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1.
我国西南山区降雨侵蚀力时空变化趋势研究 总被引：14，自引：0，他引：14
降雨是我国西南山区土壤侵蚀的主要动力因素,降雨侵蚀力反映了降雨对土壤侵蚀的潜在能力,研究降雨侵蚀力的时空变化趋势对我国西南山区土壤侵蚀的监测、评估、预报和治理具有重要意义。利用1960—2009年129个气象站逐日降雨量资料,计算出西南山区各气象站逐年降雨侵蚀力。采用趋势系数、气候倾向率和克吕格插值等方法对西南山区降雨侵蚀力50年来的时空变化趋势进行了探讨。结果表明:西南山区降雨侵蚀力空间分布特征与年降水量的空间分布特征一致;西南山区西北部的青藏高原区域降雨侵蚀力年际变化明显,变差系数Cv一般高于0.40;西南山区大部地区降雨侵蚀力呈上升趋势,说明由降雨侵蚀力引起的土壤侵蚀风险在增加,但在成都平原附近降雨侵蚀力在明显下降;降雨侵蚀力变化趋势系数随海拔高度升高而不断增加,在海拔2 500 m以上地区尤为明显,西南山区西北部的高海拔地区海拔高度对降雨侵蚀力增加具有放大效应。 相似文献
2.
青藏高原作为“亚洲水塔”,对下游地区用水具有重要作用,在气候变化和人类活动影响下,河流的径流和输沙量已发生显著变化。选取青藏高原东部的黄河、长江、澜沧江、怒江和雅鲁藏布江五大河流源区,利用站点实测数据和Pettitt突变点检验、线性回归等统计方法,系统性地分析了1960—2020年间(近60 a)径流和泥沙的年际和季节性变化特征。主要结论为：(1)近60 a来,长江和怒江流域的年径流显著上升,其余流域变化不显著,径流变化存在较强的空间变异性,在2006年左右存在突变点,大部分站点的年径流在此后的十几年中均呈上升趋势;年输沙量方面,长江流域呈不显著上升,黄河、澜沧江、雅鲁藏布江流域均呈不显著下降,年际变化趋势与径流变化总体一致,但变异性更大。(2)对于60 a尺度的季节径流,上游站点冬、春季径流均呈增加趋势,所有站点夏、秋季径流的变化趋势与年径流总体一致,且夏季径流在空间分布上存在“北增南减”的特征。(3)澜沧江下游的水电梯级开发已经对下游天然径流过程产生干扰,主要表现为径流年内分布的突变,季节差异显著减小,趋于均匀化。以上结论深化了对青藏高原径流和泥沙变化特征的认识,可为开展径流趋势预... 相似文献
3.
黄河首曲草地气候变化及生态效应 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
利用黄河首曲草地气候资料和生态观测资料,分析了黄河首曲草地气候变化特征及其生态效应.结果表明:黄河首曲大部分区域降水量年际变化呈下降趋势,存在2～4 a、6～7 a和10～11 a的年周期振荡特征.气温年际变化呈上升趋势,增温速度均大于全国增温速度.1983年之前气温距平以偏冷为主,1984年之后持续偏暖.草地年干燥指数变化呈显著上升趋势,20世纪80年代末至2004年明显趋于干旱化.气候变化是草地生态退化的自然诱发因素,而超载过牧,滥采乱挖,人为破坏,生物链失衡等环境蠕变是造成生态退化的人为因素,二者共同作用导致黄河首曲草地水资源锐减、生物多样性减少及生态退化. 相似文献
4.
为厘清青藏高原地区不同相态降水及其变化规律,本文基于第三极地区长时间序列(1979—2020年)高分辨率(1/30°,日)地面气象要素驱动数据集,采用基于表面高程和气象条件的雨雪识别方法,识别了青藏高原地区的降雨和降雪,分析了青藏高原雪水比例(SPR)的分布特征和时空演变规律。结果表明：(1) SPR空间分布差异显著,西高东低;(2) SPR整体呈下降趋势,平均以1.11%/(10 a)的速率显著降低;(3)冷、暖季均呈现降雨增加、降雪减少、SPR降低趋势,但暖季的变化速率和显著性高于冷季;(4)高原东西部降雪量在冷、暖季相当,高原中部以暖季降雪为主,高原暖季降雨量约占全年的90%,高原大部分地区暖季降雪占全年降雪的比例呈下降趋势(-0.29%/(10 a))。研究结果有望为区域气候变化和水科学研究提供科学依据。 相似文献
5.
使用动态植被陆面模式AVIM2,以NCEP (National Centers for Environmental Prediction)再分析气象资料作为大气强迫场,模拟了1953-2004年全球陆地生态系统净初级生产力(NPP)和净生态系统生产力(NEP) 的空间分布及时间变化特征。结果得到,1953-2004年陆地生态系统NPP和NEP全球总量52 a的C平均值分别为65 Pg/a和1.2 Pg/a,NPP呈明显的上升趋势,而NEP的上升趋势不明显。虽然NPP和NEP的年代际增长趋势不同,但是在20世纪70年代中期,NPP和NEP的年代际变化都出现了一个明显的突变,突变点后的增长趋势都没有之前的增长趋势高。这是由于太平洋的年代际振荡(PDO)冷暖位相影响了厄尔尼诺与南方涛动（El Nin~o Southern Oscillation,ENSO)的年代际变化,对NPP和NEP的年代际变化也产生了重要的影响。1976年以前PDO处于冷位相年,增加了ENSO冷位相的强度和频率,使热带地区的气候偏凉爽湿润,从而利于NPP和NEP趋势增长,而1976年以后PDO进入暖位相年,El Nin~o发生频繁,赤道地区多为干热的气候异常,会降低NPP和NEP的增长趋势。 相似文献
6.
7.
青海省极端气温事件的气候变化特征研究 总被引：9，自引：3，他引：6
选用青海省37个气象站点1961-2011年近51 a, 逐日气温(最高、 最低、 平均)资料, 采用国际通用的极端气温指数定义计算了9种极端气温指数, 并分析其主要气候特征.结果表明: 近51 a青海省极端气温呈明显上升趋势, 极端冷指标(霜冻、 结冰日数、 冷夜、 冷昼指数)呈下降趋势, 而极端暖指标(夏天日数、 暖夜、 暖昼指数)呈上升趋势, 且极端冷指标的减少幅度高于极端暖指标的增加幅度.空间分布上, 极端气温指数在全省呈一致的上升(下降)趋势分布.在近51 a的时间尺度上各种极端气温指数都存在多个较明显的周期, 如较短的3~8 a的准周期, 以及13 a、 17 a、 27 a的年代际周期特征.青海省年平均气温与极端气温指数有很高的相关性, 气候变暖突变前后极端气温指数表现出明显差异: 在变暖突变发生后, 霜冻日数、 冷夜指数、 冷昼指数、 结冰日数明显减少, 夏天日数、 暖夜指数及暖昼指数明显增加, 其中相对指数几乎呈倍数显著变化, 表明极端气温指数对气候变暖有很好的响应. 相似文献
8.
为分析城镇化发展程度与极端降雨变化之间的关系,选取珠江三角洲地区22个雨量站1973—2012年的小时降雨资料,利用空间分析、线性回归、滑动平均和Mann-Kendall趋势检验等方法,分析高度城镇化背景下珠三角地区极端降雨时空分布规律和变化特性,并解析暴雨雨型变化特征。结果表明:①珠江三角洲高度城镇化地区极端降雨量上升了44.3 mm/（10 a）,呈显著增加趋势,相邻其他地区则无明显变化,高度城镇化地区的前汛期极端降雨量显著增多是造成其年极端降雨量增加的主要原因。②珠三角地区暴雨雨型以单峰型为主,其中以雨峰在前的Ⅰ型暴雨占比最高,约为33.7%,高度城镇化地区Ⅰ型暴雨发生频率明显增加,易导致暴雨内涝事件增加,需加强高度城镇化地区防洪排涝工作。 相似文献
9.
在人类活动和气候变化的复杂影响下,广东省东江流域的降雨特征在66年间发生了显著改变,为了精准识别其时空变化特征,基于流域34个雨量站逐月长序列降雨数据,采用集中度、集中期、OLS回归法、M-K检验法、滑动t检验法、一维连续小波等多种方法,对广东省东江流域上下游降雨的年内分布特征,年际变化的趋势性、突变性和周期性特征以及空间变化规律开展多角度分析。结果表明：广东省东江流域降雨量从东北向西南递减;从上游到下游,年内降雨集中期从6月延迟到7月份,降雨由减少过渡到弱增长趋势;下游突变性较上游显著,上游周期性强于下游;上下游降雨主周期一致,均为17 a。研究成果可为广东省东江流域降雨预报及水资源开发利用等相关研究提供支撑。 相似文献
10.
利用新疆1961-2013年资料完整的89个气象观测站降水量资料, 应用数理统计、线性趋势、突变、小波分析等方法, 对新疆降水量的时空分布和变化特征以及突变性、周期性特征进行了分析. 结果表明: 新疆年降水量空间分布极不均匀, 大值区分布主要在天山山区及其两侧; 降水集中出现在春末至夏季, 其中, 7月在全年所占比例最大. 新疆及其各分区年降水量与降水量距平百分率均呈显著增加趋势, 不同于中国大部分区域同期呈显著减少或无明显线性变化趋势的现象, 增加速率与年降水量有关, 同时年际波动及阶段性变化明显; 四季降水量增加趋势的显著性不如年降水量, 空间分布上年和四季降水量均表现为大部分地区呈增加趋势, 且增加趋势冬季 > 夏季 > 春季 > 秋季. 新疆及天山山区年降水量在1987年发生了突变, 北疆在1984年发生了突变, 而南疆在1981-1986年期间发生了突变; 新疆及北疆年降水量具有3 a、6 a、8 a、11 a、18 a的波动周期, 天山山区存在6 a与10 a的震荡周期, 南疆波动周期为5 a、8 a、18 a, 四季降水量也存在不同的波动周期. 相似文献
11.
Evaluation of rainfall erosivity and its temporal variation in the Yanhe River catchment of the Chinese Loess Plateau 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
The potential of rain to generate soil erosion is known as the rainfall erosivity (R), and its estimation is fundamental for a better understanding of the erosive ability of certain rainfall events. In this paper, we investigated the temporal variations of rainfall erosivity using common daily rainfall data from four meteorological stations during 1956 to 1989 and 2008 to 2010 periods in the Yanhe River catchment of the Chinese Loess Plateau. The adaptability of several simplified calculation models for R was evaluated and compared with the results of previous studies. An exponential model based on the modified Fournier index (MFI) was considered as the optimum for our study area. By considering the monthly distribution and coefficient of variation of annual precipitation, equations based on two indices, the MFI and its modification F F , produced a higher calculation accuracy than mean annual precipitation. The rainfall erosivity in the Yanhe River catchment has a remarkable interannual difference, with a seasonality index ranging from 0.69 to 1.05 and a precipitation concentration index from 14.51 to 27.46. In addition to the annual rainfall amounts, the extreme wave of monthly rainfall distribution also has an effect on the magnitude and temporal variation of rainfall erosivity, especially interannual variation. For long time series of rainfall erosivity, a trend coefficient r of ?0.07 indicated a slight decline in erosivity in the Yanhe River catchment from 1956 to 2010. 相似文献
12.
An attempt has been made to analyze the spatial-temporal characteristics of soil erosion vulnerability and soil loss from the forested region in the north-eastern Borneo, Sarawak, Malaysia during the last three decades (1991–2015) using the revised universal soil loss equation (RUSLE) and geographical information systems (GIS). The components of RUSLE such as rainfall erosivity (R), soil erodibility (K), slope-length and steepness (LS), cover management (C) and conservation practice (P) factors were grouped into two categories by keeping one set as temporally changing and others as static. Among them the R and C factors are calculated for the years 1991, 2001 and 2015 whereas the K and LS factors are considered for the single time frame. Because of the forested nature of the study area, the P factor is kept constant for the whole analysis. The R factor and C factor is shown changes in values and its distribution over the years, which reflected in the final soil loss and erosion vulnerability map as a change in the rate of erosion and spatial domain. The analysis of three time slices has shown that the maximum value of the soil loss per unit area i.e. at erosion hotspots, is relatively similar throughout at around 1636 to 1744 t/ha/y. This is the result of maximum values of R factor and C factor i.e. high rainfall erosivity combined with lack of vegetation cover in those hotspots, which are generally steeply sloping terrain. The reclassification of annual soil loss map into erosion vulnerability zones indicated a major increase in the spatial spread of erosion vulnerability from the year 1991 to 2015 with a significant increase in the high and critical erosion areas from 2.3% (1991) to 31.5% (2015). In 1991, over 84% of the study area was under low erosion vulnerability class but by the year 2015 only 12% was under low erosion vulnerability class. Moreover, a dynamic nature in the erosion pattern was found from the year 1991 to 2015 with more linear areas of land associated with higher rate of soil loss and enhanced erosion vulnerability. The linearity in the spatial pattern is correlated with the development of logging roads and logging activities which has been confirmed by the extraction of exposed areas from satellite images of different years of analysis. The findings of the present study has quantified the changes in vegetation cover from dense, thick tropical forest to open mixed type landscapes which provide less protection against erosion and soil loss during the severe rainfall events which are characteristic of this tropical region. 相似文献
13.
桂江流域土壤侵蚀估算及其时空特征分析 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
桂江流域的水土流失现状研究对珠江三角洲的水生态安全有重要的现实意义。采用修正的通用土壤流失方程（RUSLE）估算了桂江流域的土壤侵蚀模数与年侵蚀总量,分析流域内土壤侵蚀的时空分布特征,探讨了影响该区域土壤侵蚀强度的自然与人文因素。结果表明,桂江流域51.8%的地表都在发生不同程度的土壤侵蚀。从全流域平均土壤侵蚀强度来看,属于中度侵蚀。从土壤侵蚀面积来看,约85%的地表处于微度、轻度与中度侵蚀。4-6月的全流域平均土壤侵蚀强度最大,侵蚀总量也是最大的。流域的土壤侵蚀主要发生在高程在30~600m的低山丘陵-高地地貌区内的林地与耕地中。流域内岩溶区的土壤侵蚀强度随着石漠化程度从无到中度逐渐增加,轻、中度石漠化区的土壤侵蚀强度达到强度侵蚀等级。 相似文献
14.
Calibrating a rainfall erosivity assessment model at regional scale in Mediterranean area 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
Sergio Grauso Nazzareno Diodato Vladimiro Verrubbi 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2010,60(8):1597-1606
A simplified regression model is here calibrated on the basis of rainfall data records of Sicily (southern Italy), in order
to show the model reliability in assessing the R-factor of the Universal Soil Loss Equation and its revised version (RUSLE) and to provide an estimate of long-term rainfall
erosivity at medium-regional scale. The proposed model is a rearrangement of a former simplified model, formulated for the
Italian environment, grouping three easily available rainfall variables on various time scales, which has been shown to be
more successful than others in reproducing the rainfall erosive power over different locations of Italy. A geostatistical
interpolation procedure is then applied for generating the regional long-term erosivity map with associated standard error.
Areas with severe erosive rainfalls (from 2,000 up to more than 6,000 MJ mm ha−1 h−1) are pointed out which will correspond to areas suffering from severe soil erosion. Solving the problem of calculating the
R-factor value in the RUSLE equation by means of such a simplified model here formulated will allow to predict the related
soil loss. Moreover, given the availability of long time-series of concerned rainfall data, it will be possible to analyse
the variability of rainfall erosivity within the last 50 years, and to investigate the application of RUSLE or similar soil
erosion models with forecasting purposes of soil erosion risk. 相似文献
15.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674987111001034 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
A comprehensive methodology that integrates Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation（RUSLE） model and Geographic Information System（GIS） techniques was adopted to determine the soil erosion vulnerability of a forested mountainous sub-watershed in Kerala,India.The spatial pattern of annual soil erosion rate was obtained by integrating geo-environmental variables in a raster based GIS method.GIS data layers including,rainfall erosivity（R）,soil erodability（K）,slope length and steepness（LS）,cover management （C） and conservation practice（P） factors were computed to determine their effects on average annual soil loss in the area.The resultant map of annual soil erosion shows a maximum soil loss of 17.73 t h-1 y-1 with a close relation to grass land areas,degraded forests and deciduous forests on the steep side-slopes（with high LS ）.The spatial erosion maps generated with RUSLE method and GIS can serve as effective inputs in deriving strategies for land planning and management in the environmentally sensitive mountainous areas. 相似文献
16.
Soil erosion risk assessment of the Keiskamma catchment,South Africa using GIS and remote sensing 总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2
Paidamwoyo Mhangara Vincent Kakembo Kyoung Jae Lim 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2012,65(7):2087-2102
This paper examines the soil loss spatial patterns in the Keiskamma catchment using the GIS-based Sediment Assessment Tool
for Effective Erosion Control (SATEEC) to assess the soil erosion risk of the catchment. SATEEC estimates soil loss and sediment
yield within river catchments using the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) and a spatially distributed sediment
delivery ratio. Vegetation cover in protected areas has a significant effect in curtailing soil loss. The effect of rainfall
was noted as two pronged, higher rainfall amounts received in the escarpment promote vegetation growth and vigour in the Amatole
mountain range which in turn positively provides a protective cover to shield the soil from soil loss. The negative aspect
of high rainfall is that it increases the rainfall erosivity. The Keiskamma catchment is predisposed to excessive rates of
soil loss due to high soil erodibility, steep slopes, poor conservation practices and low vegetation cover. This soil erosion
risk assessment shows that 35% of the catchment is prone to high to extremely high soil losses higher than 25 ton ha−1 year−1 whilst 65% still experience very low to moderate levels of soil loss of less than 25 ton ha−1 year−1. Object based classification highlighted the occurrence of enriched valley infill which flourishes in sediment laden ephemeral
stream channels. This occurrence increases gully erosion due to overgrazing within ephemeral stream channels. Measures to
curb further degradation in the catchment should thrive to strengthen the role of local institutions in controlling conservation
practice. 相似文献
17.
Spatial distribution and estimation of rainfall trends and erosivity in the Epitácio Pessoa reservoir catchment,Paraíba,Brazil 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
da Silva Richarde Marques Santos Celso Augusto Guimarães da Costa Silva Jorge Flávio Cazé Braga Silva Alexandro Medeiros Brasil Neto Reginaldo Moura 《Natural Hazards》2020,102(3):829-849
Natural Hazards - The main goals of this study are to better understand the spatial and temporal variabilities in rainfall and to identify rainfall trends and erosivity for the period from 1963 to... 相似文献
18.
降雨侵蚀力反应降雨引起的土壤侵蚀潜在能力,是水土保持研究中的主要指标之一。以露天煤矿排土场不同覆盖类型边坡为研究对象,分析了日降雨侵蚀力与边坡侵蚀的关系。结果表明,从控制坡面径流深来看,降雨侵蚀力的作用受到了乔灌草和灌草配置的显著影响,其产生的坡面径流仅为对照区的42.9%和52.6%。从控制坡面侵蚀量来看,三种植物配置措施都具有显著减少功能,土壤侵蚀量仅为对照区的2.3%~6.7%。降雨侵蚀力与边坡水土流失量存在线性正相关,其中坡面径流深对降雨侵蚀力的响应快于土壤侵蚀量。 相似文献
19.
降雨诱发的浅层黄土滑坡是黄土高原重要的地质灾害类型之一.斜坡水分空间分布和变化趋势是导致斜坡失稳的重要因素,但基于此的剖面监测数据较少.依托延安黄土地质灾害野外观测基地,选择典型黄土斜坡,在坡面布设两条5 m深的水分探测纵剖面,观测在降雨过程中斜坡水分的空间特征.监测结果显示：1）降雨引起的土壤含水率变化深度有限,与降雨量成正相关关系;2）土壤含水率随时间变化表现出周期性特征,随深度增加,周期逐渐变长;3）斜坡水分在空间分布上存在明显的各向异性——垂向上表现为含水率的不均匀性与阶段性,而在斜坡的不同部位,受降雨影响坡顶-坡腰-坡脚含水率大致呈递减趋势,其中坡顶、坡脚的水分波动程度最大,坡脚的入渗深度最大. 相似文献