共查询到10条相似文献，搜索用时 125 毫秒
1.
Adrian Martin 《Geoforum》2003,34(1):57-69
This paper investigates the ways in which different groups of people arrive at decisions regarding what tree species to plant. Data is drawn from a case study of afforestation that is taking place under the policy of Joint Forest Planning and Management in the Western Ghats of Karnataka, India. Whilst there is a clear disparity between villager and Forest Department preferences, this difference is not simply a case of Forest Department ‘science’ pitted against villagers’ ‘local knowledge’. On the one hand, both villagers and the Forest Department employ empirical evidence to inform their preferences; on the other hand, decision making goes beyond this, being influenced by a range of institutional and cultural issues. This paper identifies obstacles to a complementary working relationship between local and expert knowledge and considers the resulting management implications. 相似文献
2.
Until the mid-1980s, transport policy was considered by many as one of the least successful domains of the European integration project. However, from the early 1990s onwards, there are clear signs of a single European transport policy, along with the accompanying implementation of infrastructure projects. What is the explanation for such a change in pace? This paper aims to offer insight in these processes by looking at the mechanisms which form and transform this policy domain. To understand the state of a policy domain and its dynamics over time an institutional approach is taken. Two concepts in political science, ‘policy arrangements’ and ‘supranational governance’ are combined and used as a framework to analyse the European transport policy domain. This analysis describes the development of several elements: organisations, rules, the transnational society, power, resources, and the central transport discourse. It demonstrates that all of these elements have developed from an intergovernmental setting towards a more supranational one. This development was slow in the first decennia when European transport policy was rather passive, but it picked up speed in the 1980s and 1990s. In the pivotal year of 1985, pressure from the transnational society resulted in a rapid change of the rules, the resources and the discourse. 相似文献
3.
54个晋冀低山丘陵区人工和人工扰动植被表土花粉样品分析表明:花粉组合以草本植物花粉(74.5％)为主,乔木花粉含量低于20％。人类活动较强的农田以谷物禾本科、蒿属和藜科花粉为主,人类活动较弱的荒地以蒿属、藜科和杂草禾本科花粉为主。人类活动强度不同,指示种不同,孢粉浓度亦不同;农田指示种为谷物禾本科、葡萄科和胡桃科,孢粉浓度约4380粒/g;而蒿属、蓼科和蔷薇科则为荒地指示种,孢粉浓度约10983粒/g。农作物种植方式不同,谷物禾本科花粉含量不同,单一禾本科作物种植区谷物禾本科花粉含量(40.2％)高于多种作物混作区(18.8％)和荒地(3.8％)的含量。谷物禾本科含量的变化可以为利用化石花粉提取和检测人类活动信息提供依据,也可为利用地层中谷物禾本科花粉判断古代农业活动提供依据。 相似文献
4.
Zarina Patel 《Geoforum》2006,37(5):682-694
The reshaping of South African cities is being guided by policies aiming to build socially and environmentally just communities. Despite widespread commitment to this goal, there is little consensus on what it means and how it should and could translate into practice. The paper shows that despite the emphasis on environmental justice and building sustainable communities in policy, the institutional context for implementation (including expert driven and deliberative approaches) do not always deliver on this mandate. Consequently, policy outcomes do not reflect those of the communities and households it is meant to serve, raising challenging moral and ethical questions for institutions involved in environmental governance. This paper shows how the institutional context of environmental assessment combined with the role played by the values held by environmental practitioners charged with influencing decision-making result in the perpetuation of environmental injustices. The lack of a clearly defined profession and professional body, reflecting a diversity of values, debating, regulating, defining and defending a set of principles to guide decision-making in cities is identified as a possible reason for the lack of congruence between the values reflected in policy with those held by the communities these interventions are intended to serve. The resulting value added by sustainable cities interventions in the light of this mismatch is therefore questionable, raising challenges regarding international calls for local action as well as an increasing policy focus in South Africa on the local level as the agent of political and spatial transformation of cities. 相似文献
5.
Commercial afforestation in South Africa dates back to the 1870s and started as an alternative to the fast disappearing indigenous
timber resource. It involves the planting of exotic timber species and has impacts on water resources, soil biodiversity,
landscapes, etc. Commercial afforestation of land has been subjected to regulation through the Afforestation Permit System
(APS) since 1972, primarily to protect the national water resource. Since the APS no longer adequately dealt with afforestation
regulation, it was replaced in 1999 with a procedure that was supposed to integrate the requirements of relevant legislation
and general environmental management principles. This paper is a theoretical review of the background and development of the new South African Streamflow Reduction Activities licensing procedure, as well as
whether it complies with the requirements of an environmental management system such as ISO 14001. The main conclusion is
that the new procedure, although an improvement on the previous procedure, still has shortcomings especially with regard to
the operational and decommissioning phases of forestry in South Africa. It is recommended that these aspects be addressed
in order to mitigate the impact of forestry on water sustainability in South Africa.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
6.
The increasing demand for building materials has led to indiscriminate exploitation of clay-rich topsoil from wetlands including the paddy lands of Central Kerala in the southwestern coast of India. The problem is critical in areas adjoining the major developmental centers having low per capita land and natural resource availability. Loss of fertile topsoil, shrinkage of agricultural lands and consequent food security issues, erosion of naturally evolved nutrients, lowering of water table in wells adjacent to the mining sites, etc., are some of the major environmental issues arising from indiscriminate brick and tile clay mining. Although, brick and tile clay mining brings short-term economic benefits and employment opportunities to a section of people, the process in the long run creates severe damages to the environmental settings of the area. The present paper deals with a few aspects of brick and tile clay mining in the paddy lands of Central Kerala, especially around Kochi City, a fast developing urban-cum-industrial center in South India, which demands large quantities of building materials including bricks and tiles for construction of infrastructural facilities. It is estimated that 729,695 tons/year (ty?1) of brick and tile clays are extracted from the coastal lowlands of Central Kerala, spreading to the Chalakudy (135,975 ty?1), Periyar (483,820 ty?1) and Muvattupuzha (109,900 ty?1) river basins. The N, P and K loss through extraction of brick and tile clays amounts to 210 ty?1, 96 ty?1 and 9,352 ty?1, respectively. As nutrient loss is an irreversible process in human time scale, its implications on agricultural productivity is a matter of serious concern. The study warrants the need for a comprehensive policy with an aim to regulate the mining activities on an environment- friendly basis in the densely populated coasts of the world, in general, and the study area in particular. 相似文献
7.
Afforestation of European landscapes: How do different farmer types respond to EU agri-environmental schemes? 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
This paper investigates how different types of farmers manage the landscape with primary emphasis on farmland afforestation, planned landscape changes, and the extent to which EU agri-environmental schemes take farm type specific characteristics into account in information strategies. The empirical data concern landscape practices of more than 2,000 landowners in 16 European areas in eight countries who were surveyed using quantitative questionnaires. Supplementary in-depth interviews were conducted for two case areas in Denmark to further investigate the role of the policy information environment. The analysis is based on a categorization of the farmers into hobby, part-time, full-time and retired farmers. This study shows that hobby farmers constitute a high proportion of landowners and manage a large part of the rural landscape. At the same time, hobby farmers are relatively more interested in landscape changes and differ from other landowners by considering farmland afforestation more often than full-time landowners, for example. Yet, 40% of the hobby farmers who are considering farmland afforestation are not familiar with the agri-environmental scheme for farmland afforestation. One reason may be their low membership rate in traditional information networks such as farmers’ or foresters’ associations, as revealed by the in-depth analysis of the cases in Denmark. Thus, it is proposed that policy impact may be improved if farmer type specific differences are explicitly taken into account in the scheme logistics for EU agri-environmental schemes. 相似文献
8.
《Geoforum》2014
This article contributes to the study of changing climate discourse and policy in emerging powers through a case study of climate discourse in India since 2007. Based on interviews with key actors in Indian climate politics and textual analysis, three general climate discourses – the Third World, Win–Win and Radical Green discourses – are identified. The discourses are characterised by different constructions of India’s identity, interests, climate change exposure and climate policy orientation. At the most general level, the article finds that there has been a general discursive shift from the Third World discourse to the Win–Win discourse, and that the latter discourse is in broad agreement with the dominant international climate change discourse of ecological modernisation and thus supports an alignment between Indian and international climate politics. We also find, however, that India’s domestic climate politics is marked by co-existence and tensions between the three climate discourses, producing a complex and at times contentious discursive politics over climate change, identity and development. The case study presented in this article moreover demonstrates how national interests are socially constructed and how changes in policy reflect changes in the dominant discourse. 相似文献
9.
《Geoforum》2015
This article examines the dynamics of double exposure, vulnerability, and resistance to neoliberal globalization and environmental change in the Chilean agricultural region of Biobio. By using climatic models and secondary Agricultural Census data from 1997 and 2007, we assess how Chilean neoliberal reforms have, since 1974, facilitated land use changes and forestry investments. We demonstrate that policy changes which incentivize forestry investments have reduced cultivated agricultural lands and native forest, and concentrated land in the hands of global agribusiness corporations. Compounding these issues, Biobio shows a climatic trend towards aridity coupled with an increasing demand for irrigation. Analyzing these conditions, we argue that the neoliberal globalization of regional agriculture under the context of climatic changes has produced a regional space of increasing vulnerabilities and uneven geographical development in Biobio. We particularly demonstrate that the Chilean mode of agricultural neoliberalization has been conducive to land dispossession—to the detriment of traditional agriculture —and has homogenized the biophysical landscape, replacing traditional crops and native forests with exotic species like pines and eucalyptus. We also examine how local producers are using resistance movements to cope with and contest neoliberal environmental changes. We conclude by evaluating the implications of these spaces of agricultural vulnerabilities and local resistances in the context of uneven geographical development at a regional and global scale. 相似文献
10.
From brain drain to brain gain: reverse migration to Bangalore and Hyderabad, India’s globalizing high tech cities 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Elizabeth Chacko 《GeoJournal》2007,68(2-3):131-140
This paper assesses the mutual impact of returning Indian-origin skilled workers on the cities of Bangalore (Bengaluru) and
Hyderabad, which have emerged as India’s leading “tech cities”. During the 1970s and 1980s, there was concern that India was
losing its educated workforce to the West, particularly to the United States through a phenomenon known as “brain drain”.
More recently, there is evidence that reverse brain drain is occurring, as U.S.-trained Indian professionals are returning
to their home country in increasing numbers to take advantage of new growth and employment opportunities. The effects of this
skilled, transnationally active labor force on various sectors of the economy, on the social and physical infrastructure of
Bangalore and Hyderabad and in forging and solidifying transnational linkages between India and the United States are explored
in this paper. This study also investigates the reasons why successful US professionals of Asian-Indian origin are returning
to their home country via a series of personal interviews. The paper offers Bangalore and Hyderabad as “worldwide leading
cities” with a niche status in the global Information Technology (IT) sector. 相似文献