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1.
黄河三角洲粉质土海床临界起动切应力影响因素研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
在黄河口潮滩和室内环形土槽模拟新沉积的海床土体,观测固结过程中沉积物临界起动切应力的变化及对应的土体重度、含水率、贯入阻力、剪切强度指标值的变化,分析黄河三角洲粉质类土临界起动切应力的影响因素与变化规律。研究发现：黄河三角洲粉土的临界起动切应力与重度、贯入阻力和抗剪强度之间呈正相关关系,而与含水率呈负相关关系,并且与干密度、抗剪强度之间具有非常好的定量关系。将黄河三角洲粉土临界侵蚀切应力的试验结果与其他学者建立的计算公式进行了比较,发现在固结开始试验与计算结果间的吻合性较好,随着固结时间差异性变大,表现出黄河口粉质土的独特性。 相似文献
2.
黄河高含沙量水体在弱潮陆相河口入海,80 %的泥沙在河口附近快速堆积。过去研究发现,黄河三角洲潮滩表层沉积物呈现非均匀固结状态。为了揭示该现象产生的机制,在黄河刁口流路三角洲叶瓣潮坪上,现场取土配置黄河口快速沉积形成的流体状堆积物,研究快速沉积的粉质海床土在波浪和潮波作用下的孔压响应及非均匀固结过程。利用静力触探、十字板剪切试验、孔隙水压力监测等原位测试手段,实时测定快速沉积的海床土强度和孔压变化过程。研究发现,快速沉积的粉质土在自重作用下的固结速度很快,正常固结完成后,强度随时间的发展依然不断增加,沿深度方向出现类似原状土体的固结非均匀现象和似超固结状态;在波浪和潮波作用下快速沉积粉质土孔压沿深度出现非均匀变化,在波浪作用下出现了超静孔压的积累。分析发现,该固结状态和强度沿深度方向非均匀变化是由于土体在潮波及潮波和波浪的联合作用下形成的;潮滩表层土体在波浪荷载长期作用下形成硬壳层。 相似文献
3.
全球变化中的浅海沉积作用与物理环境演化——以渤、黄、东海区域为例 总被引：11，自引：0，他引：11
以渤、黄、东海陆架区为例 ,综合评述入海沉积物通量、浅海沉积作用和人类活动影响下的物理环境变化。黄河、长江沉积物入海后主要堆积于河口附近 ,沉积速率为 10～ 10 0mm/a ,部分物质输运至陆架区 ,形成泥质沉积体 ,其沉积速率为 1mm/a量级。但目前河流入海沉积物通量呈减小趋势 ,今后河口附近的堆积将会减缓 ,并在总体上转化为侵蚀状态。在过去的 7ka里 ,来自黄河、长江等河流的沉积物形成了河口三角洲、滨海平原、潮流脊和潮汐汊道沉积体系 ,其演化方式是双重的 ,既有常态边界条件和外力作用下的演化 ,又有边界条件和外力作用发生变异时的演化。边界条件和外力作用变异的原因包括入海通量变化、全球气候变化、海面上升和人类活动等。建议从中国海岸带城市化发展的现状和需求出发 ,对此进行深入研究。 相似文献
4.
黄河三角洲沉积物抗侵蚀性动态变化差异研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为研究波浪循环荷载作用过程中,细粒土沉积物抗侵蚀性特征的演化及其发生机制,在现代黄河三角洲北部及东北部选择两个典型研究区（遭受严峻侵蚀的车子沟渔村试验区及基本处于侵淤平衡的黄河海港试验区）进行了一系列波浪荷载模拟试验、侵蚀水槽试验及沉积物物理力学性质测试。试验结果发现：原车子沟渔村试验区沉积物抗侵蚀性在无波浪荷载作用或较短的波浪荷载作用条件下,普遍高于黄河海港研究区,但由于其更显著的液化特性,该区沉积物抗侵蚀性更容易被波浪荷载作用降低,这是造成车子沟渔村研究区遭受严峻潮滩侵蚀的重要原因。另外,结合试验结果,对两个研究区沉积年代及沉积物粒度成分特征的分析可知,波浪荷载作用导致海床下部细粒物质向上输运这一次生改造作用加速了海床沉积物的“粗化”进程,从而推进海岸带地区细粒沉积物抗侵蚀性特征的演化 相似文献
5.
江苏圆陀角位于长江北支岸线与江苏海岸线的交汇处,发育了粉砂淤泥质海岸典型潮滩地貌,潮滩岩芯沉积物粒度变化记录了潮滩环境变化的信息。2007年在圆陀角附近潮滩采集了192cm长的柱状岩芯,对沉积物的粒度组成进行了分析,分析结果显示,砂质粉砂是主要的沉积类型,岩芯分为三部分,从下部向上,粗颗粒沉积组分减少,反映了采样点附近潮滩环境由潮滩中部向上部转化的过程。根据岩芯沉积物137Cs的1963年和1986年两个蓄积峰值时标推算,1963年以来的平均沉积速率为2.3cm/a,1986年以来的平均沉积速率为1.6cm/a,1963～1986年之间的平均沉积速率达到2.9cm/a。沉积速率变化表明20世纪60年代以来伴随潮滩淤积增高,圆陀角附近潮滩沉积物的沉积速率下降,大体与辐射沙洲南翼淤积型潮滩淤积速率一致,小于长江口外的泥沙沉积速率。泥沙来源主要是苏北沿岸流携带的部分泥沙在圆陀角附近沉积,伴随研究区围垦活动向海推进,在长江北支口门北侧形成了大片的泥质潮滩和水下沙嘴。 相似文献
6.
潮滩沉积的物源一直是沉积学领域重要的研究内容。近30年长江入海泥沙量持续减少,致使长江入海泥沙对浙闽潮滩沉积的物质贡献降低。在此背景下,探究浙闽沿岸潮滩沉积的物源具有重要的现实意义。对杭州湾至福州湾沿岸的泥质潮滩表层沉积开展了详细地磁学研究,结果显示,研究区沉积物的磁性主要受磁铁矿主导,但磁性矿物含量、磁畴和矫顽力等磁性特征存在一定差异,这可能意味着沉积物受到多物源影响。皮尔森相关性分析进一步表明,沉积物磁性特征受粒度效应影响有限,主要与物源差异有关。物源判别结果指示,浙闽泥质潮滩沉积的物源包括长江、海岸基岩和浙闽河流。杭州湾至福宁湾,沉积物普遍受到长江和浙江诸河混合物质的影响,且浙江诸河的物质贡献较大;隘顽湾和象山港沉积物还受到其附近海岸基岩的影响;福宁湾沉积物可能还受到闽江源物质和其附近海岸基岩的影响;罗源湾和福州湾沉积物的潜在物源是闽江和其附近海岸基岩,长江和浙江诸河的物质贡献相当有限。 相似文献
7.
在放射性核素210Pb测年分析的基础上,综合运用沉积物粒度、沉降板测量及遥感影像解译等方法,对如东县紫菜养殖前后潮滩沉积环境尤其是潮滩地貌的冲淤变化进行了初步探讨.研究结果表明:在以年计算的长时间尺度上,紫菜养殖对潮滩地貌的冲淤不会产生明显影响,紫菜养殖区沉积物的沉积速率符合自然状况下沉积物的沉积速率,这一变化规律与紫菜养殖区沉积物粒径变化规律相一致.但在紫菜养殖期间,由于网帘、竹竿的架设及紫菜对水动力的阻滞作用,会大大加速该区域潮滩的沉积,此期间紫菜养殖区呈淤积状态;而一旦进入非紫菜养殖期间,潮滩在水动力作用的冲刷下又将恢复到原来的自然状态,滩面保持冲淤平衡,这一变化规律与沉降板泥沙厚度测量及遥感影像分析结果互为印证.因此,潮滩紫菜养殖本身并不会对养殖区潮滩地貌的冲淤变化产生明显的影响,但养殖紫菜期间所引起的频繁人类活动,在一定程度上会加速该区域低潮滩的侵蚀. 相似文献
8.
采用沉积物再悬浮振荡器在0.2~0.5N/m2的切应力和60~1800s的持续振荡时间下,对太湖沉积物原状芯样的再悬浮特征开展模拟实验研究,揭示切应力大小和外力作用时间对沉积物再悬浮的影响。实验结果表明,振荡初期,上覆水中悬浮物浓度上升速率较快,随振荡时间延长,上升速率减缓,浓度趋于稳定;且浓度上升速率随切应力增加呈显著增大趋势。此外,悬浮物沉降通量随振荡时间而增大,而再悬浮通量呈相反变化趋势,两者的时间变化曲线逐渐接近,最终达到动态平衡。室内模拟试验观测值与太湖现场观测结果的对比表明,该模拟装置能够在室内可控条件下较好地反映太湖沉积物再悬浮特征。 相似文献
9.
波浪作用诱发的黄河口水下斜坡失稳破坏 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
随着近海工程的建设和海洋资源开发 ,对海洋工程地质条件研究日益受到重视。黄河是世界著名的多泥沙河流 ,1964— 1976年间由刁口流路输送到河口的泥沙每年高达10 6亿ｍ3左右。这样巨量的泥沙以极高的含沙量进入弱潮陆相河口 ,其中 90 %的泥沙都快速沉积在河口三角洲一带。其结果是 ,一方面 ,三角洲快速向海延伸生长 ,通常每年推进 1 5ｋｍ ;另一方面 ,高浓度泥沙快速沉积的结果是大量饱含孔隙水、欠固结的沉积物堆积在河口水下三角洲 ,这也造成了黄河频繁改道。快速堆积形成的黄河口水下斜坡 ,是我国油气资源开发的重要地区之一 ,同时也是… 相似文献
10.
鸭绿江河口西岸潮滩沉积特征对流域变化的响应 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
2010年和2011年于鸭绿江河口西岸潮滩及西水道采集柱状样10根,对柱状沉积物进行210pb比活度及粒度测试,结合河口地貌演化及流域历年水文资料,探讨人类活动对流域输沙变化造成的影响,以及沉积过程对环境变化的响应.结果表明,柱状样210pb纵向分布具3种类型:1)指数分布类型;2)表层混合或倒置类型;3)异常分布类型.西水道的沉积速率最快,1960 ～ 2000年间达到5.84cm/a;而西岸潮间带沉积速率存在差异,均小于2cm/a.根据测年结果及沉积物粒度特征,将潮滩演化划分为4个阶段:阶段1为1940年以前,处于自然发展状态;阶段2为1940 ～1970年,流域输沙锐减,河口地貌发生显著变化,西水道由主流道逐渐萎缩为潮汐汊道;阶段3为1970 ～1995年,径流量锐减,沉积厚度减薄,以及河口区采砂作业加剧,盐水楔入侵,潮滩沉积物变细;阶段4为1995～ 2010(2011年)年,输沙量逐年减少,潮滩开始遭受侵蚀,受侵蚀区域物质重新分选,致部分柱状样表层出现“粗化层”或“细化层”.通过对1962 ～1985年间柱状样和悬沙粒径相关性的分析发现,森林砍伐及后期的植树造林对流域输沙的粒度变化控制明显,而该变化在潮滩沉积中亦有记录. 相似文献
11.
Estuarine tidal mudflats form unique habitats and maintain valuable ecosystems. Historic measurements of a mudflat in San Fancsico Bay over the past 150 years suggest the development of a rather stable mudflat profile. This raises questions on its origin and governing processes as well as on the mudflats’ fate under scenarios of sea level rise and decreasing sediment supply. We developed a 1D morphodynamic profile model (Delft3D) that is able to reproduce the 2011 measured mudflat profile. The main, schematised, forcings of the model are a constant tidal cycle and constant wave action. The model shows that wave action suspends sediment that is transported landward during flood. A depositional front moves landward until landward bed levels are high enough to carry an equal amount of sediment back during ebb. This implies that, similar to observations, the critical shear stress for erosion is regularly exceeded during the tidal cycle and that modelled equilibrium conditions include high suspended sediment concentrations at the mudflat. Shear stresses are highest during low water, while shear stresses are lower than critical (and highest at the landward end) along the mudflat during high water. Scenarios of sea level rise and decreasing sediment supply drown the mudflat. In addition, the mudflat becomes more prone to channel incision because landward accumulation is hampered. This research suggests that sea level rise is a serious threat to the presence of many estuarine intertidal mudflats, adjacent salt marshes and their associated ecological values. 相似文献
12.
The subaerial delta of the Yellow River has undergone a notable reshaping process with drastic changes in erosion and accretion patterns both temporally and spatially. These morphological changes not only have significant impact on the long-term evolution of delta but also pose severe threat to the existing infrastructures adjacent to the eroding delta lobe. This paper presents a data-based study of waves, currents, sediments and subaqueous bedforms including the application of Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to the measured coastal profiles in order to understand qualitative and quantitative processes that are responsible for the observed changes. The results demonstrated that the Yellow River Delta has recently been dominated by recession process due to the reduced sediment supply from the Yellow River in the recent decades. A critical threshold of river sediment discharge was formulated and used to explain the observed morphodynamic processes. It was found that the coast of the Yellow River Delta could be broadly divided into three geomorphic zones: the area near abandoned delta, the estuarine area, and Laizhou Bay. At the nearshore zone of the abandoned delta, waves are the main agent for bed erosion and sediments suspension. The tidal current is effective in transporting suspended sediments and exerts the main control on the depths of the erosion–accretion balance zone on the coastal profiles. The area near the present estuary has seen rapid deposition with the progradation rate being governed by the relative intensity of fluvial and marine processes while the coasts in Laizhou Bay are stable and the particular characteristics of the tidal current field prevent the sediments supplied by the Yellow River from reaching this area. 相似文献
13.
由于人类活动的不断加剧和入海泥沙的日益减少,我国部分河口潮滩湿地已面临严重的侵蚀退化风险,给沿岸城市发展带来巨大威胁,实现河口潮滩湿地的科学管理和合理利用极为紧迫。本研究利用1990—2017年多期长江口深水航道北导堤工程与横沙岛成陆-促淤工程前后区域海图地形数据,使用ArcGIS地理配准、等深线数字化、数字高程模型建立和叠加分析等功能分析长江口横沙岛潮滩湿地地貌、等深线形态与地形冲刷-淤积厚度的时空变化过程。研究结果表明,长江口深水航道北导堤工程与横沙岛成陆-促淤工程的实施,改变了横沙岛潮滩湿地周边水域的水文泥沙动力条件,使得地貌冲淤时空特征发生变化：1）深水航道北导堤工程与横沙岛成陆-促淤工程的实施极大地推动了特征等深线的向外延伸,其中0、2和5 m等深线包络面积年均最大增长率（2009—2013年）分别是工程前（1990—1998年）的42.13、280.73和235.65倍,0~1、1~2、2~3、3~4及4~5 m等深线包络体积整体呈现1990—1998年、1998—2009年、2009—2013年增加,2013—2017年较为明显减少,潮滩湿地"长高不长大"的趋势;2）冲刷-淤积频率特征表现为工程前微淤（1990—1998年）、工程后微淤（1998—2009年）、淤积增加明显（2009—2013年）及微冲（2013—2017年）,长江入海泥沙通量的减少对2 m等深线以深区域的潮滩发育可能产生一定影响。 相似文献
14.
The Yellow River in China carries large amounts of sediments in suspension at concentrations up to several hundreds of kilograms per cubic metre; the sediment is composed mainly of silt. These high sediment concentrations influence the hydrodynamics (flow velocity and turbulence) which, in turn, determine the sediment concentration profile, whereas both the high sediment concentrations and pseudo-cohesive properties of silt determine the morphodynamics of the Yellow River. The effect of sediment on the hydrodynamics is analysed using the Richardson number and the Reynolds number to provide a framework to differentiate between various flow regimes in the Yellow River, which is calibrated and validated with Yellow River data. The flow may be sub-saturated (stable flow), super-saturated (unstable flow characterized by high deposition rates, caused by collapse of turbulence), or hyperconcentrated sub-saturated (stable flow because of hindered settling effects), depending on the Richardson number. Independent of this, the flow may be turbulent, transitional or laminar, depending on the Reynolds number. Analysis of these flow types improves understanding of the flow regimes and morphodynamics of the Yellow River. The morphodynamics of the Yellow River are also affected by pseudo-cohesive behaviour caused by shear dilatance, which results in increasing critical shear stress for erosion at decreasing grain-size. This pseudo-cohesive behaviour may be partly responsible not only for the high deposition rates which characterize the lower Yellow River, but also for mass erosion during river floods. 相似文献
15.
MIS 3晚期以来江苏中部海岸的层序地层 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
通过对苏北岸外西洋潮流通道内钻孔和地震剖面的地层沉积学、年代地层学、地震地层学和层序地层学等多学科再研究,以及区域钻孔再对比,本文确定该海域约从35kaBP(14C惯用年龄)开始经历了滨岸砂坝、淡水湖沼、河流泛滥平原、滨岸沼泽、潮流沙脊和潮流通道一系列的环境演变,主要受控于MIS3晚期以来的海平面旋回以及古河流入海沉积物供给,而构造沉降是相对次要的,由此形成了五级层序地层中的末次冰期晚间冰阶准层序和冰后期准层序,以及前者的高水位体系域和强制海退楔体系域、后者的海侵体系域和高水位体系域。海域中潮流沙脊可能开始发育于冰后期海侵淹没本区(约9calkaBP)之后,但一直只是水下暗沙且处在不断调整之中,直到1128～1855AD间黄河夺淮从苏北入黄海,大量泥沙充填潮道,部分水下暗沙出露海面成为明沙。西洋潮流通道并非是晚全新世期间通过沙脊的蚀低而形成,而在全新世高海面前后就已具雏形并持续至1128AD,1128～1855AD和1855AD至今分别经历了充填淤浅与冲刷成型的过程,且今后具有进一步展宽刷深的趋势。 相似文献
16.
On experimentally deposited kaolinite, illite, and Ca-bentonite consolidated under their own load or by additional vertical pressure, the progress of compaction in relation to excess pore water pressure, mass physical properties, gravitational mass movements in a tilted tank, and erodibility under running water in a flume were studied. The very low consolidated sediments near the mud/water interface do not obey the generally used theory in soil mechanics. They show a different, non-linear relationship between void ratio or water content and depth below the sedimentary surface on the one hand, or effective overburden pressure and shear strength on the other. The same is true of other physical properties such as permeability, which changes considerably with depth and time of consolidation. High sedimentation rates on slopes induce shallow sediment flow, whereas at low rates and critical slope angles different types of slope failures including the breaking up of water-rich sediment into sharp boundered blocks are observed. Flume studies on soft clay muds show three different types of erosion: continuously suspending, discontinuous erosion of crumbs or shreds, and wavy deformation of the clay surface with disintegration of particles from the crests. The critical tractive stress depends not only on clay type, void ratio, and shear strength, but significantly also on the ‘geologic history’of the clay (i.e. deposition from thin suspension or dense slurry, fabric, consolidation and swelling generating minute inhomogeneities etc.). The experiments may lead to a better understanding of all mechanical processe's including pore-water flow taking place near or not far below the sediment/ water interface. 相似文献
17.
潮滩剖面形态与多组分泥沙分选是海岸动力学与河口、海岸地貌学的重要研究内容,对保持生物多样性、研究沉积历史和沿海工程评估等具有重要的实际意义。从现场观测、理论解析和数值模拟等方面,归纳了在潮滩剖面形态特征与多组分泥沙分选方面研究的主要进展。回顾了潮滩剖面形态分别在潮流和波浪主导下的经典理论解析解,剖析了包括潮流、波浪泥沙来源及特性等主要影响因子以及植被、海平面上升、围垦工程等其他影响因子对潮滩剖面形态水平向、垂向泥沙分选过程的作用机理,同时提出了考虑水动力、生物作用、人类活动等多因子耦合作用下潮滩演变研究以及定量化预测方向的若干亟待解决的科学问题。 相似文献
18.
MARCUS T. RICHARDS 《Sedimentology》1994,41(1):55-82
The Lower Triassic succession of Barles, Alpes de Haute Provence, France, comprises an unconformable quartz arenite sand body of 90m thickness. The succession may be informally divided into (i) lower channellized cross-bedded member overlain by (ii) an upper fining upward member. The lower member comprises vertically stacked, subtidal channel units separated into five major sand bodies by thin developments of fine grained channel margin and shoal deposits. Subtidal channel fill deposits are dominated by varying scales of cross bedding. These scales vary systematically from the base to the top of the member, with large scale planar sets dominating the lowest channel sand body (sand body 1), medium scale planar and trough cross bedding characterizing sand bodies 2-4, the largest scale planar sets in the highest sand body (sand body 5). This upward change in cross bedding scale is concomitant with a decrease in both the relief of major channel sand body erosion surfaces, and the proportion of preserved interchannel shoal deposits. The succeeding fining upward member comprises small scale tidal channel units overlain by channel shoal and tidal flat deposits. Tidal flat sequences are characterized by parallel laminated, wave and current rippled sandstones separated by bioturbated, fine grained siltstones and mudstones. The vertical variation in facies of the Lower Triassic succession suggests two main periods of deposition. The lower member is considered to preserve successively more seaward components of a transgressive estuarine complex. The overlying upper member records the seaward progradation of tidal channel, shoal and tidal flat environments. The unconformity bounded nature of the lower member, combined with its systematic variation in facies, suggests it may represent an incised valley-estuarine fill developed in response to an early Triassic relative sea level fall and subsequent rise. Succeeding tidal channel and tidal flat deposits forming the upper fining upward member reflect a change in sediment supply and/or rate of relative sea level rise comparable with a progradational shoreline. It is unclear whether this final depositional episode represents a period of highstand progradation or a later lowstand shoreline system developed following a further period of relative sea level fall and rise. 相似文献