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1.
黄土高原全新世黄土-古土壤演替及气候演变的再研讨 总被引：21，自引：5，他引：16
文章从黄土-古土壤的演替规律、黄土再沉积与古土壤埋藏后的次生成壤特殊性,揭示了第四纪生物气候演变的实质。对黄土高原具代表性的现代耕种土壤壤土和黑垆土的研究,揭示了土壤剖面内伏形成环境较现代暖湿的古土壤层;对于土壤剖面上部的覆盖层,证实不仅是人为施加土粪的堆积物,且包含新的黄土沉积物;从土壤发生学观点,埃土与黑垆土称之耕种埋藏型古土壤较合适;通过分辨古土壤剖面层内干旱草原和暖湿型森林植被孢粉共存的矛盾实质,证实黄土高原全新世曾存在茂密的森林和森林草原植被及森林型土壤的发育,并延续到人类历史时期。在第四纪研究中,通常把黑垆土作为全新世代表地层,以S0表示,我们的研究补充提出,根据黄土高原生物气候地带性的分异规律,自南而北,S0应以埃土与黑垆土分别表示,并应在S0层上部划分出Lx,说明气候冷干化的趋向及新一轮黄土沉积期已悄然来临。以上问题的再研讨,对第四纪生态环境演变和当前黄土高原生态环境建设的战略部署,具有重要的理论和实际意义。 相似文献
2.
Genesis of pedons with discontinuous argillic horizons in the Holocene loess mantle of the southern Pampean landscape,Argentina 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
《Journal of South American Earth Sciences》2007,23(1):30-45
Soil development in the plain landscape of the southern Argentinean Pampa is related to pulses of aeolian accretion of calcareous loess during the Holocene epoch. Such plain relief is associated with landform stability that favors pedogenesis. In some sectors of the Holocene loess mantle, detailed soil surveys show a great variability of soil morphology in short distances (<7 m), such that pedons with Bt horizon (Ap-Bt-C-2Ckm) coexist with pedons with an AC horizon (Ap-AC-C-2Ckm) in a plain landscape, within identical loess parent material over a tosca layer (2Ckm-calcrete-petrocalcic horizon), and in a similar pedoclimate. This article studies the origin of this spatial variation. Loess parent materials directly overlie the relic tosca layer, exhumed after erosion of preexisting soils of the Late Pleistocene. The contrast in soil morphology between the petrocalcic horizon and the overlying Holocene soils reflects the effect of polygenesis. The complex soil spatial distribution pattern over the tosca layer appears unrelated to its paleomicrotopography, because soils with Bt horizons are identified in positive and depressed microlandforms of the tosca. The absence of Bt horizons might be caused by formerly intense biological activity related to a stable pattern of two natural vegetation covers or a surface paleomicrotopography that supported distinct vegetation types depending on the soil moisture in each paleomicrolandform. 相似文献
3.
黄土的本质与形成模式 总被引：11，自引：2，他引：11
根据显微结构鉴定,有机质分析,颗粒分析,CaCO3测定和野外观察、统计等资料,研究了黄土的本质和形成模式。资料表明,黄土具有土壤的各种结构,具有指示草原和森林草原土壤发生特征的CaCO3和CaSO4淀积成分,含有土壤的有机质;黄土的本质是土壤,是在相对冷干气候条件下发育的多种灰黄色狭义土壤,而且是在当时当地气候条件下处于稳定状态的发育成熟的古土壤;黄土形成模式是风尘经草原、森林草原和荒漠草原区的成壤作用形成土壤的模式。黄土高原是世界上土壤资源最深厚、最富集的地区,黄土的工程地质性质和水文地质性质在很大程度上取决于成壤作用的强弱。 相似文献
4.
《Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Part A: Solid Earth and Geodesy》1999,24(10):913-920
Climatic change in SE Europe can be characterized by the term aridification, which means increasing semi-aridity, manifested in an increase of mean annual temperature and at the same time in a decrease in the yearly precipitation.The paper deals with research results obtained within the framework of the MEDALUS II project (funded by the Commission of the European Communities). The project had the following objectives:
- 1.(i) Assessment of the impact of global change on the climate of the investigated area, including possible future climates.
- 2.(ii) Physical processes of aridification, including studies of groundwater level change, soil moisture profile dynamics, soil development, vegetation change and soil erosion.
- 3.(iii) Land use change, involving research on present land use and suggestions for the future.
- 1.(i) Statistical analysis of climatic oscillations and computer runs of climatic scenarios,
- 2.(ii) Analysis of ground water data, mapping and analysis of soils and vegetation, assessment of present and future soil, and
- 3.(iii) Land capability assessment through ranking environmental conditions according to the demands of the most widely grown arable crops in Hungary.
5.
Márton Pécsi 《GeoJournal》1995,36(2-3):117-131
In the process of loessification, the development of loess fabric, the role of zonal, regional and partly of local environmental factors is regarded decisive. In the loess sequences various genetic types of loess pockets and paleosols occur and reflect different climatic and paleogeographical conditions.As a consequence, even within a single profile the colour, grain size and mineral composition, CaCO3 content, degree of weathering and fabric of loess may vary. Zonal, regional or even local variations in such loess properties may equally derive from syngenetic or postgenetic processes. For similar reasons, spatially and temporally different forms, types and subtypes of paleosol also developed.This way, loess and soil formation resulted in various spatial types in the same glacial, interstadial or interglacial phase in the various geographical zones and regions. Although there exist major loess regions where the interglacial soils (eg brown forest soils) are markedly distinct from interstadial steppe soils or from other types of humic soils, continental loess areas can also be observed where the paleosols developed under interglacial and interstadial conditions (eg steppe or forest steppe soils) cannot be referred into different genetic types. In such cases the changes in paleoenvironments are difficult and uncertain to reconstruct.The interregional correlation of paleosols is occasionally hindered by the various terminologies applied to denote them. In addition, there are uncertainties concerning the dating and identification of paleoenvironments of polygenetic soils and of soil complexes consisting of paleosol units: how many soil formation phases they represent and how long erosional gaps can be reckoned with between these phases. 相似文献
6.
地层岩性是生态地质环境条件的重要组成部分,查明不同岩性对生长在其上植物群落的影响,对生态保护和生态修复具有重要意义。以江西赣州市相同地貌条件和气候条件下的岩石、土壤、植物群落为研究对象,通过对植被和土壤开展全面调查与采样分析,探索了岩石-土壤-植物群落间的对应关系。分析了不同成土母岩衍生的土壤在粒度组成、化学成分、物理性质等方面的特征,揭示了地质背景条件与植物群落分布的关系。结果表明: ①成土母岩岩性、土壤质地、土壤pH值、土壤养分、土壤中主量和微量元素含量的差异是影响植物群落分布的重要因素; ②研究区各岩性区的土壤养分含量从高到低为变余杂砂岩区土壤>粉砂岩区土壤>砂砾岩区土壤>长石石英砂岩区土壤>花岗岩区土壤。 相似文献
7.
本文以兰州重塑黄土为对象,通过室内试验分析6组非饱和重塑黄土土-水特征曲线分段特征值与主要物性指标的统计关系,探讨了非饱和重塑黄土物理性质对其基质吸力变化特征的影响。结果表明,对于非饱和重塑黄土,分段特征含水量、特征饱和度、特征基质吸力与干密度关系密切,与颗粒级配关系较弱。随干密度增加,过渡区特征饱和度、残余饱和度线性增加,饱和含水量、过渡区特征含水量线性降低,残余基质吸力及过渡区特征基质吸力分别为线性及非线性增加。过渡区特征饱和度、残余饱和度与土体中粘粒含量线性正相关,与粉粒含量负相关。饱和含水量与粉粒含量线性正相关,残余基质吸力与其线性负相关。重塑黄土的微观结构显示这些关系受制于土体的孔隙结构和颗粒间的相互关系。 相似文献
8.
灌溉引起的黄土工程地质性质变化 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
引水灌溉改变了黄土的原生环境,使黄土在增湿乃至饱和的过程中,微结构、物理、力学及水理性质都不同程度地发生了变化,成为诱发黄土灾害的重要条件.以甘肃省黑方台灌区为研究区,开展从原位试验到室内测试、从传统土力学到非饱和土力学、从微观到宏观的多角度系统研究,揭示灌溉引起的黄土工程地质性质变化.研究结果表明,灌溉造成黄土原生结构破坏,孔隙总量和孔隙度普遍减小,造成天然含水量、天然密度、干密度等物理性质指标增高,天然孔隙比降低,黄土压缩性和湿陷性趋低,抗剪强度降幅尤为明显;从非饱和土力学角度看,灌溉使得黄土含水量增加,基质吸力降低,非饱和黄土强度参数也随之呈递减趋势;从黄土时效变形分析看,灌溉使得黄土更易发生蠕变变形和破坏. 相似文献
9.
PIERRE ANTOINE DENIS-DIDIER ROUSSEAU JEAN-PIERRE LAUTRIDOU CHRISTINE HATTé 《Boreas: An International Journal of Quaternary Research》1999,28(4):551-563
The loess series at St. Pierre-les-Elbeuf and St. Sauflieu are key successions for the western European Quaternary stratigraphy. The present study proposes a detailed record of the last interglacial-glacial climatic cycle at St. Pierre and its integration into the synthetic pedosedimentary record of north-western France using detailed correlations with the type sections of St. Sauflieu and Achenheim. Finally, comparisons with the marine isotope, Greenland GRIP chronologies and dust records are proposed. At St. Pierre, the pedostratigraphic and sedimentological analyses (total iron, organic matter, carbonate, grain size), in association with low field magnetic susceptibility measurements, demonstrate that this loess succession records the major climatic events of the Upper Pleistocene. The basal soil complex at St. Pierre is similar to those from the main successions of North (St. Sauflieu) or Northeast France (Achenheim). It shows a Bt horizon of brown leached soil, a deeply reworked grey forest soil and two isohumic steppe soils separated by a non-calcareous loess layer. This loess level corresponds to the first aeolian event clearly observed in the succession and can be correlated with Marker II of the Central European stratigraphy located around the marine isotope stage (MIS) 5/4 boundary. The main aeolian sedimentation starts after the soil complex and ends with the top soil (brown leached soil). Finally, a good parallel is observed between the strongest peaks of the dust records of the ice cores and the main period of loess deposition in St Pierre-lès-Elbeuf occurring during MIS 2. 相似文献
10.
为了研究异质土在不同排水条件下的力学机理,进行了一系列环剪试验,对单一黄土、单一砂、砂-黄土组成的异质土在剪切力学特性上的差异及其产生机理进行了比较分析。结果表明：在不同排水条件下,砂-黄土组成的异质土在相互接触剪切的过程中,剪切应力变化形态和抗剪强度与单一黄土、单一砂之间存在显著差异,即砂-黄土组成的异质土在其剪切过程中呈现出了黏性土的剪切力学特征;在相同剪切速率条件下,砂-黄土组成的异质土在不同排水条件下的抗剪强度比单一黄土和单一砂的抗剪强度至少降低了71%和51%。不同排水条件下砂-黄土的剪切力学性质出现了差异,其主要原因与剪切面处砂与黄土之间的相互作用以及剪切面处土体内孔隙水状态有关。 相似文献
11.
A new quantitative Soil Development Index based on field data has been applied to chronosequences formed under different climatic regimes. The four soil chronosequences, developed primarily on sandy deposits, have some numeric age control and are located in xeric-inland (Merced, Calif.), xeric-coastal (Ventura, Calif.), aridic (Las Cruces, N. Mex.), and udic (Susquehanna Valley, Pa.) soil-moisture regimes. To quantify field properties, points are assigned for developmental increases in soil properties in comparison to the parent material. Currently ten soil-field properties are quantified and normalized for each horizon in a given chronosequence, including two new properties for carbonate-rich soils in addition to the eight properties previously defined. When individual properties or the combined indexes are plotted as a function of numeric age, rates of soil development can be compared in different climates. The results demonstrate that (1) the Soil Development Index can be applied to very different soil types, (2) many field properties develop systematically in different climatic regimes, (3) certain properties appear to have similar rates of development in different climates, and (4) the Profile Index that combines different field properties increases significantly with age and appears to develop at similar rates in different climates. The Soil Development Index can serve as a preliminary guide to soil age where other age control is lacking and can be used to correlate deposits of different geographical and climatic regions. 相似文献
12.
13.
土壤是气候变化的长期记录者 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
气候是土壤形成的要素之一。反过来,从土壤及其风化壳可论证气候变迁。中国南方的红色风化壳是第四纪形成物。其上均质红色风化壳及红壤是晚更新世形成物,延续至今,而澳大利亚、非洲大陆红色风化壳是在第三纪的古陆上形成的,但现代土壤不少是气候变干旱后形成的。北欧、北美是12000a B.P.才从冰川下裸露成陆,形成了灰化土、泥炭土等。黄土层、火山灰下埋藏了多层古土壤,记录了第四纪气候的变迁。 相似文献
14.
西峰和西安黄土中盐碱化古土壤气候意义的初步探讨 总被引：9，自引：8，他引：9
对西峰和西安黄土剖面中古土壤的研究揭示出,作为重要气候地层标志的S4和S5古土壤竟有盐化和碱化现象。盐碱化特性直接关系到如何认识这些古土壤的气候意义。土壤化学、微形态及粘土矿物分析表明,上述古土壤以草原土特征为主,并在气候最宜期发育了森林植被。盐碱化特性并非产生于土壤被埋藏以后,而是古土壤发育末期的产物。该时期大气粉尘堆积似乎是可溶盐的来源。 相似文献
15.
南水北调中线工程实践研究表明,膨胀土的电导率与自由膨胀率呈现线性关系。引江济淮试验工程为开发膨胀土判别快速方法以及提出针对江淮地区土质的电导率法判别适用标准,开展膨胀土电导率特征实验研究。工程现场取多组土样进行基本性质、膨胀性和不同含水率下的电导率实验,寻求该地区膨胀土电导率与含水率和自由膨胀率的关系。研究表明,电导率随土体含水率增加呈现先增加后减小的变化趋势,土体处于液限含水率附近状态下,具有最强的导电性,电导率具有峰值特征。相同含水率条件下,土体的膨胀性越强电导率越大;电导率和自由膨胀率总体上线性相关,试样在液限含水率附近时相关性最大;线性经验模型的精度由相关性水平控制,本试验提出的江淮地区弱膨胀土电导率经验模型的精度控制标准为R2=0.78,可以达到自由膨胀率实测值的精度水平,具有实用价值。 相似文献
16.
抗疏力固化剂在我国黄土加固中运用较少,探究抗疏力固化剂是否有利于维持黄土内部干燥状态很有必要。采用抗疏力固化剂对重塑Q3黄土改性,室内开展水滴入渗试验、柔性壁渗透试验、收缩试验及压力膜仪脱水试验,分别探讨抗疏力固化剂掺量对黄土进水、渗透及失水能力的影响。结果显示,随抗疏力固化剂掺量提高,土样斥水性急剧增大,明显优于粉煤灰、水泥、石灰改性土;渗透系数基本不变,水的流通性基本不变;干缩失水过程改性土样含水率及土-水特征曲线毛细作用区曲线斜率均变化不大,黄土失水能力基本不变。结合电镜及压汞试验结果可知,抗疏力固化剂对黄土中大孔隙、中孔隙体积含量影响较小,从而对黄土中水的流通及失去能力影响较少,证明抗疏力固化剂改性黄土斥水性明显提高,而失水能力基本不变,有利于维持黄土内部的干燥状态。 相似文献
17.
粒度分布曲线是土壤最基本的土性参数之一,通过数学方程预测粒度分布曲线将为工程勘察节省大量成本。Fred?
lund建立在Fredlund和Xing土水特征曲线方程基础上的粒度分布曲线方程已被证明适用于多种土类,但其对中国黄土的有
效性很少得到验证。本文采用Fredlund粒度分布曲线方程对黄土高原7个地区18个黄土样的粒度分布曲线进行了拟合,结
果表明Fredlund粒度分布曲线方程与中国黄土的粒度分布曲线拟合度高,拟合参数稳定且呈规律性变化,能够很好地反映
中国黄土的地域性。本文得到的参数可用于各个地区的粒度分布曲线预测,并对黄土粒径分析及分类具有指导意义。 相似文献
18.
Loess is mainly distributed in arid and semiarid areas of the world, and water is essential and precious in the loess areas. Water is also an important factor inducing various geohazards and soil erosion in the loess areas. The thematic issue of Environmental Earth Sciences was edited to reflect the latest research on water and water-related themes in the loess areas of the world, especially on the Chinese Loess Plateau. This editorial introduced the background and initiative of editing this thematic issue, and it also introduced briefly the water environment projects currently underway on the Chinese Loess Plateau such as the grain for green project, the huge land creation project, and the sponge city project. The papers included in the thematic issue were also introduced to give readers a general understanding of their main research points. Finally, some suggestions to boost further water environment research in the loess areas were put forward. All the papers included in the thematic issue will scientifically support the sustainable socio-economic development in the loess areas of the world. 相似文献
19.
Two major cohesionless soil series of the central Coast Ranges of Oregon were examined for soil and hydrologic properties.
Although derived from different parent material, the Bohannon and Klickitat series exhibited nearly identical values of soil
and hydrologic properties. Aggregation in both soils was found to be the most important property, for it influences shear
strength and subsurface water movement, prime components of slope stability. The unusually high angle of internal friction
of both cohesionless soils was 40° to 41°. The angle of internal friction was affected significantly by the mode of wetting.
Subsurface water movement was predominantly by unsaturated flow. The influence of soil aggregation on pore-size distribution
and arrangement created conditions where unsaturated flow was an effective means for water dispersal in both soils during
most observed storm events. Considering the large area covered by these two soil series, aggregation appears to be an important
slope-stability property with regional significance. 相似文献
20.
能否用齐次正态随机场模型来模拟土体性质的空间分布特性,其关键在于土性随机场模型是否具有平稳性和各态历经性。国内大多数研究都是在假定土性随机场模型是平稳随机场的条件下研究应用Vanmarcke 模型的。关于黄土的土性参数的空间特性研究亦是如此,未对其土性剖面随机场的平稳性及各态历经性进行检验。本文以西安市曲江某项目29个钻孔的双桥静力触探(CPT)数据为研究样本,首先讨论了关于原始数据的齐次化处理,即趋势分量的消除方法。然后对该场地黄土土性剖面随机场的平稳性及各态历经性进行了检验,检验结果表明:西安黄土梁洼地貌上的Q3黄土层、Q3古土壤层和Q2黄土层其土性随机场模型具平稳性和各态历经性。故Vanmarcke 随机场模型适用于模拟西安黄土土性剖面。 相似文献