩型锂矿床地质研究进展 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
稀有金属伟晶岩主要分为LCT (Li-Cs-Ta)型和NYF (Nb-Y-F)型,其中LCT型伟晶岩是全球重要锂矿来源.本文分析了全球伟晶岩型锂矿床的地质勘查和研究成果,简要介绍了各大陆代表性伟晶岩型锂矿床,发现锂矿空间分布不均匀,成矿时间具有多期性和阶段性,成矿事件主要发生在汇聚造山作用的晚期,伴随超大陆汇聚事件.LCT型伟晶岩富含挥发分,与后碰撞S型花岗岩密切相关,多产于中高级变质岩区,就位深度较大,多沿断裂构造贯入. 相似文献
9.
浙江治岭头金银矿床产于中下元古界陈蔡群变质岩内.断裂控矿.成矿物质来源于特定岩性段,经地下热水循环富集,沿断裂充填沉淀,于燕山中晚期形成工业矿床.本矿床是一个地下热水成矿的典型,成因归属笔者厘定的热水型层控矿床. 相似文献
10.
祖母绿矿床研究现状 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
祖母绿矿床多为花岗岩浆期后酸性热液交代基性-超基性岩之产物。祖母绿通常呈不均匀浸染状或斑晶赋存变质片岩或其与酸性岩脉的接触带中,可将其分为热液型、气成-热液型和伟晶岩型几类矿床．包裹体研究对确定祖母绿宝石的成因、成矿地质环境条件、鉴定天然和人工宝石、确定其产地及评定其质量等级有着重要意义．我国对云南麻坡祖母绿矿床已做过较深入的研究,此外,新疆阿尔泰山、天山、甘肃北山、内蒙古中部、湖南幕阜山、四川九龙、平武等亦都有绿柱石类宝石产出．新疆发现一处碳酸岩脉祖母绿矿床,颇具前景。当前我国祖母绿研究中应加强对矿床分类、成矿及生长结晶作用、包裹体的深入研究并对已有线索加大研究及勘查力度． 相似文献
11.
《Journal of African Earth Sciences》2008,50(2-4):168-187
The genesis of gem-quality deep green emeralds of Zabara, Sikait and Umm Kabo (South Eastern Desert, Egypt) is to date a controversial topic. The emerald-bearing biotite schists and quartz lenses are interpreted alternatively as a product of (i) thrust-fault-shear zone – controlled large scale alkali-metasomatism driven by post-magmatic fluid flow or of (ii) a large scale interaction between syntectonic pegmatitic magma or hydrothermal fluids with pre-existing basic to ultrabasic rocks, or of (iii) a syn- to post-tectonic regional metamorphism and small scale blackwall metasomatism. Detailed microstructural and chemical analyses of the Egyptian emeralds and their host rocks show that three generations of beryl can be distinguished: a colourless pegmatitic beryl; a pale green Cr-poor beryl crystallized from pegmatite-related hydrothermal fluids; and a deep green Cr- and Mg-rich emerald. The crystallization of the Cr- and Mg-rich emerald was controlled by the very local availability of Cr, Mg and Be-rich metamorphic fluids during the Pan-African tectono-thermal event. Emerald-rich quartz lenses demonstrate that those fluids locally did mobilize quartz, too. The pale green emeralds found within the pegmatites in association with colourless beryl are the product of a mobilization of colourless pegmatitic beryl and/or phenakite by late pegmatitic fluids slightly enriched in Cr by an interaction with the Cr-rich country rocks. The late pegmatitic fluids are typically Na-rich as is demonstrated by the pervasive albitization of the pegmatites. The complex interplay of magmatic and regional metamorphic events during the genesis of the Egyptian emeralds/beryls makes it impossible through stable oxygen isotope data to relate their genesis to the one or the other event. 相似文献
12.
Prosper Rakotovao Andrianjakavah Stefano Salvi Didier Béziat Michel Rakotondrazafy Gaston Giuliani 《Mineralium Deposita》2009,44(7):817-835
The Ianapera emerald deposit is located in the Neoproterozoic Vohibory Block of southern Madagascar. The local geology consists
of intercalated migmatitic gneissic units and calcareous metasedimentary rocks, containing boudinaged metamorphosed mafic/ultramafic
lenses, all intruded by pegmatite veins. These units occur near the hinge of the tightly folded Ianapera antiform, within
a few kilometers of the Ampanihy shear zone. Emerald mineralization is hosted by metasomatic phlogopite veins, and bodies
developed within the mafic/ultramafic rocks. Based on field and textural relationships, we distinguish proximal and distal
styles of mineralization. Proximal mineralization occurs at the contact of pegmatite veins with mafic/ultramafic units; in
the distal style, pegmatites are not observed. Three types of emeralds could be distinguished, mainly on the basis of color
and mineral zoning. Some of these emeralds have the most Al-depleted and Cr-rich composition ever recorded. Another characteristic
feature to the Ianapera deposit and, to our knowledge, yet unreported, is the association of some emeralds with scapolite
in metasomatised mafic rocks. Mineral inclusions are common in most emeralds and include phlogopite, carbonates, barite, K-feldspar,
quartz, pyrite, zircon, monazite, bastnaesite, phenakite, plus Fe and Cr oxides. However, feldspar and rare earth element-bearing
minerals occur predominantly in proximal emeralds, which also have a more incompatible trace-element signature than distal
emeralds. We propose a model related to syn- to post-tectonic magmatic-hydrothermal activity. Pegmatitic bodies intruded units
of the Ianapera antiform probably during tectonic relaxation. Exsolution of fluids rich in halogens and incompatible elements
from the cooling pegmatites caused hydrothermal metasomatism of Cr-bearing mafic/ultramafic rocks in direct contact with the
pegmatites. Local fracturing favored fluid infiltration, permitting the formation of distal mineralization. Emerald composition
was controlled by the chemistry of the host rock. The presence of carbonate mineral inclusions in the emeralds and the high
F-activity indicated by elevated F-contents in newly formed minerals suggest transport of Be as a fluoride-carbonate complex.
It seems likely that beryl formation was triggered by precipitation of F-rich phlogopite, which removed the complexing ligand
from the fluid. 相似文献
13.
云南大丫口祖母绿常出现颜色环带,且伴随明显成分变化,而目前颜色环带的成因仍存争议,相关的多阶段成矿假说尚缺少明确证据。文章通过电子探针和激光剥蚀电感耦合等离子质谱仪对大丫口祖母绿的颜色环带及黑色矿物包裹体进行主微量元素成分分析,并对不同类型岩脉祖母绿中流体包裹体进行显微测温分析,进而探讨祖母绿颜色环带成因与多阶段成矿的联系。成分测试结果表明,从浅绿白核部至绿色边部,V(970×10-6→10 077×10-6)、Rb(9.6×10-6→27.4×10-6)、Cs(535×10-6→3 108×10-6)、Fe(1 376×10-6→2 199×10-6)和Ga(4×10-6→14.7×10-6)等微量元素的含量急剧增加。结合绿色晶体边部中同生黑色富钒电气石包裹体的分布,有力证明了大丫口祖母绿颜色分带的形成与晶体的多阶段成矿有关。流体包裹体测试结果表明,含矿长石-方解石脉、含矿石英脉和伟晶岩-变粒岩接触带中矿物的流体包裹体盐度范围分别为3.39%~10.36%(NaCleq)、5.71%~12.29%(NaCleq)和8%~18.72%(NaCleq),指示了伟晶岩脉中祖母绿的多阶段结晶,且表明随结晶阶段演变,成矿流体的盐度逐渐升高。同时,成矿流体盐度升高也是晚期云英岩化阶段致色元素含量剧增的原因。 相似文献
14.
Chromium and manganese zoning in pelitic garnet and kyanite: Spiral,overprint, and oscillatory (?) zoning patterns and the role of growth rate 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
X‐ray composition maps and quantitative analyses for Mn, Ca and Cr have been made for six pelitic and calc‐pelitic garnet crystals and Al, Fe and Cr analyses maps have been made for two kyanite crystals, from lower and mid/upper amphibolite facies rocks from the Grenville Province of western Labrador, using an electron microprobe analyser and a laser ablation ICP‐MS. Garnet with spiral (‘snowball’) internal fabrics (Si) has spiral zoning in major elements, implying that growth was concentrated in discrete regions of the crystal at any one time (spiral zoning). Cr zoning is parallel to Si in low amphibolite facies garnet with both straight and spiral internal fabrics, indicating that the garnet overprinted a fabric defined by Cr‐rich (mica±chlorite±epidote) and Cr‐poor (quartz±plagioclase) layers during growth (overprint zoning) and that Cr was effectively immobile. In contrast, in mid/upper amphibolite facies garnet porphyroblasts lacking Si, Cr zoning is concentric, implying that Cr diffusion occurred. Cr zoning in kyanite porphyroblasts appears superficially similar to oscillatory zoning, with up to three or four annuli of Cr enrichment and/or depletion present in a single grain. However, the variable width, continuity, Cr concentration and local bifurcation of individual annuli suggest that an origin by overprint zoning may be more likely. The results of this study explain previously observed nonsystematic Cr zoning in garnet and irregular partitioning of Cr between coexisting metamorphic mineral pairs. In addition, this study points to the important role of crystal growth rate in determining the presence or absence of inclusions and the type of zoning exhibited by both major and trace elements. During fast growth, inclusions are preferentially incorporated into the growing porphyroblast and slow diffusing elements such as Cr are effectively immobile, whereas during slow growth, inclusions are not generally included in the porphyroblast and Cr zoning is concentric. 相似文献
15.
F. Masoudi B. Mehrabi M. Rezai Aghdam B. W. D. Yardley 《Journal of the Geological Society of India》2009,73(3):407-418
In the Sanandaj-Sirjan zone of metamorphic belt of Iran, the area south of Hamadan city comprises of metamorphic rocks, granitic
batholith with pegmatites and quartz veins. Alvand batholith is emplaced into metasediments of early Mesozoic age. Fluid inclusions
have been studied using microthermometry to evaluate the source of fluids from which quartz veins and pegmatites formed to
investigate the possible relation between host rocks of pegmatites and the fluid inclusion types. Host minerals of fluid inclusions
in pegmatites are quartz, andalusite and tourmaline. Fluid inclusions can be classified into four types. Type 1 inclusions
are high salinity aqueous fluids (NaCleq >12 wt%). Type 2 inclusions are low to moderate salinity (NaCleq <12 wt%) aqueous fluids. Type 3 and 4 inclusions are carbonic and mixed CO2-H2O fluid inclusions. The distribution of fluid inclusions indicate that type 1 and type 2 inclusions are present in the pegmatites
and quartz veins respectively in the Alvand batholith. This would imply that aqueous magmatic fluids with no detectable CO2 were present during the crystallization of these pegmatites and quartz veins. Types 3 and 4 inclusions are common in quartz
veins and pegmatites in metamorphic rocks and are more abundant in the hornfelses. The distribution of the different types
of fluid inclusions suggests that CO2 fluids generated during metamorphism and metamorphic fluids might also contribute to the formation of quartz veins and pegmatites
in metamorphic terrains. 相似文献
16.
Shreeram Suman Sahu Sahendra Singh Jyoti Sankar Satapathy 《Journal of the Geological Society of India》2018,92(3):291-297
Emerald, the green gem variety of beryl (Be3Al2Si6O18), is the third most valuable gemstone after diamond and ruby. The green colour appearance of the crystal is due to trace of Cr3+ and V3+, which replaces Al3+ ions in the crystal lattice of beryl. The hue of green colour of emerald depends on the quantity of Cr3+ and V3+ present in the crystal. Be is incorporated along with Cr and/or V during the process of crystallization. Since Be is relatively rare in the upper continental crust, therefore specific geological and geochemical parameters are required for Be to be incorporated in the crystal lattice of emerald.The present work was carried out to understand the lithological and structural control of emerald occurrences in and around Gurabanda area within the Singhbhum shear zone (SSZ) of Singhbhum crustal province, eastern India. The biotite and serpentine schist belong to the Paleoproterozoic Dhanjori Group and constitute the major lithology of the area. Pegmatite and biotite schist contains a variety of gem minerals in abundance in the area and the gem quality emerald occur at the contact zone of quartz vein and mica-schist. Lithology and structure are the main controlling factors of gem-mineralization in the study area. The study indicates that regional metamorphism and deformation processes along the shear zone played a significant role in the formation of emerald deposits. It is inferred that Singhbhum shear zone facilitated a favourable condition, where the Be bearing pegmatites interacted with Cr bearing mica schist or ultramafic rocks to produce emerald crystal. 相似文献
17.
Emerald deposits and occurrences: A review 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Emerald, the green gem variety of beryl, is the third most valuable gemstone (after diamond and ruby). Although it is difficult to obtain accurate statistics, Colombia supplies most (an estimated 60%, worth more than $500,000,000 per year) of the world's emeralds. However there is speculation that the emerald mines in Colombia are becoming depleted. Brazil currently accounts for approximately 10% of world emerald production. Emeralds have also been mined in Afghanistan, Australia, Austria, Bulgaria, China, India, Madagascar, Namibia, Nigeria, Pakistan, South Africa, Spain, Tanzania, the United States, and Zimbabwe.Because it is difficult to obtain accurate analyses of beryllium, most published analyses of beryl are renormalized on the basis of 18 oxygen and 3 Be atoms per formula unit. The color of emerald is due to trace amounts of chromium and/or vanadium replacing aluminum at the Y site; in most cases the Cr content is much greater than that of V. To achieve charge balance, the substitution of divalent cations at the Y site is coupled with the substitution of a monovalent cation for a vacancy at a channel site.Beryl is relatively rare because there is very little Be in the upper continental crust. Unusual geologic and geochemical conditions are required for Be and Cr and/or V to meet. In the classic model, Be-bearing pegmatites interact with Cr-bearing ultramafic or mafic rocks. However in the Colombian deposits there is no evidence of magmatic activity and it has been demonstrated that circulation processes within the host black shales were sufficient to form emerald. In addition, researchers are recognizing that regional metamorphism and tectonometamorphic processes such as shear zone formation may play a significant role in certain emerald deposits.A number of genetic classification schemes have been proposed for emerald deposits. Most are ambiguous when it comes to understanding the mechanisms and conditions that lead to the formation of an emerald deposit. Studies of individual emerald deposits show that in most cases a combination of mechanisms (magmatic, hydrothermal, and metamorphic) were needed to bring Be into contact with the chromophores. This suggests the need for a more flexible classification scheme based on mode of formation. Stable isotopes can be used to estimate the contribution of each mechanism in the formation of a particular deposit. Such estimates could perhaps be more precisely defined using trace element data, which should reflect the mode of formation.Emerald may be identified in the field by color, hardness, and form. It will tend to show up in stream sediment samples but because its specific gravity is relatively low, it will not concentrate in the heavy mineral fraction. In Colombia, structural geology, the sodium content of stream sediment samples, and the lithium, sodium, and lead contents of soil samples have all been used to find emerald occurrences. Exploration for gem beryl could result in the discovery of new occurrences of non-gem beryl or other Be minerals that could become new sources of Be and Be oxide.Future efforts should go towards creating a comprehensive data base of emerald compositions (including trace elements), determination of the role of metamorphism in the formation of some emerald deposits, improved classification schemes, and more effective exploration guidelines. 相似文献
18.
《International Geology Review》2012,54(5):400-424
The fluid composition, δD of channel H2O, and δ18O of lattice oxygen have been determined in beryl and emerald from a variety of geological environments and used to constrain the origin of the parental fluids from which beryl has grown. Step-heating analyses performed by quadrupolar mass spectrometry were used to quantify the composition of the fluid phases in beryl from granitic pegmatites and greisens and emerald from Brazil, Colombia, and Afghanistan. An important conclusion is that beryl and emerald have a similar fluid composition, with concentrations of H2O being greater than 90% of the total water in the mineral irrespective of the age of formation (2.0 Ga to 32 Ma) and tectonic settings. However, the Brazilian Santa Terezinha shear-zone emerald deposit contains abundant CO2, up to 13 wt% of the total fluid. A second conclusion is that the channel H2O content for some Brazilian emeralds is higher than the range defined for beryl in the literature, especially for those related to the shear-zone type (2.99 lt; H2O < 3.16 wt%) and the pegmatite type from the Pombos, Pela Ema, and Pirenopolis deposits (2.78 < H2O < 3.01 wt%). Colombian emeralds have very low H2O contents (1.30 < H2O < 1.96 wt%), among the lowest in the world. Brazilian, Colombian, and Afghanistani emeralds have contrasting and restricted ranges of δ18O values. In Brazil, emeralds related to pegmatites have a systematic δ18O inter-deposit variability (+6.3 < δ18O < +12.4‰). The calculated δ18O of the fluid was buffered by the host ultrabasic rocks during fluid-rock interaction. Emerald and cogenetic phlogopite related to shear-zone-type deposits have a quite restricted δ18O range (+12.0 < δ18O 7lt; +12.4‰); the calculated is interpreted to represent the original isotopic composition of the hydrothermal fluid. Relative to Brazil, the δ18O of Colombian and Afghanistani emeralds shows strong enrichment in 18O (+13.4 < δ18O < +23.6‰), and the high calculated δ18O of the fluid suggests extensive reaction with 18O-rich sedimentary or metasedimentary rocks. In Brazil, the δD composition of channels in emerald and the calculated δ18OH2O for phlogopite are compatible with both magmatic and metamorphic origins. A magmatic origin is supported for emeralds associated with the pegmatitic Socotó and Carnaiba deposits (mean δD = ?37.8 ± 8‰) and a metamorphic origin is suggested for the Santa Terezinha shear-zone type (mean δD = ?32.4 ± 3‰). A metamorphic origin is proposed for Colombian emeralds. Afghanistani emeralds have a δD composition of channels (mean δD = ?46.3 ± 1.3‰) that is compatible with both magmatic and metamorphic origins. 相似文献
19.
Oishi ShujiDepartment of Environmental Science Technology Faculty of Engineering Shinshu University Wakasato Nagano - JapanYamamoto HirofumiDepartment of Chemistry Material Engineering Faculty of Engineering Shinshu University 《中国地质大学学报(英文版)》2002,13(1):35-39
Well-formed crystals of emerald, Be3AI2Si6O18:Cr, were easily grown from an Na2O-MoO3 flux by an isothermal technique. The crystal growth was conducted by heating a mixture of solute and flux at 1 100 ℃ for 24 h. The evaporation loss of flux depended on the amount of Na2O added to MoO3. Emerald crystals of lengths up to 2.1 mm and widths of 1. 4 mm were grown. The crystal sizes were dependent on the evaporation loss of the flux. The obtained crystals were transparent and exhibited the typical emerald-green color. The form of the emerald crystals was a twelve-sided prism bounded by well-developed faces. The aspect ratios were in the region of 1. 4 to 2. 3. The density was (2. 64±0.02) g/cm3. The IR absorption bands were in good agreement with the literature data. 相似文献
20.
采用偏光显微镜薄片观察、电子探针及背散射图像、阴极发光等方法,分别对伟晶岩矿脉和顺层剪切带矿脉两种产出状态的云南麻栗坡祖母绿进行了系统的包裹体特征研究。结果表明,云南麻栗坡祖母绿具有产地特征的包裹体有黑色镁电气石、含钒的白云母、具有环带的钾长石、毒砂、镁质黑云母、白钨矿包裹体。伟晶岩脉和顺层剪切带中的祖母绿均含有钾长石、钠长石、电气石、萤石、祖母绿(绿柱石)、黑云母、榍石、磷灰石、黄铁矿、绿泥石、绿帘石包裹体。白云母、方解石、石英、锆石、毒砂、闪锌矿、方铅矿、透辉石仅出现在伟晶岩脉中的祖母绿包裹体中;而白钨矿仅出现在顺层剪切带中的祖母绿包裹体中。对云南不同产状祖母绿矿物包裹体的研究不仅对祖母绿的产地鉴定具有宝石学意义,也对揭示云南麻栗坡祖母绿的成因类型具有重要意义。 相似文献