共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
构造地质与工程地质的基本关系 总被引：16，自引：0，他引：16
构造地质学是研究各种地质构造及其成生演化的基础地质学 ,工程地质学主要是应用地质学理论尤其是构造地质学理论解决人类工程建设活动中与构造现象和构造活动有密切关系的地质问题的应用地质学。二者的研究目的虽然不同 ,但所研究的主要对象是相同的 ,即都是地质构造 ,所研究的又都是地球变化过程中的构造变动及其各类效应。文中讨论了构造地质学与工程地质学之间的基本关系 ,主要包括地质构造对工程地质环境和工程地质条件的控制作用 ;深部构造、浅部构造以及表层构造动力学特征与区域地壳稳定性之间的关系 ;构造结构面、构造应力场与岩土体稳定性的关系 ;活动构造与工程建筑安全性的关系以及地质构造与崩滑流、地裂缝、地面沉降等地质灾害的关系等问题。 相似文献
2.
坐标投影作图法的计算机化及其在块体几何分析中的应用 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
块体塌落或滑动是岩石工程的重要破坏形式之一。为了解决此问题,需要对块体进行几何条件分析和稳定性分析。对此除采用传统的方法赤平极射投影图解法和三维数值法的方法等方法外,还可以采用坐标投影作图法。本文主要阐述坐标投影作图法在块体几何条件中的应用以及对它的计算机化。坐标投影法是一种以正投影为基础、借鉴赤平极射投影的方法而形成的以分析岩石工程中块体的几何条件和稳定性为目的的一种图解方法。该作图法的提出,为岩石工程块体稳定性研究提供了一个新的方法。为进一步提高坐标投影作图法的应用效率,作者提出了适用于现场的坐标投影作图法的计算机化问题。考虑到块体的几何条件是块体稳定分析的基础,本文主要针对块体几何条件的确定方法及其计算机化问题开展研究,并利用V isual C++将其编成CPH-Ⅰ软件。为了考核该软件,作者还以某一地下工程为实例,将该软件的计算结果和按坐标投影作图法图解法得出的结果进行了比较。对比结果表明该软件可用。 相似文献
3.
Jean-Laurent Mallet 《Mathematical Geology》2004,36(1):1-32
Interpolating physical properties in the subsurface is a recurrent problem in geology. In sedimentary geology, the geometry of the layers is generally known with a precision much superior to that which one can reasonably expect for the properties. The geometry of the layers is affected by folding and faulting since the time of deposition, whereas the distribution of properties is, to a certain extent, determined at the time of deposition. As a consequence, it may be wise to model first the geometry of the layers and then, simplify the geologic equation by removing the influence of that geometry. Inspired from the work of H. E. Wheeler on Time-Stratigraphy, we define, mathematically, a new space where all horizons are horizontal planes and where faults, if any, have disappeared. We surmise that this new space, however approximative, is better to model physical properties of the subsurface whatever the subsequent interpolation method used. The proposed mathematical framework also provides solutions to complex problems such as determination of strains resulting from tectonic events and up-scaling of permeabilities on structured and unstructured 3D grids. 相似文献
4.
Spatial ability is required by practitioners and students of structural geology and so, considering spatial skills in the context of cognitive science has the potential to improve structural geology teaching and practice. Spatial thinking skills may be organized using three dichotomies, which can be linked to structural geology practice. First, a distinction is made between separating (attending to part of a whole) and combining (linking together aspects of the whole). While everyone has a basic ability to separate and combine, experts attend to differences guided by experiences of rock properties in context. Second, a distinction is made between seeing the relations among multiple objects as separate items or the relations within a single object with multiple parts. Experts can flexibly consider relations among or between objects to optimally reason about different types of spatial problems. Third, a distinction is made between reasoning about stationary and moving objects. Experts recognize static configurations that encode a movement history, and create mental models of the processes that led to the static state. The observations and inferences made by a geologist leading a field trip are compared with the corresponding observations and inferences made by a cognitive psychologist interested in spatial learning. The presented framework provides a vocabulary for discussing spatial skills both within and between the fields of structural geology and cognitive psychology. 相似文献
5.
Kinematics of the eastern Caucasus near Baku, Azerbaijan 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Fakhraddin Kadirov Michael Floyd Akif Alizadeh Ibrahim Guliev Robert Reilinger Sadi Kuleli Robert King M. Nafi Toksoz 《Natural Hazards》2012,63(2):997-1006
The potential for large, shallow earthquakes and their associated seismic hazard in the eastern Caucasus, an area of dense population and sensitive industrial infrastructure, remains speculative based on historical precedent and current geologic and seismologic observations. Here we present updated and expanded results from a GPS network between the northern edge of the Lesser Caucasus and Greater Caucasus, providing geodetic constraints to the problem. A significant strain rate is observed in a profile over a distance of about 150?km across the Kura Basin. We attribute this to inter-seismic strain accumulation on buried fault structures and present simple elastic dislocation models for their plausible geometry and slip rate based on the known geology, seismicity and the GPS velocities. Due to the close proximity of the strain anomaly to Baku, further observations are needed to determine whether observed contraction is due to inter-seismically locked faults and, if so, implications for the seismic hazard in the region. 相似文献
6.
7.
谈工程地质的学科价值与学科发展 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
工程地质是一门认知工程－地质相互作用规律和过程的科学,它的使命是保障人类工程活动的安全。工程地质学科的基本理论形态包括成因演化论、结构控制论和相互作用论,这些理论有着相通的思想方法,就是成因决定结构,结构控制行为,工程地质过程是工程建设与地质环境相互作用的过程。随着我国近期工程建设的规模增大,埋藏加深,地质条件更复杂,由此带来的工程地质问题表现出显著的新特点,即研究对象大、深、动、热凸现,工程地质过程水、岩、温、化耦合,已有理论遭遇挑战,工程地质过程研究需要扩充。工程地质学科近期需要加强地质体工程性质研究、工程地质动力过程研究,以及地质环境研究。地质、地球物理、力学、工程科学的结合是工程地质学科发展的有效途径,理论、技术方法与实践并重的模式是工程地质学科发展的基本模式。 相似文献
8.
Mishra Partha Narayan Zhang Yuan Bhuyan Md Habibullah Scheuermann Alexander 《Acta Geotechnica》2020,15(12):3399-3414
It has been long recognised that some of the fundamental and engineering properties of soils exhibit a certain degree of anisotropy that eventually dictates their directional geoengineering behaviours. Consideration of the importance of the volume change behaviour of soils during shrinkage and a critical review of the literature suggests scopes for further research for the development of a better understanding of the anisotropy in volume change encountered during soil shrinkage. In this paper, anisotropy in volumetric shrinkage behaviour of soil is depicted with the theory of geometry factor and shrinkage strains. A systematic investigation and analysis on the evolution of geometry factors and shrinkage strains of several geomaterial samples during evaporative dewatering is reported herein. A theoretical framework for evaluating shrinkage geometry factors of a cylindrical soil specimen undergoing volume change during progressive moisture loss is described in this paper. Furthermore, based on experimental and literature data, shrinkage geometry factors of several specimens differing in terms of gradational properties, specimen size, evaporative boundary condition and pore fluid salinity are evaluated and discussed in detail in accordance with the theoretical framework. Linkages between shrinkage process, shrinkages strains and geometry factor are also analysed to underpin the usage of geometry factor and shrinkage strains to characterise anisotropy during soil shrinkage.
相似文献9.
Summary The deformational behavior of underground excavations in rock salt is difficult to predict because of the time-dependent
properties of rock salt, and its response to many other parameters, which influence its behavior. To investigate the influence
of important parameters such as time, temperature, geology, opening geometry, excavation sequence, and effects of the immediate
roof layer on underground excavations in rock salt, deformation measurements from the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) were
used. 相似文献
10.
Besides experimental investigations related to the strengthening effects of resins to natural stone, there have been hardly any numerical simulations conducted to the effects of the conservation on the mechanical behaviour of conserved objects. In the present study a three-dimensional finite element code MASA was used to investigate the influence of the conservation procedure on the mechanical properties of the natural stone. The finite element code is based on the microplane material model. As a localization limiter the crack band method was used. A typical profile of sandstone resembling parts of a sculpture—with scaling, sandy decay and sound zones was discretized by solid finite elements. Varied were material properties, temperature distribution over the depth of the specimen, cyclic effects due to the temperature variation and geometry of the specimen. Numerical results show that as a consequence of change of material properties after conservation procedure the cracks can be generated under environmental conditions that are most likely possible in practice. This is especially true for extreme temperature gradients, for repeated temperature conditions (cyclic loading) and for complex geometries. The numerical results have been partly verified by experiments. 相似文献
11.
环境地球科学之滑坡地震地质学 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本文提出滑坡地震地质学学科概念,属于环境地球科学学科范畴。滑坡地震地质学是研究地震荷载下滑坡发生机理、分布与演化规律的学科;也是借助地震滑坡解决地震地质问题的学科。它是地质灾害学、地震地质学、工程地质学之间的一门交叉边缘学科。其也与固体地球物理学、构造地质学、构造地貌学、环境地质学、数值计算、地理信息系统、遥感、统计分析等学科密切相关。文章从科研层面与应用层面的分类大体构建了滑坡地震地质学的研究框架与体系。科研层面的目的是探索地震滑坡规律,应用层面的目的是地震滑坡防灾减灾。根据科研与应用层面的研究目的,将其研究内容大体分为两部分:（1）研究地震滑坡发生机制、分布样式、演化规律等;（2）建立地震滑坡与地震、发震构造、地震破裂过程等的关系式,进而利用地震滑坡解决地震地质问题,如地震问题（地震参数、地震动强度、地震烈度）、发震构造问题（性质、破裂过程）、地质问题（震区地貌演化）等。最后,从地震滑坡数据库,全球范围多震例的地震滑坡分析,地震滑坡与地震地质对象关联的机理研究,地震滑坡演化规律等方面对该学科进行了展望。总之,考虑到随着遥感与GIS等技术的发展成熟、地震滑坡防灾减灾的越来越迫切的需求、多学科的融合交叉的发展趋势等方面,滑坡地震地质学势必会受到越来越广泛的关注。 相似文献
12.
Weak rock masses of high grade Carlin-trend gold mineralization are encountered in the Turquoise Ridge Joint Venture underground mine. The sediments consist of very weak and altered limestone, mudstone, and carbon-rich clays. The rock mass ratings are described as very poor to poor (Bieniawski in Proceedings of the symposium on exploration for rock engineering, Johannesburg, South Africa, pp. 97–106, 1976). The undercut and fill or boxes stoping mining methods are used because of the low dipping ore body geometry, complex geology, and weak rock mass. Design criteria are chosen to keep openings in weak rock as small as possible to prevent unraveling and to minimize supplementary support. Typical ground support for drifting includes the use of bolts, mesh, spiling, and shotcrete. Quality control of cemented rock fill (CRF) through sampling and aggregate sieve testing is necessary to insure high support strength. Specific support may include shotcrete arches with steel ring sets and CRF “arches” as a replacement of weak rock masses around long-term mine openings. Movement monitoring is utilized in problem areas and is needed to quantify and validate computer modeling. 相似文献
13.
FLAC数值模拟软件及其在地学中的应用 总被引：15，自引：0，他引：15
FLAC是以拉格朗日差分法为基础的一种数值模拟应用软件,主要用于岩土力学工程。近年地质学家将其应用到地质构造和块体运动学、动力学研究中,以证实或证伪地球学家们提出的相关地球动力学模型。本文初步介绍了FLAC应用软件的基本原理、使用方法以及它在国内外地质学上的几个应用实例。 相似文献
14.
论工程地质学基本理论 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
概括和总结了我国工程地质50年来的发展历史和所取得的科学成就。分析认为，岩土特性成因控制论、岩土体稳定性的结构控制论和人地协调论是工程地质学的基本理论。强调了在基本理论和学科交叉的基础上创新发展，是工程地质向新水平迈进的重要途径，并以优势面理论为例作了介绍说明。同时对我国工程地质学的发展方向和前景作了讨论。 相似文献
15.
现代战争特点及军事地质调查 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
作为地质学研究对象的地形、地貌、工程地质和地质灾害在传统的接触式战争中发挥过重要的作用,创造了许多战争奇迹,但在以精确全球打击,前线与后方界线模糊、陆军作战作用弱化的现代战争,地质对战争是否还有影响?本文围绕这一问题,通过对战争阶段演化及地质应用历史分析,从现代战争特点和对军事地质需求分析人手,利用军事学思维,讨论了地质学的地质体力学性质、地球化学性质、地球物理性质和地质灾害等内容在现代战争中的作用,主要包括精确打击和重点防御目标的优选、打击地面工事的武器选配、目标侦测和靶区选择、海洋战争环境建设和战争评估、地面临时机动路线规划和工事选址等方面;探讨了军事地质调查的重点区域、方法手段、比例尺选择问题,以及在区域地质、工程地质、水文地质、灾害地质、地球物理调查基础上开展军事地质调查的工作流程及成果表达问题,分析了未来军事地质重点研究发展方向,为地质学在现代战争中的应用提供思路。 相似文献
16.
工程地质图是表明各种地质及水文地质现象的一种图件,它是否能客观地反映实际情况与制图方式极为密切。本文就一些传统的地质制图法与解析几保法在倾斜结构面的地质图编制中的应用方法进行对比,认为解析几何法在倾斜结构面地图编制中的应用方法蝇一种简单而行之有效的制图方法。 相似文献
17.
V. T. Trofimov 《Moscow University Geology Bulletin》2008,63(2):59-69
The contents and relationships of environmental geology, ecological geology, and geoecology are discussed. It is shown that they differ in their subjects, directions and objects of investigation, as well as their scientific and practical tasks. Hence, these concepts and the spheres of knowledge they determine can be neither identified with nor substituted for each other because this inevitably causes terminological confusion and hampers the development of ecological problems, and not only in geology. Environmental geology, by its content, is a collection of data obtained by traditional geological sciences and has no specially developed conceptual base. It is an anthropocentrically oriented field of geological knowledge, unlike ecological geology, which is oriented biocentrically and has a wider volume. Geoecology is an interdisciplinary science studying the effect of all abiotic spheres of living matter. Ecologically oriented geological sciences are intended to provide information on only one of these spheres—the lithosphere. 相似文献
18.
For a mining operation to be successful, it is important to bring fundamental and applied science together. The mining engineer needs to understand the importance of geology, mineralogy and petrography, and how projects can benefit from the data collected during the exploration and pre-exploration stage. Geological scientists also need to understand the process of project development from the exploration stage through mine design and operation to mine closure. Kimberlite pipe or dyke emplacement, geology and petrology/mineralogy are three areas that illustrate how information obtained from the geological studies could directly influence the mining method selection and the project strategy and design. Kimberlite emplacement is one of the fundamental processes that rely on knowledge of the kimberlite body geology. Although the importance of the emplacement model is commonly recognized in the resource geology, mining engineers do not always appreciate its importance to the mine design. The knowledge of the orebody geometry, character of the contact zones, internal structures and distribution of inclusions could directly influence pit wall stability (thus strip ratio), underground mining method selection, dilution, treatability, and the dewatering strategy. Understanding the internal kimberlite geology mainly includes the geometry and character of individual phases, and the orientation and character of internal structures that transect the rock mass. For any mining method it is important to know “where the less and where the more competent rocks are located” to achieve stability. On the other hand, the detailed facies studies may not be important for the resource and mine design if the rock types have similar physical properties and diamond content. A good understanding of the kimberlite petrology and mineralogy could be crucial not only to the treatability (namely diamond damage and liberation), but also to the pit wall and underground excavation stability, support design, mine safety (mudrush risk assessment) and mine dewatering. There is no doubt that a better understanding of the kimberlite and country rock geology has a direct impact on the safety and economics of the mining operations. The process of mine design can start at the beginning of kimberlite discovery by incorporating the critical geological information without necessarily increasing the exploration budget. It is important to appreciate the usefulness of fundamental geological research and its impact on increased confidence in the mine design. Such studies should be viewed as worthwhile investments, not as cost items. 相似文献
19.
储层特征描述是以石油地质学为理论基础，应用地质、物探、测井、测试等多方面信息和多种数学方法，以数据库为支柱，以计算机为手段，对油藏进行四维定量化研究并进行可视化显示、表征及预测。面向对象分析的关键是识别出问题域内的对象，并分析它们相互间的关系，最终建立起问题域的简洁、精确、可理解的正确模型。以测井资料为主的储层描述，把测井数据抽象为测井类，按测井数据源的类型又把测井类派生为常规测井类、特殊测井类和成像测井类。测井类的测井曲线具有相同的头数据文件类。对储层特征结构、测井信息的派生结构进行了相应的定义，并对测井曲线对象进行了描述。 相似文献
20.
材料科学和地质学的发展及前景(英文) 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
《地学前缘》2000,(2)
材料科学可定义为一门涉及化学、物理学、矿物学、地质学、冶金学和合成材料等领域的科学。“工具制造者的人类” ,主要是使用石器 ,并由此而增进了其智能的发育。燧石、石灰岩中氧化硅富集体提供了制作武器和工具的材料 ,土壤则可用于制陶业和陶瓷业。材料科学主要是由研究工业矿物演化而来 ,它与地质学的关系密切 ;合成材料以其特殊的性能满足了人们的需求。火和压力在处理天然材料的工艺发展中起着头等作用 ;金银铜铁及其它金属能用作装饰品、防御武器和制造工具。有些金属的使用显示了人类各历史时期的特点。人们后来发现某些结晶体具有特殊的性质 ,如石英的压电性、红宝石激光 ,钻石和刚玉的高硬度 (可用作磨料 ,将来仍具开发潜力 )。合成材料和在太空合成的材料具有远大前景 (如碳的同素异形体carbyne car bynoid)。在材料科学中 ,特种玻璃 ,硬而防火的陶瓷、磨料、特殊耐火材料 ,只不过是材料科学中业已开发的几种工艺矿物而已。材料科学的发展对于现代文明和解决人类当今和未来所遇到的各种问题都极其重要。与世界人口增长相关的问题 ,可以通过科学、绿色革命和生物技术 ,以及一切天然资源的合理开发来解决 ,这将有助于避免“南北对抗”。肯定地说 ,材料科学及其未来的发展 ,会有助于人类去应付 相似文献