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1.
中国大陆地壳上地幔不均匀性与矿产资源预测 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：2
在充分收集、整理、综合研究中国大陆11条地学断面(简称GGT)、数十条其它地球物理剖面(地震剖面、大地热流、大地电磁测深等剖面)和覆盖中国大陆及邻区的剪切波三维速度结构资料的基础上,阐述了中国大陆及邻区地壳结构、岩石圈结构和软流圈结构,并对中国大陆矿产资源预测作了简单的讨论。中国岩石圈结构是在三种不同性质的软流圈基础上发展起来的,有明显的继承性。中国岩石圈结构在某种程度上与大地构造单元相吻合,说明地壳构造受到岩石圈的影响和制约。尤其在地震波垂向低速带上(地壳上地幔都表现为低速性质)是内生多金属矿带的良好产出环境。 相似文献
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长江中下游成矿带及典型矿集区深部结构探测——SinoProbe-03年度进展综述 总被引：17，自引：0，他引：17
大陆现今的地壳结构和物质组成是地壳经历了复杂的动力学演化过程形成的"产品",保留着演化过程中重大地质事件留下的痕迹,使用现代地球物理探测技术对这个"产品"进行成像,不仅可以了解现今的构造和物质状态,还可以推演过去曾经发生的动力学过程.长江中下游成矿带是我国重要的铁、铜多金属资源基地,其形成的深部动力学过程一直是矿床学家... 相似文献
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南秦岭及邻区大陆动力成矿系统
及成矿系列特征与找矿方向 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
以南秦岭及邻区为例, 从大陆岩石圈地幔尺度上探讨了早古生代以来４ 种大陆动力学成矿系统及其１４ 种不同的成矿系列, 并指出了具有重要经济价值的主要成矿系列及今后的找矿方向。在早古生代大陆岩石圈地幔垂向构造扩展动力成矿系统中, 陆缘主动裂谷盆地中, 陆缘主动裂谷盆地中Ｎｉ－Ｖ－Ｍｏ－Ａｕ－Ｕ－Ｓｅ等是主要成矿系列。晚古生代岩石圈地幔俯冲收缩导生大陆壳伸展形成的伸展动力学成矿系统中, 形成的４种成矿系列是具有重大经济价值的主要成矿系列。印支期陆陆碰撞造山期形成的含金剪切型金成矿系列及燕山期－ 喜马拉雅期陆内造山期热泉型金矿成矿系列中, 常形成大型－超大型金矿矿集区。 相似文献
4.
N. P. Romanovsky Yu. F. Malyshev M. V. Goroshko V. G. Gurovich M. I. Kopylov 《Russian Journal of Pacific Geology》2009,3(4):338-355
Materials pertaining to Mesozoic granitoids in the Central Asian and Pacific Belts junction area and the adjacent platforms are summarized. Maps of the location of massifs, the extensiveness of granitoid magmatism, the manifestations of Mesozoic plumes, and the relief of the asthenosphere surface have been compiled. The locations of the major ore deposits are plotted on the maps. The distribution chart has been constructed for these deposits in the coordinates of the crust and lithosphere. The depth of the occurrence of the sources for large and superlarge gold, tin, polymetallic, molybdenum, tungsten, and uranium deposits has been estimated. Areas showing promise for the discovery of large deposits are defined. 相似文献
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利用中国陆地 10条GGT地球物理资料编制中国岩石圈篱笆图 ,并加以说明。通过对地球物理特征和地质学分析 ,认为以大兴安岭—太行山—武陵山重力梯级带和青藏高原周边重力梯级带为界 ,可把中国陆地划分 3个岩石圈构造单元。中国陆壳既有三分结构也存在二分结构 ;对地壳中存在的低速带、高导带和天然地震带进行了划分。以大兴安岭—太行山—武陵山重力梯级带为界 ,两侧盆地具有不同的地球物理特征 ,这些特征与构造运动、均衡调整过程有关。莫霍面几乎遍布全国 ,它具有内部结构。下部地壳底部存在的地球物理异常与莫霍面有关 ,也可能与岩石圈地幔的变化有关。 相似文献
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The key features in the distribution of geoelectric and velocity heterogeneities in the Earth’s crust and the upper mantle of Kamchatka are considered according to the data of deep magnetotelluric sounding and seismotomography. Their possible origin is discussed based on the combined analysis of electric conductivity and seismic velocity anomalies. The geoelectric model contains a crustal conducting layer at a depth of 15–35 km extending along the middle part of Kamchatka. In the Central Kamchatka volcanic belt, the layer is close to the ground surface to a depth of 15–20 km, where its conductivity considerably increases. Horizontal conducting zones with a width of up to 50 km extending into the Pacific Ocean are revealed in the lithosphere of eastern Kamchatka. The large centers of current volcanism are confined to the projections of the horizontal zones. The upper mantle contains an asthenospheric conducting layer that rises from a depth of 150 km in western Kamchatka to a depth of 70–80 km beneath the zone of current volcanism. According to the seismotographic data, the low- and high-seismic-velocity anomalies of P-waves that reflect lateral stratification, which includes the crust, the rigid part of the upper mantle, the asthenospheric layer in a depth range of ~70–130 km, and a high-velocity layer confined to a seismofocal zone, are identified on the vertical and horizontal cross sections of eastern Kamchatka. The cross sections show low-velocity anomalies, which, in the majority of cases, correspond to the high-conductivity anomalies caused by the increased porosity of rocks saturated with liquid fluids. However, there are also differences that are related to the electric conductivity of rocks depending on pore channels filled with liquid fluids making throughways for electric current. The seismic velocity depends, to a great extent, on the total porosity of the rocks, which also includes isolated and dead-end channels that can be filled with liquid fluids that do not contribute to the electric-current transfer. The data on electric conductivity and seismic velocity are used to estimate the porosity of the rocks in the anomalous zones of the Earth’s crust and the upper mantle that are characterized by high electric conductivity and low seismic velocity. This estimate serves as the basis for identifying the zones of partial melting in the lithosphere and the asthenosphere feeding the active volcanoes. 相似文献
8.
中国东部含金矽卡岩矿床分布规律
与深部地球物理背景研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
在收集整理中国大陆上十几条地学断面、数十条地震剖面、大地电磁剖面、地壳上地幔剪切波资料的基础上,对含金矽卡岩矿床的深部地球物理背景进行了深入的研究,作者认为岩石圈剪切带是控制含金矽卡岩矿床的最主要的深部地球物理背景条件。壳内低速高导层因与地幔流体分布有关,同样对含金矽卡岩矿床有控制作用、大（ 深） 断裂带的交汇部位控制着与矿有关的中酸性侵入岩浆,可以利用这些因素的共同制约作用进一步圈定含金矽卡岩矿床和铜伴生金矽卡岩矿床分布的远景预测区。 相似文献
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川滇地区三维P波速度结构反演与构造分析 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
根据205个区域台站记录的近60000条地震初至P波走时资料, 采用层析成像理论与伪弯曲射线追踪方法, 反演了川滇地区地壳上地幔的三维P波速度结构.结合区域地质构造以及地球物理背景, 分析和解释了三维速度结构图像反映的川滇地区不同深度的介质结构与构造特征.结果表明: (1) 沉积盆地、高山山地等主要表现出速度负异常的特征, 有的高山山体负异常可深达下地壳与上地幔, 反映了新造山带的强烈构造隆升与相伴的重力均衡作用; (2) 川滇块体周缘大型活动断裂带附近的中下地壳内普遍存在低速层, 它们的存在为调节断裂和块体运动提供了深部解耦条件; (3) 根据对P波速度结构图像的分析, 识别和推断出川滇地区若干主要活动断裂的深部构造特征及它们倾向与下延深度. 相似文献
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青藏高原的地幔结构:地幔羽、地幔剪切带及岩石圈俯冲板片的拆沉 总被引：22，自引：1，他引：22
通过横穿青藏高原近 80 0 0km长的 4条天然地震层析剖面 ,获得 4 0 0km深度以上的地壳和地幔速度图像及地震波各向异性 ,揭示了青藏高原 4 0 0km深度范围内的地壳和地幔结构特征。地幔速度图像显示 ,青藏高原腹地的深地幔中存在以大型低速异常体为特征的地幔羽 ,其可能通过热通道与大面积分布的可可西里新生代高钾碱性火山作用有成因联系 ;阿尔金、康西瓦、金沙江、嘉黎及雅鲁藏布江等走滑断裂可下延至 30 0～ 4 0 0km深度 ,显示了低速高热物质组成的垂向低速异常带特征及大型超岩石圈或地幔剪切带的产出 ;发现康西瓦、东昆仑—金沙江、班公湖—怒江和雅鲁藏布缝合带下部存在不连续的高速异常带 ,可以解释为青藏高原地体拼合及碰撞过程中可能保留的加里东、古特提斯和中特提斯大洋岩石圈“化石”残片 ,是“拆沉”的地球物理证据。印度大陆岩石圈的巨厚俯冲板片以 15～ 2 0°倾角向北插入唐古拉山下 30 0km深处 ,并被高热物质组成的地幔剪切带分开。结合新的横穿喜马拉雅及青藏高原的地幔层析资料 ,提出青藏高原碰撞动力学新模式 :青藏高原南部印度岩石圈板片的翻卷式陆内超深俯冲 ,北缘克拉通向南的陆内俯冲 ,腹地深部的地幔羽上涌 ,以及地幔范围内的高原“右旋隆升”及物质向东及北东方向运动及挤出。 相似文献
11.
兴蒙—吉黑地区岩石圈由额尔古纳、兴安、松嫩和佳木斯4个古陆块及完达山中生代大陆边缘增生杂岩构成。Nd同位素模式年龄显示,佳木斯陆块时代最老,1500～2200Ma;额尔古纳陆块次之,1000～1600Ma;兴安和松嫩陆块具有相同的Nd模式年龄,500～1200Ma。地球化学示踪分析表明,该区古生代时表层地壳的Nd同位素模式年龄以中元古代为主,而中生代花岗岩的Nd同位素模式年龄主要为新元古代,表明该区深部地壳的年龄较表层地壳的年龄年轻,显示出该区地壳具有下新上老的年龄结构。Os同位素分析同时证明,该区岩石圈地幔也多表现为年轻性质。地震(Vp)速度结构显示,该区岩石圈结构在垂向上具有两个明显的特征:一是与传统意义上的地震岩石圈概念明显不同,该区岩石圈地幔的低速带没有稳定连续的顶界面,低速异常顶界面深浅不一,与高速异常体犬齿交错,某些构造单元之下的低速异常直达Moho,但底界面却十分稳定,深度为230～240km;二是“立交式”速度结构,表现为在地壳范围内,速度等值线总体呈北东向展布;岩石圈地幔的速度等值线呈北北西-近南北向展布;低速异常圈层的速度等值线为近东西向展布。 相似文献
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近年来地幔地球物理三维成像为地下深部构造和物质运动提供了大量数据和信息,促进了人们对浅地幔系统物质运动的特征和动力学作用的认知。按照运动的方向不同,浅地幔系统的物质运动可分为三种主要形式:水平运动、向上涌动和向下沉动。浅地幔系统物质向下运动由地球引力势能引起,其他方向的运动主要由热能和动能引起。除了动力来源之外,浅地幔系统物质运动的方向还取决于岩石圈和软流圈的物质属性,因为高黏度介质阻挡物质运动,而低黏度介质加速物质运动。软流圈物质的水平蠕动差异,产生了岩石圈的伸展、拆离和推覆等复杂构造,速度和动能较大软流圈物质的蠕动,一定会带动岩石圈板块物质的运动和变形。软流圈物质的向上涌动又可以进一步细分为上涌运动、上拱运动和穿刺运动三种方式,它们对上方岩石圈的作用效果是不同的。浅地幔系统的物质下沉运动有多种形式,包括俯冲、拆沉和交代作用,也经常伴随有软流圈物质上涌,在微观上是一种对偶运动。这种对偶运动造成了克拉通地壳的底垫和岩石圈的陆根。软流圈大规模的物质运动,包括大洋中脊物质上涌、大陆碰撞造山和大洋俯冲的前陆拉张,在全球地震层析成像图上都有清晰的反映。中国东南沿海一带是浅地幔系统物质运动的一个特殊地区,可能是由于白垩纪伊佐奈崎板块俯冲,激发东亚大陆边缘软流圈上涌,然后又造成大陆边缘岩石圈局部拆沉等一连串动力学作用叠加形成的。 相似文献
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D.H. Chung 《Tectonophysics》1977,42(1):T35-T42
The seismologically observed Pn velocity anomalies in the conterminous United States are restricted to the lithosphere, but the observed teleseismic delay-time variations are due principally to the regional variations in the physical state (i.e., thickness of lowvelocity zone and/or percent melt, etc.) of the asthenosphere. The observed low Pn velocity has been attributed to partial melting in the upper mantle, but it is shown that the partial-melting model alone cannot explain the seismologically observed Pn velocities in such an anomalous region as the Basin and Range Province. The present structure of the Basin and Range Province is possibly a result of rifting in the western conterminous United States; under it there may lie a mixed structure of old crust and mantle materials. The low-velocity zone under the Basin and Range Province would then be caused by downward chemical transition from the sub-Moho pyrolitic mantle material into a plagioclase-rich ophiolitic (old oceanic crust and upper mantle) composition and associated meltingand then into a peridotitic composition at the bottom of the lowvelocity zone. This mixed material model, with partial melting, would explain the low Pn velocity and low seismic Q in the region, as well as other geophysical observations. 相似文献
15.
Based upon the deep seismic sounding profiles carried out in the Tengchong Volcano-Geothermal Area (TVGA), western Yunnan Province of China, a 2-D crustal P velocity structure is obtained by use of finite-difference inversion and forward travel-time fitting method. The crustal model shows that a low-velocity anomaly zone exists in the upper crust, which is related to geothermal activity. Two faults, the Longling–Ruili Fault and Tengchong Fault, on the profile extend from surface to the lower crust and the Tengchong Fault likely penetrates the Moho. Moreover, based on teleseismic receiver functions on a temporary seismic network, S-wave velocity structures beneath the geothermal field show low S-wave velocity in the upper crust. From results of geophysical survey, the crust of TVGA is characterized by low P-wave and S-wave velocities, low resistivity, high heat-flow value and low Q. The upper mantle P-wave velocity is also low. This suggests presence of magma in the crust derived from the upper mantle. The low-velocity anomaly in upper crust may be related to the magma differentiation. The Tengchong volcanic area is located on the northeast edge of the Indian–Eurasian plate collision zone, away from the eastern boundary of the Indian plate by about 450 km. Based on the results of this paper and related studies, the Tengchong volcanoes can be classified as plate boundary volcanoes. 相似文献
16.
Speculations on the nature and cause of mantle heterogeneity 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
Don L. Anderson 《Tectonophysics》2006,416(1-4):7
Hotspots and hotspot tracks are on, or start on, preexisting lithospheric features such as fracture zones, transform faults, continental sutures, ridges and former plate boundaries. Volcanism is often associated with these features and with regions of lithospheric extension, thinning, and preexisting thin spots. The lithosphere clearly controls the location of volcanism. The nature of the volcanism and the presence of ‘melting anomalies’ or ‘hotspots’, however, reflect the intrinsic chemical and lithologic heterogeneity of the upper mantle. Melting anomalies—shallow regions of ridges, volcanic chains, flood basalts, radial dike swarms—and continental breakup are frequently attributed to the impingement of deep mantle thermal plumes on the base of the lithosphere. The heat required for volcanism in the plume hypothesis is from the core. Alternatively, mantle fertility and melting point, ponding and focusing, and edge effects, i.e., plate tectonic and near-surface phenomena, may control the volumes and rates of magmatism. The heat required is from the mantle, mainly from internal heating and conduction into recycled fragments. The magnitude of magmatism appears to reflect the fertility, not the absolute temperature, of the asthenosphere. I attribute the chemical heterogeneity of the upper mantle to subduction of young plates, aseismic ridges and seamount chains, and to delamination of the lower continental crust. These heterogeneities eventually warm up past the melting point of eclogite and become buoyant low-velocity diapirs that undergo further adiabatic decompression melting as they encounter thin or spreading regions of the lithosphere. The heat required for the melting of cold subducted and delaminated material is extracted from the essentially infinite heat reservoir of the mantle, not the core. Melting in the upper mantle does not requires the instability of a deep thermal boundary layer or high absolute temperatures. Melts from recycled oceanic crust, and seamounts—and possibly even plateaus—pond beneath the lithosphere, particularly beneath basins and suture zones, with locally thin, weak or young lithosphere. The characteristic scale lengths—150 to 600 km—of variations in bathymetry and magma chemistry, and the variable productivity of volcanic chains, may reflect compositional heterogeneity of the asthenosphere, not the scales of mantle convection or the spacing of hot plumes. High-frequency seismic waves, scattering, coda studies and deep reflection profiles are needed to detect the kind of chemical heterogeneity and small-scale layering predicted from the recycling hypothesis. 相似文献
17.
长江中下游及其邻区深部地球物理背景与含金夕卡岩矿床的分布 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
长江中下游地区是我国重要的铁铜矿产基地。近十年来,我国所发现的含金夕卡岩矿床和铜伴生金夕卡岩矿床也主要产在长江中下游地区。作者借助12条大地电磁测深剖面、5条地震剖面、层析成像速度结构资料、重磁场等区域的和深部的地球物理资料进行综合对比研究,给出长江中下游及其邻区的三维深部构造格架及其与含金夕卡岩矿床和铜伴生金夕卡岩矿床的分布关系。作者认为,上地幔隆起带(岩石圈地幔减薄带)、上地幔异常区(相对低速区)、壳内高导层隆起带、深断裂(岩石圈剪切带)、地壳上地幔不均匀性块体的边缘、重力高反映的基底隆起区、跳跃磁场反映的岩浆岩带和构造交汇处等诸多因素的共同作用控制着含金夕卡岩矿床和铜伴生金夕卡岩矿床的分布。 相似文献
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大陆下地壳拆沉模式初探 总被引：21，自引：7，他引：21
下地壳拆沉是人们关注的问题,文中指出下地壳拆沉必须满足至少三个条件：（1）地壳加厚使其下部达到熘辉岩相是拆沉的前提.（2）大规模岩浆活动使大量低密度的中酸性物质移出下地壳,使下地壳密度增加直至超过下伏地幔.由于下地壳榴辉岩石部分熔融所形成的岩浆具有埃达克岩的地球化学特征,因此,大规模魂达克岩的熔出是下地壳拆沉的先决和必要条件.（3）岩石圈地幔转化为软流圈地幔,使下地壳能够进入地幔.陆壳下的岩石圈地幔原先是冷的、刚性的和不易流动的，如果有热和水的加入，可以被软化，使其变成热的、塑性的和易流动的软流圈地幔。因此，岩石圈了幔转化为软流圈地幔是下地壳拆沉的必要条件。作者认为，下地壳不大可能整体拆沉，而很可能是一块一块如飘雪花似地拆沉。如果下地壳的密度降低（低于下伏地幔），如果地幔停止热的供给，如果陆壳底部的软流圈地幔幔又恢复为岩石圈地幔，拆沉即终止。文中讨论了中国东部中生代下地壳拆沉的可能性，探讨了岩石圈减薄的机制，认为下地壳不需要也不可能与岩石圈地幔一道拆况。 相似文献
19.
J. Makris 《Tectonophysics》1976,36(4):339-346
Combined gravity and seismic data from Greece and the adjacent areas have been used to explain the high seismicity and tectonic activity of this area. Computed 2-D gravity models revealed that below the Aegean region a large “plume” of hot upper-mantle material is rising, causing strong attenuation of the crust. The hot “plume” extends to the base of the lithosphere and has very probably been mobilized through compressional processes that forced the lithosphere to sink into the asthenosphere. The above model is supported by: high heat flow in the Aegean region; low velocity of the compressional waves of 7.7 km/sec for the upper mantle; lower density than normal extending to the base of the lithosphere; teleseismic P-wave travel-time residuals of the order of +2 sec for seismic events recorded at the Greek seismic stations; volcanics in the Aegean area with a chemical composition which can be explained by assuming an assimilation of oceanic crust by the upper mantle; deep seismicity (200 km) which has been interpreted by various authors as a Benioff zone. 相似文献
20.
Several long-range seismic profiles were carried out in Russia with Peaceful Nuclear Explosions (PNE). The data from 25 PNEs recorded along these profiles were used to compile a 3-D upper mantle velocity model for the central part of the Northern Eurasia. 2-D crust and upper mantle models were also constructed for all profiles using a common methodology for wavefield interpretation. Five basic boundaries were traced over the study area: N1 boundary (velocity level, V = 8.35 km/s; depth interval, D = 60–130 km), N2 (V = 8.4 km/s; D = 100–140 km), L (V = 8.5 km/s; D = 180–240 km) and H (V = 8.6 km/s; D = 300–330 km) and structural maps were compiled for each boundary. Together these boundaries describe a 3-D upper mantle model for northern Eurasia. A map characterised the velocity distribution in the uppermost mantle down to a depth of 60 km is also presented. Mostly horizontal inhomogeneity is observed in the uppermost mantle, and the velocities range from the average 8.0–8.1 km/s to 8.3–8.4 km/s in some blocks of the Siberian Craton. At a depth of 100–200 km, the local high velocity blocks disappear and only three large anomalies are observed: lower velocities in West Siberia and higher velocities in the East-European platform and in the central part of the Siberian Craton. In contrast, the depths to the H boundary are greater beneath the craton and lower beneath in the West Siberian Platform. A correlation between tectonics, geophysical fields and crustal structure is observed. In general, the old and cold cratons have higher velocities in the mantle than the young platforms with higher heat flows.Structural peculiarities of the upper mantle are difficult to describe in form of classical lithosphere–asthenosphere system. The asthenosphere cannot be traced from the seismic data; in contrary the lithosphere is suggested to be rheologically stratified. All the lithospheric boundaries are not simple discontinuities, they are heterogeneous (thin layering) zones which generate multiphase reflections. Many of them may be a result of fluids concentrated at some critical P–T conditions which produce rheologically weak zones. The most visible rheological variations are observed at depths of around 100 and 250 km. 相似文献