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1.
On the basis of local measurements of hydraulic conductivity,geostatistical methods have been found to be useful in heterogeneity characterization of a hydraulic conductivity field on a regional scale. However,the methods are not suited to directly integrate dynamic production data,such as,hydraulic head and solute concentration,into the study of conductivity distribution. These data,which record the flow and transport processes in the medium,are closely related to the spatial distribution of hydraulic conductivity. In this study,a three-dimensional gradient-based inverse method-the sequential self-calibration (SSC) method-is developed to calibrate a hydraulic conductivity field,initially generated by a geostatistical simulation method,conditioned on tracer test results. The SSC method can honor both local hydraulic conductivity measurements and tracer test data. The mismatch between the simulated hydraulic conductivity field and the reference true one,measured by its mean square error (MSE),is reduced through the SSC conditional study. In comparison with the unconditional results,the SSC conditional study creates the mean breakthrough curve much closer to the reference true curve,and significantly reduces the prediction uncertainty of the solute transport in the observed locations. Further,the reduction of uncertainty is spatially dependent,which indicates that good locations,geological structure,and boundary conditions will affect the efficiency of the SSC study results.  相似文献   

2.
When groundwater pollution occurs,to come up with an efficient remediation plan,it is particularly important to collect information of contaminant source(location and source strength)and hydraulic conductivity field of the site accurately and quickly.However,the information can not be obtained by direct observation,and can only be derived from limited measurement data.Data assimilation of observations such as head and concentration is often used to estimate parameters of contaminant source.As for hydraulic conductivity field,especially for complex non-Gaussian field,it can be directly estimated by geostatistics method based on limited hard data,while the accuracy is often not high.Better estimation of hydraulic conductivity can be achieved by solving inverse groundwater problem.Therefore,in this study,the multi-point geostatistics method Quick Sampling(QS)is proposed and introduced for the first time and combined with the iterative local updating ensemble smoother(ILUES)to develop a new data assimilation framework QS-ILUES.It helps to solve the contaminant source parameters and non-Gaussian hydraulic conductivity field simultaneously by assimilating hydraulic head and pollutant concentration data.While the pilot points are utilized to reduce the dimension of hydraulic conductivity field,the influence of pilot points’layout and the ensemble size of ILUES algorithm on the inverse simulation results are further explored.  相似文献   

3.
Grain-size distribution data,as a substitute for measuring hydraulic conductivity(K),has often been used to get K value indirectly.With grain-size distribution data of 150 sets of samples being input data,this study combined the Artificial Neural Network technology(ANN)and Markov Chain Monte Carlo method(MCMC),which replaced the Monte Carlo method(MC)of Generalized Likelihood Uncertainty Estimation(GLUE),to establish the GLUE-ANN model for hydraulic conductivity prediction and uncertainty analysis.By means of applying the GLUE-ANN model to a typical piedmont region and central region of North China Plain,and being compared with actually measured values of hydraulic conductivity,the relative error ranges are between 1.55%and 23.53%and between 14.08%and 27.22%respectively,the accuracy of which can meet the requirements of groundwater resources assessment.The global best parameter gained through posterior distribution test indicates that the GLUEANN model,which has satisfying sampling efficiency and optimization capability,is able to reasonably reflect the uncertainty of hydrogeological parameters.Furthermore,the influence of stochastic observation error(SOE)in grain-size analysis upon prediction of hydraulic conductivity was discussed,and it is believed that the influence can not be neglected.  相似文献   

4.
The paper deals with the relatively weak permeable layer in a layered structure of a slope rock mass and itseffect on groundwater behaviour in the rock mass. When the whole groundwater table is declined in such typeof slope rock mass, the permeability of the relatively weak permeable layer in the middle will be several timeslower than that of the upper and lower permeable layers and consequently the water level in layers of differentpermeability will fall in different rates which will lead to a discontinuous phenomenon of the water body. Amethod of finite element simulation on a vertical two-dimensional profile is suggested for the study of the phe-nomenon and its application to practical situation is described. The calculation result shows that the existingweak permeable layer in a layered slope rock mass exerts unnegligible influence on the variation of water levelin the rock mass of a slope. The result also proves the applicability of the finite element simulation method.  相似文献   

5.
THE MESOZOIC OROGENIC MOVEMENT IN EASTERN CHINA.   总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9  
In a previous paper~1 on the crustal movements in Eastern China I have laid emphasis on the importance of a Mesozoic orogenesis which I called the Yenshah movement. The present note is to record some additional data on the distribution and the age of the movement with special reference to the regions where overthrusting is predominant. The latter type of structure which represents the  相似文献   

6.
<正>1 Introduction Hydraulic fracturing refers to the parting of geomaterials due to excessively high fluid pressure.The most common application of hydraulic fracturing is enhanced oil recovery,in which increase in functional permeability of the ground is achived by the formation of permeable  相似文献   

7.
Enhanced geothermal system (EGS) is an effective method for developing and utilizing hot dry rock (HDR). The key to the effectiveness of EGS is the construction of an artificial fracture network. The permeability of fractures has severe effects on the heat transfer efficiency and sustainability of geothermal energy. However, the evolution characteristics of hydraulic conductivity under different failure modes have not been adequately studied for HDR. To clarify this, rocks with different failure modes were investigated by conducting thermal triaxial compression experiments, and the fluid seepage related to different rock failure modes was comprehensively investigated. The results showed that the characteristic stresses and crack surface roughness of the rock increased as the confining pressure increased. The permeability in the composited failure mode was the largest (11.4 μm2), followed by that in the Y-shaped shear failure mode (9.7 μm2), and that in the single-shear failure mode was the smallest (7.2 μm2). The confining pressures had an inhibitory effect on permeability. As the confining pressure increased from 5 to 30 MPa, the permeability decreased by 88.8%, 88.4%, and 89.9%, respectively. In contrast, the permeability was significantly enhanced by 128.3%, 94.6%, and 131% as the flow rate increased from 3 to 7 mL/min.  相似文献   

8.
Cast thin section observation, scanning electron microscopy(SEM), high-pressure mercury injection(HPMI), and nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR) were used to examine the microstructure of tight carbonate reservoirs in the Lower Jurassic Da’anzhai Member, the central Sichuan Basin. The pore space in the Da’anzhai Member is classified into 2 types and 17 subtypes, with nano-scale pore throats of ‘O’, ‘S’, ‘Z’, and ‘I’ shapes. Poorly sorted pore throats vary greatly in diameter;thus, it is difficult for fluid flow to pass through these pore throats. There are three classes of pore throats in carbonate reservoirs, i.e. isolated pores, pores coexisting with fractures, and large pores and fractures. Isolated pores may provide some pore space, but the permeability is low. Pores and fractures coexisting in the reservoir may have a great impact on porosity and permeability;they are the major pore space in the reservoir. Large pores and fractures have a great impact on reservoir properties, but they only account for a limited proportion of total pore space. The microstructure of Da’anzhai reservoirs, which dominates fluid mobility, is dependent on sedimentary environment, diagenesis, and tectonic process. Pore structure is related to sedimentary environment. The occurrence of microfractures, which may improve reservoir properties, is dependent on tectonic process. Diageneses are of utmost importance to pore evolution, cementation and growth of minerals have played an important role in destroying reservoir microstructure.  相似文献   

9.
The amount of literature on both melting and thermal conductivity of iron at Earth’s core conditions is overwhelming and the discrepancies are very large.There is a broad range of experimental techniques each of which is flawed to a certain degree,which may explain the discrepancy.In this report,we present new data using a different method for determining the phase behavior and resistivity of iron in the laser-heated diamond cell by measuring the electrical resistance of both solid and liquid iron wires.The experiment avoids some of the major flaws of previous experiments,the most important of which is the detection of the onset of melting.These measurements confirm a shallow melting curve found earlier and the resistivity data imply a trend towards low thermal conductivity in the liquid outer core.  相似文献   

10.
Two biodegradation models are developed torepresent natural attenuation of fuel－hydrocarbon contaminants as observed in a comprehensive natural-gradient tracer test in a heterogeneous aquifer on the Columbus Air Force Basein Mississippi,USA．The first, a first-order mass loss model,describes the irreversible losses of BTEX and its individual components, i．e．,benzene（B）,toluene（T）,ethyl benzene（E）,and xylene（X）．The second, a reactive pathway model,describe ssequential degradation pathways for BTEX utilizing multiple electron acceptors,including oxygen,nitrate,iron and sulfate,and via methanogenesis．The heterogeneous aquifer is represented by multiple hydraulic conductivity（ K） zones delineated on the basis of numerous flowmeter K measurements．A direct propagation artificial neural network（DPN）is used as an inverse modeling tool to estimate the biodegradation rate constants associated with each of the K zones．In both the mass loss model and the reactive pathway model,the biodegradation rate constants show an increasing trend with the hydraulic conductivity．The finding of correlation between biodegradation kinetics and hydraulic conductivity distributions is of general interest and relevance to characterization and modeling of natural attenuation of hydrocarbons in other petroleum-product contaminated sites．  相似文献   

11.
含圈闭气体的地下水流称为准饱和流，准饱和流中的圈闭气体对含水层渗透系数有重大影响。通过柱试验开展了粉砂、细砂、中砂和粗砂4种介质圈闭气体饱和度与准饱和渗透系数关系的研究。结果表明:圈闭气体饱和度明显受介质的粒径影响，在细粒介质中圈闭气体饱和度明显较大；4种介质圈闭气体饱和度在0~15%范围内，准饱和渗透系数与完全饱和相比减少了32.82%~56.38%，且准饱和渗透系数与圈闭气体饱和度之间可表达为一个负线性相关的经验公式；该公式与Faybishenko公式等效，但形式简单，参数较少，使用方便；准饱和渗透系数的变化规律可概化为圈闭气体占据了原有的有效孔隙，造成原有效孔隙度减少，从而使渗透系数减小。利用该理论，Kozeny-Carman方程能较准确地描述准饱和渗透系数的变化规律，而基于哈根-泊肃叶方程的渗透系数公式则存在较大误差，不适用于描述准饱和渗透系数；试验结果证明了室内测定饱和渗透系数时排除圈闭气体的必要性。  相似文献   

12.
Horizontal soil column method was used to determine the horizontal diffusion rate of sandy loam, loam and clay loam under the same bulk density. The results showed that the migration rates of different lithological wet fronts were different. The sandy loam had the fastest migration rate, the loam followed, and the clay loam was the slowest, but the law of change is the same among the three lithologies. The volumetric water content affects the change of Boltzmann parameter λ. When the volumetric water content is between 0.35-0.45 cm3/cm3, λ approaches stability. When the volumetric water content is less than 0.35 cm3/cm3, the λ value decreases rapidly with the decrease of water content. The water diffusion rate is related to the volumetric water content and particle size. The greater the moisture content is, the greater the diffusion rate will be. The larger the particle size, the larger the diffusion rate. The diffusivity of sandy loam is 10-30 times larger than that of loam and clay loam. The relationship between water content and diffusion rate is in accordance with the exponential function.  相似文献   

13.
Horizontal soil column method was used to determine the horizontal diffusion rate of sandy loam, loam and clay loam under the same bulk density. The results showed that the migration rates of different lithological wet fronts were different. The sandy loam had the fastest migration rate, the loam followed, and the clay loam was the slowest, but the law of change is the same among the three lithologies. The volumetric water content affects the change of Boltzmann parameter λ. When the volumetric water content is between 0.35-0.45 cm~3/cm~3, λ approaches stability. When the volumetric water content is less than 0.35 cm~3/cm~3, the λ value decreases rapidly with the decrease of water content. The water diffusion rate is related to the volumetric water content and particle size. The greater the moisture content is, the greater the diffusion rate will be. The larger the particle size, the larger the diffusion rate. The diffusivity of sandy loam is 10-30 times larger than that of loam and clay loam. The relationship between water content and diffusion rate is in accordance with the exponential function.  相似文献   

14.
Wind erosion is a dominant geomorphological process in arid and semi-arid regions with major impacts on regional climate and desertification. The erosion process occurs when the wind speed exceeds a certain threshold value, which depends on a number of factors including surface soil moisture. The understanding and modelling of aeolian erosion requires a better understanding of the soil erodibility associated with different moisture conditions. In arid regions during the dry season, the atmospheric humidity plays an important role in determining the surface moisture content and the threshold shear velocity. By a series of wind tunnel tests and theoretical analyses, this dependence of threshold velocity on near surface air humidity is shown for three soils of different textures: sand, sandy loam, and clay loam. The results show that the threshold shear velocity decreases with increasing values of relative humidity for values of relative humidity between about 40% and 65%, while above and below this range the threshold shear velocity increases with air humidity. A theoretical framework is developed to explain these dependencies assuming an equilibrium between the surface soil moisture and the humidity of the overlying atmosphere. The conditions under which soil-atmosphere equilibrium occurs were tested experimentally in the laboratory for different soils in order to determine the effect of grain surface area and texture on the time required to reach equilibrium starting from different initial conditions.  相似文献   

15.
咸淡水驱替过程中含水介质渗透性变化的试验研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
在野外水文地质调查的基础上,采集青岛市大沽河下游咸水入侵区砂样,首先对含水介质的粒度和矿物组成进行了分析,然后通过室内砂槽模拟试验,对咸淡水驱替过程中含水介质的渗透性变化规律进行了研究。结果表明,当咸淡水相互驱替时,含水介质的渗透性会发生显著变化,这种变化主要是由于驱替液盐浓度的变化,使得伊利石、高岭石和绿泥石等非膨胀性粘土矿物经释放、迁移、絮凝和沉积,从而重新分布所引起的。含水介质渗透性的变化具有明显的非均质性,即位于距入水处不同水平距离以及不同高度处的含水介质,其渗透性变化规律有所不同。  相似文献   

16.
Based on three typical mediums (sandy loam, loam and sandy clay loam) in Hebei Plain, this paper designs phreatic evaporation experiments under different lithology and phreatic depth. Based on the analysis of experimental data, the phreatic evaporation law and influencing factors of three mediums were studied. The results showed that: (1) The shallower the phreatic depth, the larger the phreatic evaporation. (2) Sandy clay loam has the biggest response to the increase of the phreatic depth, sandy loam is the second and loam is the smallest. (3) The limit depth of phreatic evaporation of sandy clay loam is about 3 m and that of loam and sandy loam is about 2 m and 3 m, seperately. (4) By fitting the daily evaporation of phreatic water and phreatic depth, the results showed that sandy loam and sandy clay loam are exponential functions and loam is power functions.  相似文献   

17.
文章通过在某均衡试验场地中的渗透仪上开展土壤水流穿透试验,分析灌溉水对地下水补给方式。试验结果表明:淹灌条件下,粉细砂扰动土中的穿透曲线为典型的单峰对称型,表明粉细砂中的土壤水通过活塞式入渗补给地下水;而亚粘土中的穿透曲线显示多峰、优先穿透、拖尾等现象,表明亚粘土中的土壤水以优势流方式补给地下水。通过对均衡场降水入渗补给的长观资料分析发现:在自然降雨条件下亚粘土中优势流明显,粉细砂中主要以活塞流为主。  相似文献   

18.
潮白河受水区再生水入渗盐污染模拟柱试验   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
根据工程地质勘察及采样测试分析,选取北京市顺义潮白河再生水受水区3种典型代表性土壤介质(砾石含砂、细砂、粉质粘土)装柱,并采用受水区再生水进行淋溶模拟土柱试验。测试结果分析表明,在3种典型土壤介质中,阳离子交换吸附作用主要体现为K+与Ca2+之间的交换,且粉质粘土柱中阳离子的离子交换作用较砾石含砂柱和细砂柱更为显著。另外,试验结果还表明,随着土壤介质中粘粒含量、总有机碳含量、阳离子交换容量和粘土矿物总量的增加,典型介质淋溶模拟土柱试验中阳离子交换作用达到平衡时所需要的时间也就越长,分别为砾石含砂72 d、细砂80 d和粉质粘土86 d。定量结果计算也证明:粉质粘土介质的各阴、阳离子本底含量最高,单位质量粉质粘土介质硬度及溶解性总固体(TDS)的贡献量最大,分别为5 767 mg/g和6 952 mg/g。  相似文献   

19.
目前国际上对高温下土壤热导率的试验和模型预测研究比较缺乏，通过KD2 Pro测试两种红黏土在较广温度范围（5~90℃）和含水率范围内的热导率，并选择IPCHT模型预测高温下体积含水率-热导率的变化规律。测试结果表明，两种红黏土的热导率对体积含水率的敏感程度与温度有关，且热导率均随温度的升高而增大，在90℃时热导率最高可达5℃的3~4倍。60~90℃范围内热导率随体积含水率的变化存在明显的临界含水率（对应土壤的塑性指数），但相同温度、体积含水率下，柳州红黏土中水汽潜热传输效应较桂林红黏土要明显。模型预测研究表明，除粉砂质黏壤土外，高温下IPCHT模型预测效果均不理想，经传质增强因子ξ修正后，柳州红黏土以及细砂的热导率预测值和实测值均相符得较好（RMSE < 30%），但桂林红黏土的整体预测效果仍较差。  相似文献   

20.
Understanding the flow pattern of water and solute in subsurface soils is critically important in the fields of agricultural and environmental sciences. Dye tracer tests using a flood irrigation of Brilliant Blue FCF solution (5 g l-1) and excavation method was performed to investigate the effect of texture and structure on the infiltration pattern at three different field soils developed from granite (GR), gneiss (GN) and limestone (LS). The GR soil showed a homogeneous matrix flow in the surface soil with weak, medium granular structure and a macropore flow along pegmatitic vein and plant root in C horizon. The surface horizon (A1) of GN soil with moderate, medium granular structure and many fine roots had matrix flow. The fingering occurred at the interfaces of sandy loam A horizon and loamy sand C horizon in GR soil and loam A1 horizon and sandy loam A2 horizon in GN soil. The LS soil with strong, coarse prismatic structure and the finest texture showed a macropore flow along cracks and had the deepest penetration of the dye tracer. The macropore (crack and vein), layer interface and plant root induced the preferential flow in the studied soils.  相似文献   

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