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1.
隋振民  陈跃军 《现代地质》2012,26(4):627-634
锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb测年结果显示,吉林南部地区三棵榆树组粗面岩形成于118 Ma的早白垩世晚期。岩石地球化学研究表明,三棵榆树组粗面岩的SiO2含量为65.11%~65.61%,富碱(K2O=6.29%~7.28%,Na2O=3.71%~4.21%),属于钾玄岩系列,弱过铝质(A/CNK=1.05~1.12),含镁指数Mg#=9~16;稀土元素总量较高(∑REE=317.72×10-6~371.30×10-6),轻重稀土分馏明显(LaN/YbN=19.50~22.80),Eu负异常较弱(δEu=0.75~0.81);微量元素富集Rb、Th、Zr、K,明显亏损Nb、Ta和Sr等,显示典型的大陆地壳特征。锆石的176Hf/177Hf比值介于0.282 206~0.282 309之间,εHf(t)值介于-13.32~-16.97之间,Hf模式年龄(TDM2)介于2.0~2.6 Ga之间,平均为2.2 Ga。上述特征表明,吉林南部地区早白垩世粗面岩主要来源于古元古代地壳物质的部分熔融,形成于伸展构造环境。  相似文献   

2.
在区域地质调查及综合研究的基础上,通过详细的岩石学、接触关系、同位素年龄及地球化学特征研究,对位于天水南部地区的晚加里东期百花岩体、熊山沟岩体,早华力西期党川岩体、火炎山岩体的地球化学特征及形成的构造环境进行了讨论.百花岩体岩石化学低钾(K2O/Na2O=0.13~0.91)、低铝(A/CNK=0.74~0.78),微量元素相对富集Cr、Ni、Y、Rb、Sr,贫Nb、Zr,稀土元素丰度较低(∑REE=107.71 × 10-6~191.13×10-6);熊山沟岩体早期岩石化学成分低钾(K2O/Na2O:0.33~0.42),晚期岩石相对富集钾(K2O/Na2O=1.01~1.43),微量元素富集Th、Hf、Nb、Zr等元素.晚加里东期岩体的共同特点是岩石属拉斑-钙碱性系列,稀土元素以富集轻稀土元素、无铕负异常或铕负异常不明显为主要特征,氧同位素值较低(δ18O: 3.32‰),岩石具Ⅰ型花岗岩的特征.熊山沟岩体物质来源于下地壳,百花岩体形成于岛弧构造环境.党川岩体富集SiO2(SiO2=72.29%~73.40%)、K2O(K2O/Na2O=0.86~2.01)、Al2O3(A/CNK=1.05~1.20);火炎山岩体岩石总体SiO2含量较低(平均69.70%),但K2O(K2O/Na2O=1.14~1.88)、Fe2O3 FeO、MgO较高.早华力西期岩体的共同特征是岩石具钾玄质系列岩石地球化学特征,为过铝质岩石(A/CNK>1.0),相对富集大离子亲石元素Ba、zr、Rb、Sm、Ta及Rb、Ba、Th、Nb等,稀土元素丰度较高,轻稀土元素富集,铕亏损强烈,铕负异常明显,δEu值较低(δ Eu=0.36~0.61),(87Sr/86Sr)0大于0.7070,氧同位素δ18O较高(δ18O= 8.89‰~ 11.08‰),物源为上地壳物质,属壳源花岗岩类,岩石具S型花岗岩的特征,形成于后碰撞构造环境或后造山构造环境.  相似文献   

3.
湖北省蕲春县烈马咀花岗岩主要为黑云母二长花岗岩,由黑云母、钾长石、斜长石和石英等矿物组成,属于梅川杂岩体主岩体乱泥滩单元的组成部分。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年结果显示,其U-Pb谐和年龄为123±0.85 Ma(N=15,MSWD=0.21),206Pb/238U表面年龄加权平均值为123±1 Ma(N=15,MSWD=0.21),略晚于乱泥滩主岩体侵位年龄(131 Ma)和大别山地区晚中生代岩浆活动峰期年龄(130 Ma)。烈马咀花岗岩主-微量元素分析显示,主要元素以高SiO2(74.76%77.64%)、富碱(K2O+Na2O 7.18%77.64%)、富碱(K2O+Na2O 7.18%7.96%)和过铝质(Al2O312.73%7.96%)和过铝质(Al2O312.73%14.06%)为特征;微量元素以富集大离子亲石元素(如Rb和Pb等)和亏损高场强元素(如Nb、Zr、P和Ti等)为特征;稀土元素具有轻稀土富集和Eu负异常(δEu=0.4114.06%)为特征;微量元素以富集大离子亲石元素(如Rb和Pb等)和亏损高场强元素(如Nb、Zr、P和Ti等)为特征;稀土元素具有轻稀土富集和Eu负异常(δEu=0.410.65)特征。烈马咀花岗岩成岩年龄和岩石地球化学特征显示其成因与大别山造山带内晚中生代花岗岩类似,均来自古老下地壳物质的部分熔融,形成于晚中生代整个中国东部岩石圈伸展减薄的构造背景下。  相似文献   

4.
龙王(石童)A型花岗岩地球化学特征及其地球动力学意义   总被引:11,自引:0,他引:11  
龙王花岗岩岩体产于华北克拉通南缘,岩石类型主要为黑云母钾长花岗岩,局部见有霓辉石花岗岩。岩体高硅(SiO2=72.17%~76.82%)、富碱(K2O+Na2O=8.28%~10.22%,K2O/Na2O>1),碱性指数AI(agpaitic index)=0.84~0.95,分异指数DI=95~97,铝指数ASI(aluminium saturation index)=0.96~1.13。含铁指数高(FeO/(FeO+Mg)=0.90~0.99),岩石为准铝质至弱过铝质、碱性—碱钙性、铁质A型花岗岩。岩石富集大离子亲石元素,稀土元素含量很高(854~1572μg/g);高场强元素(Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf)的富集程度明显低于大离子亲石元素,因此在微量元素蛛网图上呈相对亏损特征;岩石显著亏损Ba、Sr、Ti、Pb;εNd(t)=-4.5~-7.2,Nd模式年龄为2.3~2.5Ga。εHf(t)=-1.11~-5.26,模式年龄tHf1=2.1~2.3Ga,tHf2=2.4~2.6Ga。黑云母钾长花岗岩中的锆石主要为无色透明柱状晶体,CL图像多数显示清晰的岩浆成因的韵律环带结构,锆石LA-ICPMSU-Pb年龄为...  相似文献   

5.
本文对江西彭山锡多金属矿集区隐伏花岗岩体进行了详细的锆石U-Pb年代学、Hf同位素组成和岩石地球化学研究。SHRIMP和LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年表明,该岩体年龄为128~129Ma,属燕山晚期岩浆活动的产物。详细的地球化学分析显示,彭山隐伏花岗岩体具有高硅(SiO2=75.42%~76.46%)、富碱(Na2O+K2O=7.93%~8.35%,K2O/Na2O=1.32~1.61)的特征,极度贫Mg(普遍MgO=0~0.07%),贫Ca(CaO=0.37%~0.69%),弱过铝质(A/CNK=1.04~1.11),富集Rb、Th、U等大离子亲石元素及Hf、Nb等高场强元素,强烈亏损Sr、Ba、Eu、P、Ti。稀土总量偏低(∑REE=41.18×10-6~85.06×10-6),强烈的Eu负异常(Eu/Eu*=0.05~0.11)。104×Ga/Al比值变化于2.75~4.04,平均值为3.19。这些特征均不同于典型的A型和S型花岗岩。岩石学和地球化学特征指示该岩体可能是一个高分异的I型花岗岩。该花岗岩中锆石εHf(t)值偏高,主要集中在-0.6~-4.5,显示在成岩过程中有地幔组分的参与,属壳幔混源花岗岩,推测该岩体的形成可能与燕山晚期华南岩石圈伸展拉张环境有关。  相似文献   

6.
大兴安岭中段明水地区头道河岩体主要由花岗闪长岩、二长花岗岩组成。锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb同位素测年结果显示,头道河岩体形成于243~240 Ma的中三叠世。岩石地球化学资料显示头道河岩体具有高硅(Si O2=61.32%~78.19%),富铝(Al2O3=11.85%~16.87%),贫铁(TFe2O3=0.56%~5.93%)、镁(Mg O=0.16%~3.30%)、钙(Ca O=0.26%~2.94%)的特征,为一套高钾钙碱性的I型花岗岩;稀土元素总量偏低(ΣREE=75.5×10-6~149.49×10-6),稀土元素分馏明显,(La/Yb)N介于8.71~17.61之间,无明显铕异常;微量元素以富集Rb、Pb、Th、U等大离子亲石元素,亏损Nb、Ta、Ti等高场强元素为特征。锆石原位Hf同位素分析表明,该岩体花岗质岩石的176Hf/177Hf值为0.282 811~0.283 227,εHf(t)为较高的正值(+6.55~+12.19),Hf二阶段模式年龄(tDM2)介于595~1 107 Ma之间。上述地球化学特征指示,头道河岩体源区物质为中元古代显生宙期间从亏损地幔增生的年轻火成岩地壳物质。结合区域地质资料及同期火成岩物质的时空展布规律,认为中三叠世头道河岩体形成于古亚洲洋闭合后的造山后伸展构造环境。  相似文献   

7.
王坪石岩体具有超酸性(SiO2=73%~76%)、SiO2过饱和(大量石英)、偏铝质到弱过铝质(Al2O3=12.48%~14.23%)和碱性(Na2O+ K2O=7.83%~9.41%)的特征.总稀土较低(ΣREE=(54.41~140.21)×10-6),稀土配分型式为左陡右缓的轻稀土元素富集、重稀土元素亏损型.微量元素富集K、Pb等大离子亲石元素以及Rb、Th、U等强不相容元素,相对亏损Ba等大离子亲石元素和Nb、Ta、Ti、La、Ce等高场强元素和P元素.Sr-Nd-Pb同位素地球化学研究表明,该岩体的(87Sr/86Sr)i较低(0.70498~0.70503),εNd(t)为负值(-10.9‰~-12.1‰),以上特征结合岩浆混合的证据表明,该岩体的物质来源主要为下地壳古老变质岩(变质杂砂岩),但受到地幔端员的混染作用.  相似文献   

8.
河南舞阳南部张士英岩体的地球化学与成因及其构造意义   总被引:4,自引:3,他引:1  
张士英岩体岩石类型以石英二长岩、石英正长岩为主。岩体属于准铝质的高钾-钾玄岩系列(Al2O3为14.8%~16.7%,A/CNK=0.77~1.02,K2O/Na2O在1.00~1.43之间),稀土元素总量在261.7~381.0μg/g之间,轻稀土元素相对富集,稀土元素球粒陨石标准化模式呈右倾平滑曲线,(La/Yb)N比值为28~50,具有轻微的Eu负异常,Eu/Eu?比值在0.73~0.87之间。微量元素组成上表现为Sr、Ba、Nb、Ta的亏损,而Th、U相对富集。(87Sr/86Sr)i初始平均值为0.709,εNd(t)值为-13.9~-19.9,Nd的模式年龄为1.48~2.10Ga。岩体锆石LA-ICP-MSU-Pb年龄为(124.2±0.5)Ma,为早白垩世岩浆作用的产物。岩体侵位的区域地质背景为华北克拉通白垩纪大规模岩石圈转型和减薄时期,岩石的微量元素及同位素特征表明,岩体主要来源于下地壳物质的部分熔融,但有年轻地幔物质的加入。反映在区域强烈伸展拉张和岩石圈减薄背景下,软流圈地幔岩浆底侵所造成的下地壳部分熔融及壳幔混合过程。  相似文献   

9.
王坪石岩体具有超酸性(SiO2=73%~76%)、SiO2过饱和(大量石英)、偏铝质到弱过铝质(Al2O3=12.48%~14.23%)和碱性(Na2O+K2O=7.83%~9.41%)的特征。总稀土较低(ΣREE=(54.41~140.21)×10-6),稀土配分型式为左陡右缓的轻稀土元素富集、重稀土元素亏损型。微量元素富集K、Pb等大离子亲石元素以及Rb、Th、U等强不相容元素,相对亏损Ba等大离子亲石元素和Nb、Ta、Ti、La、Ce等高场强元素和P元素。Sr-Nd-Pb同位素地球化学研究表明,该岩体的(87Sr/86Sr)i较低(0.70498~0.70503),εNd(t)为负值(-10.9‰~-12.1‰),以上特征结合岩浆混合的证据表明,该岩体的物质来源主要为下地壳古老变质岩(变质杂砂岩),但受到地幔端员的混染作用。  相似文献   

10.
粤北佛冈岩体北缘的白沙岩体细粒黑云母二长花岗岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb加权平均年龄为130.3±3.0 Ma,表明细粒黑云母二长花岗岩侵入于早白垩世。岩体高硅(SiO2=70.64~75.01 wt%),高Na2O+K2O(7.62~8.33 wt%),低P2O5(0.024~0.100 wt%),富集Rb、Th、U、K、Pb、Nd、Zr和Hf等元素,亏损Ba、Nb、Ta、La、Ce、Sr、P和Ti等。明显富集轻稀土元素[(La/Yb)N=6.74~54.69],显示明显的负Eu异常(δEu=0.15~0.35),少量正Eu异常(δEu=0.82~1.19)。这些地球化学特征指示细粒黑云母二长花岗岩为高分异I型花岗岩。锆石Hf同位素研究结果表明,εHf(t)=-7.3~-10.6,其平均值为-8.89。其两阶段模式年龄(T2DM)主要为1 654~1 865 Ma(n=8),平均值为1 751 Ma。佛冈复式岩体早白垩世细粒黑云母二长花岗岩形成于古太平洋板块向欧亚板块俯冲的陆缘弧构造背景下,其地球化学特征表明其物质主要来源于古元古代地壳的杂砂-泥质源岩部分熔融,并有少量幔源物质参与。  相似文献   

11.
This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (3He/4He, 40Ar/36Ar, 34S/32S, 65Cu/63Cu, 62Ni/60Ni, 87Sr/86Sr, 143Nd/144Nd, 206–208Pb/204Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.  相似文献   

12.
最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提  相似文献   

13.
Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.  相似文献   

14.
Most sulfide-rich magmatic Ni-Cu-(PGE) deposits form in dynamic magmatic systems by partial melting S-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren to weakly-mineralized immiscible Fe sulfide xenomelts into which Ni-Cu-Co-PGE partition from the magma. Some exceptionally-thick magmatic Cr deposits may form by partial melting oxide-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of the miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren Fe ± Ti oxide xenocrysts into which Cr-Mg-V ± Ti partition from the magma. The products of these processes are variably preserved as skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles, which play important to critical roles in ore genesis, transport, localization, and/or modification. Incorporation of barren xenoliths/autoliths may induce small amounts of sulfide/chromite to segregate, but incorporation of sulfide xenomelts or oxide xenocrysts with dynamic upgrading of metal tenors (PGE > Cu > Ni > Co and Cr > V > Ti, respectively) is required to make significant ore deposits. Silicate xenomelts are only rarely preserved, but will be variably depleted in chalcophile and ferrous metals. Less dense felsic xenoliths may aid upward sulfide transport by increasing the effective viscosity and decreasing the bulk density of the magma. Denser mafic or metamorphosed xenoliths may also increase the effective viscosity of the magma, but may aid downward sulfide transport by increasing the bulk density of the magma. Sulfide wets olivine, so olivine xenocrysts may act as filter beds to collect advected finely dispersed sulfide droplets, but other silicates and xenoliths may not be wetted by sulfides. Xenovolatiles may retard settling of – or in some cases float – dense sulfide droplets. Reactions of sulfide melts with felsic country rocks may generate Fe-rich skarns that may allow sulfide melts to fractionate to more extreme Cu-Ni-rich compositions. Xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles are more likely to be preserved in cooler basaltic magmas than in hotter komatiitic magmas, and are more likely to be preserved in less dynamic (less turbulent) systems/domain/phases than in more dynamic (more turbulent) systems/domains/phases. Massive to semi-massive Ni-Cu-PGE and Cr mineralization and xenoliths are often localized within footwall embayments, dilations/jogs in dikes, throats of magma conduits, and the horizontal segments of dike-chonolith and dike-sill complexes, which represent fluid dynamic traps for both ascending and descending sulfides/oxides. If skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and/or xenovolatiles are present, they provide important constraints on ore genesis and they are valuable exploration indicators, but they must be included in elemental and isotopic mass balance calculations.  相似文献   

15.
The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources.  相似文献   

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This paper discusses the result of the detailed investigations carried out on the coal characteristics, including coal petrography and its geochemistry of the Pabedana region. A total of 16 samples were collected from four coal seams d2, d4, d5, and d6 of the Pabedana underground mine which is located in the central part of the Central-East Iranian Microcontinent. These samples were reduced to four samples through composite sampling of each seam and were analyzed for their petrographic, mineralogical, and geochemical compositions. Proximate analysis data of the Pabedana coals indicate no major variations in the moisture, ash, volatile matter, and fixed carbon contents in the coals of different seams. Based on sulfur content, the Pabedana coals may be classified as low-sulfur coals. The low-sulfur contents in the Pabedana coal and relatively low proportion of pyritic sulfur suggest a possible fresh water environment during the deposition of the peat of the Pabedana coal. X-ray diffraction and petrographic analyses indicate the presence of pyrite in coal samples. The Pabedana coals have been classified as a high volatile, bituminous coal in accordance with the vitrinite reflectance values (58.75–74.32 %) and other rank parameters (carbon, calorific value, and volatile matter content). The maceral analysis and reflectance study suggest that the coals in all the four seams are of good quality with low maceral matter association. Mineralogical investigations indicate that the inorganic fraction in the Pabedana coal samples is dominated by carbonates; thus, constituting the major inorganic fraction of the coal samples. Illite, kaolinite, muscovite, quartz, feldspar, apatite, and hematite occur as minor or trace phases. The variation in major elements content is relatively narrow between different coal seams. Elements Sc,, Zr, Ga, Ge, La, As, W, Ce, Sb, Nb, Th, Pb, Se, Tl, Bi, Hg, Re, Li, Zn, Mo, and Ba show varying negative correlation with ash yield. These elements possibly have an organic affinity and may be present as primary biological concentrations either with tissues in living condition and/or through sorption and formation of organometallic compounds.  相似文献   

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《Chemical Geology》2007,236(1-2):13-26
We examined the coprecipitation behavior of Ti, Mo, Sn and Sb in Ca–Al–Mg fluorides under two different fluoride forming conditions: at < 70 °C in an ultrasonic bath (denoted as the ultrasonic method) and at 245 °C using a Teflon bomb (denoted as the bomb method). In the ultrasonic method, small amounts of Ti, Mo and Sn coprecipitation were observed with 100% Ca and 100% Mg fluorides. No coprecipitation of Ti, Mo, Sn and Sb in Ca–Al–Mg fluorides occurred when the sample was decomposed by the bomb method except for 100% Ca fluoride. Based on our coprecipitation observations, we have developed a simultaneous determination method for B, Ti, Zr, Nb, Mo, Sn, Sb, Hf and Ta by Q-pole type ICP-MS (ICP-QMS) and sector field type ICP-MS (ICP-SFMS). 9–50 mg of samples with Zr–Mo–Sn–Sb–Hf spikes were decomposed by HF using the bomb method and the ultrasonic method with B spike. The sample was then evaporated and re-dissolved into 0.5 mol l 1 HF, followed by the removal of fluorides by centrifuging. B, Zr, Mo, Sn, Sb and Hf were measured by ID method. Nb and Ta were measured by the ID-internal standardization method, based on Nb/Mo and Ta/Mo ratios using ICP-QMS, for which pseudo-FI was developed and applied. When 100% recovery yields of Zr and Hf are expected, Nb/Zr and Ta/Hf ratios may also be used. Ti was determined by the ID-internal standardization method, based on the Ti/Nb ratio from ICP-SFMS. Only 0.053 ml sample solution was required for measurement of all 9 elements. Dilution factors of ≤ 340 were aspirated without matrix effects. To demonstrate the applicability of our method, 4 carbonaceous chondrites (Ivuna, Orgueil, Cold Bokkeveld and Allende) as well as GSJ and USGS silicate reference materials of basalts, andesites and peridotites were analyzed. Our analytical results are consistent with previous studies, and the mean reproducibility of each element is 1.0–4.6% for basalts and andesites, and 6.7–11% for peridotites except for TiO2.  相似文献   

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