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1.
张文杰  林午  董林兵 《岩土力学》2014,35(5):1263-1268
作为替代型垃圾填埋场封顶,毛细阻滞型腾发封顶具有诸多优点,但目前主要在欧美干旱、半干旱地区使用,对其在湿润气候区工作性能的研究较少。选用低塑性粉质黏土和砾砂作为填料,在杭州市一露天环境构筑模型土柱并培育植被,量测自然降雨、蒸发和植被蒸腾作用下土柱透水量、地表径流量和各深度含水率变化,探讨毛细阻滞型腾发封顶的工作机制。试验历时15个月,得到该封顶在降雨高峰期、晴热高温期、台风影响期和冬季阴冷期等时段的响应。试验结果表明,降雨和腾发作用下粉质黏土含水率变化较大,底部砾砂中也有较小幅度干湿循环,腾发可在整个封顶土层范围内起作用;当粉质黏土底部达到饱和,砾砂含水率接近4%时底部有水透出,此时该封顶暂时失效,后随水汽运移毛细阻滞界面功能恢复,该封顶仍能正常工作;试验过程中,降雨总量为1 782.6 mm,共产生地表径流为53.08 mm,透水为19.64 mm,其他降水均在土层吸持与腾发交替作用下最终返回大气,在试验期间该封顶能有效地阻止降雨入渗。  相似文献   

2.
层状土层之间孔隙结构和水力学性质的不连续性对土体水盐运移有显著影响。基于现场调查,设计了两种不同粒径土层二元结构组合(黄土-砂质粉土和黄土-粉质黏土)的室内土柱试验,通过模型试验讨论了不同地下水补给条件下土层结构对毛细水分布和盐分累积的影响。试验结果表明:在毛细水补给条件下,黄土-砂质粉土构成的上细下粗型土层结构有利于毛细水盐运移,经过60 d蒸发后,其表层SO_4~(2-)含量是上粗下细型土柱的两倍。在无毛细水补给条件下,砂质粉土层中水盐向上迁移总量和迁移速率大于粉质黏土层,最终上细下粗型土柱中上覆土层各层位离子含量均大于上粗下细型土柱。研究结果为层状土区盐渍土病害的防治提供了试验参考。  相似文献   

3.
改变边界温度和土样高度,对饱和粉土进行了冻结试验,研究其水分迁移、水分重分布、冻胀和冰透镜体的发展规律。试验结果表明:当温度稳定时,水分持续迁移到冻结锋面附近,含水率急剧增大,易形成冰透镜体。饱和粉土冰透镜体几何形态较为规则,无枝状交叉结构,已冻土为整体状且无网状裂隙。冻结过程中存在起始冻胀时间,在起始冻胀时间之前,土中水分被排出,冻胀发生之后水分补给到冻土中,且补给水分产生的冻胀量和总冻胀量数值接近。土样高度影响水分迁移量和冻胀量,土样越高,冻胀量越小,冻土含水率增量越小,但水分增量分布区域越分散,且起始冻胀时间越长。  相似文献   

4.
万勇  薛强  赵立业  杜延军  刘磊 《岩土力学》2015,36(3):679-686
针对干湿循环作用下填埋场封场覆盖系统压实黏土防渗失效等问题,系统开展了干湿循环作用下(室内模拟填埋场气候环境)压实黏土渗透特性及微观结构特征试验研究,探讨了干湿循环次数、压实度、试样尺寸对压实黏土渗透系数影响并从微观层次揭示其防渗失效内在本质。研究结果表明:干湿循环前,相同压实度的大、小两种尺寸渗透试样所测渗透系数基本相同,经3次干湿循环后,不同尺寸、不同压实度黏土渗透系数增加量却存在明显差异。干湿循环作用下,小尺寸高、低两压实黏土试样均只收缩不开裂,并且高压实黏土微观结构损伤大于低压缩黏土,其渗透系数的增加量也大于小尺寸低压实黏土。而大尺寸试样裂隙发育与现场压实黏土裂隙发育相似,高压实黏土内部裂隙体积小于低压实黏土,其渗透系数的增加量也小于低压实黏土。同时,大尺寸试样内部大量未闭合宏观裂隙致使其渗透系数增加量大于同等压实度条件下小尺寸试样渗透系数增加量。室内小尺寸试样无法体现干湿循环作用下压实黏土层内部干缩裂隙对其渗透性能的影响,因此,其渗透试验结果不宜作为评价压实黏土长期防渗性能的评价指标。  相似文献   

5.
为弄清阿拉善沙漠湿沙层的水分来源,在该地区进行了人工模拟降水入渗的示踪试验。模拟单次降水量为59 mm,观察剖面最大入渗深度仅为46 cm,这一结果表明该地区的降水几乎不能通过沙层入渗到地下水中。对4个沙丘湿沙层剖面中不同深度的含水率、Cl-、δD与δ18O进行了分析,数据显示在蒸发能力极强的阿拉善地区,地下水是以薄膜水的形式,通过蒸发、凝结向地表运动,最终蒸发排泄。泉水、井水、湖水与土壤水中的同位素特征表明具有相同的补给源,均来自于地下水。推断横穿阿拉善地块的杂多-雅布赖断裂带与狼山-日喀则断裂带中可能存在地下水深循环通道,青藏高原河流、湖泊的渗漏水可能是阿拉善地下水的主要补给源。  相似文献   

6.
冻融协同淋洗修复污染土壤的过程中,为了提高淋洗效率,须使土体在冻结过程中吸收更多的水分或淋洗液。因此,通过室内大尺寸单向冻结水分迁移试验,开展了开放系统下温度梯度、冻结速率及补水方式对水分迁移的影响研究。试验结果表明:冻结过程中土中水分迁移与温度梯度的变化速率有关,变化速率越大水分迁移量越大;可以通过边界温度控制冻结锋面推移速度进而影响土中水分的迁移,当冻结锋面推移速度为0.5 cm·d-1左右时,补水速率最大;距离冻结锋面越近水分迁移量越大,当距离冻结锋面10 cm左右时,水分迁移量开始增大,可通过在土体中添加多层补水层的方式让土体吸收更多的水分;有外界水源的补给下土体含水量整体增加,但上层土体含水量增加较多,下层土体含水量增加较少。  相似文献   

7.
为了揭示路基冻结过程中地下水和土性对水分迁移规律的影响,针对开放体系和封闭体系的粉质黏土和砂土进行了单向冻结条件下的水分迁移试验。通过土柱上层位置设置碎石层,阻断液态水迁移路径,监测冻结过程中土柱的水热变化,结合土柱冻结深度、冻结速率曲线、含水率分布曲线和补水时程曲线,分析仅水汽补给时对土柱顶部水分聚集和冻结特征的影响。试验结果发现,无论是封闭体系还是开放体系,粉质黏土和砂土土柱都会在冻结区中形成两处水分聚集区:第一水分聚集区为控温板底部,以霜的形式聚集,主要是由土柱顶部土体的水汽迁移并凝华相变形成;第二水分聚集区为冻结区中液态水和气态水共同迁移形成,随着冻结锋面的向下推移,形成不连通孔隙的界面,液态水向0℃冰锋线迁移聚集并相变成冰,水汽迁移路径受阻而凝华成冰,致使该处含水率显著增加。相较于封闭体系,开放体系使两处水分聚集区产生更大的水分增量。相比于粉质黏土,砂土介质孔隙较大,在试验时间内水汽补给对水分聚集区的影响更明显,但由于砂土持水能力减弱,水汽补给速率随时间逐渐减小。  相似文献   

8.
刘艳秋  胡存  刘海笑 《岩土力学》2013,34(12):3617-3624
修正了传统隐式回映算法,建立了适用于饱和黏土循环动力分析的边界面塑性模型的完全隐式积分格式。该模型基于无弹性域概念和临界状态理论,采用各向同性、运动硬化准则、旋转的边界面,并引入表征土体结构损伤和重塑程度的损伤变量以反映循环载荷作用下饱和黏土的各向异性、刚度、强度软化及塑性变形累积等特征。针对等压固结 和偏压固结 的饱和高岭黏土的不排水三轴试验进行模拟,采用不同的应变增量步长进行计算,并与试验数据对比,结果表明,修正隐式回映算法应用于该类边界面模型的合理性、积分格式的精确性和稳定性;另外,结合有限元软件自动时间步长的增量迭代解法,对饱和黏土应力控制的不排水动三轴试验进行预测,结果表明,修正的适用于该边界面的塑性模型隐式回映算法可以得到比较合理的数值分析结果,能够反映饱和黏土的循环刚度的退化和强度的弱化等动力特性。  相似文献   

9.
《岩土力学》2015,(10):2759-2764
黏土系材料广泛应用于各种污染防治工程,扩散系数是其关键参数之一,实验室一般通过拟合一维土柱对流-扩散试验数据来确定土的扩散系数。探讨了常用的零浓度边界、零浓度梯度边界和半无限边界对应的试验条件,给出了各边界条件的统一形式,通过引入变换式和辅助问题,求解得到各边界条件下统一的有限厚度土层中对流-扩散-吸附解析解,分析了各解析解之间的差异和用于数据拟合产生的误差。结果表明,每一种底边界条件都与土柱试验底部的实际情况相对应,柯西边界可看作各种边界条件的统一形式;土柱未被击穿时各边界条件解析解无差别;土柱击穿后,越靠近土柱底面,各种边界条件解析解计算结果差异越大,底面处浓度值随柯西参数?/?的增大而减小,?/?越大,代表底边界处扩散在溶质迁移中所占比例越大,同时底部浓度梯度越大;算例中对底部为半无限边界的试验数据进行拟合,若采用零浓度边界和零浓度梯度边界,计算结果分别偏大15%和偏小9%,根据土柱底部的对流-扩散比例和浓度梯度具体情况选择相应边界条件下的解析解,是保证数据拟合正确性的基本要求。  相似文献   

10.
阿拉善沙漠湿沙层水分来源同位素示踪   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2       下载免费PDF全文
为弄清阿拉善沙漠湿沙层的水分来源,在该地区进行了人工模拟降水入渗的示踪试验。模拟单次降水量为59 mm,观察剖面最大入渗深度仅为46 cm,这一结果表明该地区的降水几乎不能通过沙层入渗到地下水中。对4个沙丘湿沙层剖面中不同深度的含水率、Cl-、δD与δ18O进行了分析,数据显示在蒸发能力极强的阿拉善地区,地下水是以薄膜水的形式,通过蒸发、凝结向地表运动,最终蒸发排泄。泉水、井水、湖水与土壤水中的同位素特征表明具有相同的补给源,均来自于地下水。推断横穿阿拉善地块的杂多-雅布赖断裂带与狼山-日喀则断裂带中可能存在地下水深循环通道,青藏高原河流、湖泊的渗漏水可能是阿拉善地下水的主要补给源。  相似文献   

11.
According to the mass conservation equation of solid phase, water transport, air migration and enthalpy balance equations in a deformable and unsaturated porous medium, and the mechanics model, a thermal‐hydro‐mechanical (THM) coupling mathematical model is developed in order to accurately predict the crack propagation of the compacted clay lining (CCL) in a landfill closure cover system. Numerical simulation analysis of the cracking and failure of the CCL in a landfill closure cover system under complex conditions (landfill gas pressure, variation of soil surface temperature, moisture loss of coverage soil, and uneven settlement of landfilled MSW (municipal solid waste)) is performed. The results show that the cracks are discovered firstly on the soil surface and then extend to the deeper cover system and became bigger. The cracks had broken through the closure cover system at 30 days. Over the depth range of 0.06 m, the change rate of settlement is found to be the highest because of the strong influence of temperature. The rise of temperature around the cracks is fast when the CCL is broken through by the cracks. There is a hollow area near the cracks over the depth range from 0.15 to 0.7 m, and the temperature stabilize at around 11°C without any obvious reduction. Under the condition of evaporation, the main crack in the CCL is similar to a pumping well, which causes more rapid moisture content reduction around the cracks. Vertical deformation increases linearly with depth in the process of deformation and cracking of CCL induced by uneven settlement of landfilled MSW. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

12.
Composite landfill liner design with Ankara clay, Turkey   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
This study presents an overview of the geotechnical properties of the clayey soils, referred to as Ankara clay, at two sites of the Ankara region in an attempt to design a landfill profile composed of a high density polyethylene (HDPE) geomembrane/clay composite liner through the Hydrologic Evaluation of Landfill Performance (HELP) model and the Water Balance Method. The geotechnical properties of the landfill layers along with the water balance factors (i.e., evapotranspiration, precipitation, temperature, etc.) were assessed to determine the height of the water-saturated zone in the refuse above the composite liner for landfill design. The cumulative expected leakage rates through the composite liner constructed with compacted Ankara clay were related quantitatively to the cumulative average leachate head. The results of this investigation show that the leakage rates through the composite liner are within tolerable limits.  相似文献   

13.
依据能量平衡和水分平衡原理,建立不同地表覆盖条件下的区域缺水计算方法,实现了利用遥感数据对我国北方缺水状况的宏观监测和快速反应。模型的具体步骤是:首先,利用NOAA/AVHRR数字影像进行地表覆盖分类,结合气象数据建立区域实际蒸散模型,并利用经联合国粮农组织修正的Penman公式计算区域潜在蒸散量。然后,由区域实际蒸散量和潜在蒸散量,构造出反映区域缺水程度的缺水指数。最后,利用该方法对1999年7月我国北方的区域水分盈亏状况进行了研究,讨论了区域缺水指数与土壤墒情、背景环境参数、地表覆盖类型的关系。  相似文献   

14.
喀斯特流域分布式水文模型及植被生态水文效应   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4       下载免费PDF全文
根据喀斯特流域多孔介质与裂隙水流特征,建立了达西流、裂隙渗流与槽蓄汇流演算相结合的混合汇流演算模式,实现了对分布式水文-植被-土壤模型(DHSVM)的改进。利用贵州普定喀斯特生态水文试验站陈旗小流域观测资料,对模型计算的流量过程及植被截流、蒸散发及土壤含水率时空分布进行验证。结果表明,模型能较好地模拟喀斯特流域陡涨、陡落的流量过程。同时,模型能模拟出土壤含水率、实际蒸散发与降雨、下垫面岩溶裂隙、植被覆盖的响应关系,对分析中国南方喀斯特地区下垫面变化条件下的生态水文效应具有重要意义。  相似文献   

15.
Preventing the penetration of rainwater into a landfill site is the main purpose of the final cover in landfill sites. Conventional designs of landfill covers use geotextiles, such as geomembrane and geosynthetic clay liners, and clay liners to lower the permeability of the final cover of landfill sites. However, differential settlement and climatic effects in landfill sites instigate crack development or structural damage inside the final cover. This study therefore investigates the field applicability of a self-recovering sustainable liner (SRSL) as an alternative to the landfill final cover. The SRSL utilizes the precipitation reaction of two chemical materials to form precipitates that fill the pores and thereby lower the overall permeability of the liner. To examine the field applicability of the SRSL system, uniaxial compression tests and laboratory hydraulic conductivity tests were performed under various climatic effects such as wet/dry and freeze/thaw processes. Furthermore, field-scale hydraulic conductivity tests were performed with intentionally induced cracks to demonstrate the self-recovery performance for practical applications. Extensive laboratory and field test results confirmed the capability of the SRSL final cover system to fulfill the strength and hydraulic conductivity requirements, even in harsh field conditions.  相似文献   

16.
Landfill site selection and landfill liner design for Ankara, Turkey   总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1  
Considering the high population growth rate of Ankara, it is inevitable that landfill(s) will be required in the area in the near future to sustain the sanitary waste disposal needs of the city. The main scope of this study is to select alternative landfill sites for Ankara based on the growing trends of Ankara toward the northwest, particularly toward the Sincan municipality, and to eventually select the best alternative through utilizing multi-criteria decision making. Landfill site selection was carried out utilizing Geographic Information System (GIS) and Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis. A number of criteria, namely, settlement, slope, proximity to roads, geology, availability and proximity of landfill containment material (i.e., clay for composite lining system), suitability for agriculture, erosion, vegetation cover and lineament system were gathered in a GIS environment. Each criterion was assigned a weight value by applying the Pairwise Comparison Method and the Analytical Hierarchy Method. In order to choose the best alternative, the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to the Ideal Solution, which is regarded as an ideal point method, was applied and a landfill site was selected. The geotechnical properties of the so-called “Ankara clay” that shows widespread distribution in Ankara were reviewed and assessed for its suitability as a compacted clay liner.  相似文献   

17.
A model of chemo-osmotic consolidation of clays in multi-dimensional domains is presented, with volumetric strains induced by both changes in the chemistry and osmotically driven pore water flow considered. Three fully coupled governing equations considering force equilibrium, pore water transport and chemical transport are presented and solved using the transient finite element method. The proposed approach is verified via consideration of chemo-osmotic consolidation of a compacted clay landfill liner and then applied to investigation of a hypothetical case with a local leachate leak in the compacted clay liner. An assessment of the impact of the two-dimensional nature of the system is made. The consolidation process is found to be dominated by osmotic consolidation in the early stages and subsequently by chemical consolidation. It is found that the surface settlement and the leachate concentration in the compacted clay liner may be highly overestimated by a one-dimensional analysis. Moreover, the peak negative excess pore pressure predicted by the two-dimensional solution remains in a shallow region under the leak while in the one-dimensional solution it moves progressively downwards.  相似文献   

18.
万勇  薛强  陈亿军  张乾  赵颖  刘磊 《岩土力学》2013,34(6):1636-1644
为探讨不同界面形式下有限长与无限长填埋场边坡封顶覆盖系统稳定特性,通过模型试验确定了不同边坡长度下界面分别为土工膜和三维网时封场覆盖系统的破坏模式与失稳坡度。基于试验结果建立了覆盖系统的许可破坏模式及其速度场,利用极限分析上限法建立了考虑界面强弱特性以及坡长有限与无限形式的覆盖系统稳定性统一分析模型,并利用模型试验结果对该理论进行验证。运用文中提出的理论模型对新型环保的垃圾填埋场封场覆盖生态污泥腾发覆盖技术(EST)中防护基材稳定性进行定量分析。研究结果表明:覆盖层失稳时,滑移面分为上、下两段,上段为平行于坡面的直线,下段为位于覆盖层内部近似为与坡面成一定夹角的直线;减小边坡长度能使覆盖系统稳定特性提高,但减小覆盖层厚度对覆盖系统稳定的增减影响与界面强弱形式有关;覆盖系统稳定特性主要由界面抗剪强度控制,增加基材强度并不能大幅度提升覆盖系统稳定特性,且增加界面黏聚力对覆盖系统稳定贡献明显优于增加界面摩擦系数。  相似文献   

19.
An analytical solution for one-dimensional contaminant diffusion through multi-layered media is derived regarding the change of the concentration of contaminants at the top boundary with time. The model accounts for the arbitrary initial conditions and the conditions of zero concentration and zero mass flux on the bottom boundary. The average degree of diffusion of the layered system is introduced on the basis of the solution. The results obtained by the presented analytical solutions agree well with those obtained by the numerical methods presented in the literature papers. The application of the analytical solution to the problem of landfill liner design is illustrated by considering a composite liner consisting of geomembrane and compacted clay liner. The results show that the 100-year mass flux of benzene at the bottom of the composite liner is 45 times higher than that of acetone for the same composite liner. The half-life of the contaminant has a great influence on the solute flux of benzene diffused into the underlying aquifer. Results also indicates that an additional 2.9–5.0 m of the conventional (untreated) compacted clay liner under the geomembrane is required to achieve the same level of protection as provided by 0.60 m of the Hexadecyltrimethylammonium (HDTMA)-treated compacted clay liners in conjunction with the geomembrane. Applications of the solution are also presented in the context of a contaminated two-layered media to demonstrate that different boundary and initial conditions can greatly affect the decontamination rate of the problem. The method is relatively simple to apply and can be used for performing equivalency analysis of landfill liners, preliminary design of groundwater remediation system, evaluating experimental results, and verifying more complex numerical models.  相似文献   

20.
张志红  韩林  吕清硕 《岩土力学》2022,43(2):539-548
扩散是工程领域中的一种重要现象,尤其是针对填埋场底部的压实黏土垫层。扩散过程受多种因素影响,如离子种类、离子价态和离子浓度等,因此建立准确的扩散模型对填埋场垫层系统设计和评估具有极其重要的意义。引入简化的Guntelberg活度系数表示真实溶液与理想溶液浓度值的偏差,采用化学势和扩散势共同表征多离子扩散的驱动力,并考虑黏土介质特有的半透膜性能对离子扩散规律的影响,建立了复杂机制联合作用下多组分并存时离子在黏土垫层中的扩散模型。采用多物理场仿真软件COMSOL Multiphysics对所建扩散模型进行数值求解,结果表明,黏土半透膜效应、溶液非理想性和扩散势均显著影响多离子扩散行为,考虑黏土半透膜效应及溶液非理想性条件下,多离子扩散进程明显减缓,考虑扩散势时,阳离子扩散速度显著提高。复杂机制联合作用下,多离子扩散规律并非单一影响机制的简单叠加,各机制之间相互制约共同影响多离子扩散行为。  相似文献   

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