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1.
The northern Banda Arc, eastern Indonesia, exposes upper mantle/lower crustal complexes comprising lherzolites and granulite facies migmatites of the ‘Kobipoto Complex’. Residual garnet–sillimanite granulites, which contain spinel + quartz inclusions within garnet, experienced ultrahigh-temperature (UHT; > 900 °C) conditions at 16 Ma due to heat supplied by lherzolites exhumed during slab rollback in the Banda Arc. Here, we present U–Pb zircon ages and new whole-rock geochemical analyses that document a protracted history of high-T metamorphism, melting, and acid magmatism of a common sedimentary protolith. Detrital zircons from the Kobipoto Complex migmatites, with ages between 3.4 Ga and 216 Ma, show that their protolith was derived from both West Papua and the Archean of Western Australia, and that metamorphism of these rocks on Seram could not have occurred until the Late Triassic. Zircons within the granulites then experienced three subsequent episodes of growth – at 215–173 Ma, 25–20 Ma, and at c. 16 Ma. The population of zircon rims with ages between 215 and 173 Ma document significant metamorphic (± partial melting) events that we attribute to subduction beneath the Bird's Head peninsula and Sula Spur, which occurred until the Banda and Argo continental blocks were rifted from the NW Australian margin of Gondwana in the Late Jurassic (from c. 160 Ma). Late Oligocene-Early Miocene collision between Australia (the Sula Spur) and SE Asia (northern Sulawesi) was then recorded by crystallisation of several 25–20 Ma zircon rims. Thereafter, a large population of c. 16 Ma zircon rims grew during subsequent and extensive Middle Miocene metamorphism and melting of the Kobipoto complex rocks beneath Seram under high- to ultrahigh-temperature (HT–UHT) conditions. Lherzolites located adjacent to the granulite-facies migmatites in central Seram equilibrated at 1280–1300 °C upon their exhumation to 1 GPa (~ 37 km) depth, whereupon they supplied sufficient heat to have metamorphosed adjacent Kobipoto Complex migmatites under UHT conditions at 16 Ma. Calculations suggesting slight (~ 10 vol%) mantle melting are consistent with observations of minor gabbroic intrusions and scarce harzburgites. Subsequent extension during continued slab rollback exhumed both the lherzolites and adjacent granulite-facies migmatites beneath extensional detachment faults in western Seram at 6.0–5.5 Ma, and on Ambon at 3.5 Ma, as recorded by subsequent zircon growth and 40Ar/39Ar ages in these regions. Ambonites, cordierite- and garnet-bearing dacites sourced predominantly from melts generated in the Kobipoto Complex migmatites, were later erupted on Ambon from 3.0 to 1.9 Ma.  相似文献   

2.
Oxidised metasediments in the western Gawler Craton southern Australia record late Paleoproterozoic high-temperature (HT) to ultrahigh-temperature (UHT) metamorphism. The HT-UHT rocks are magnetite-rich and come from drill core in an unexposed region of the Gawler Craton. Coarse-grained cordierite-bearing assemblages that potentially contained osumilite are overprinted by orthopyroxene-sillimanite-bearing assemblages, which in turn are overprinted by garnet. This microstructural record indicates a metamorphic evolution involving early high-T, low-P conditions that were overprinted by lower thermal gradient assemblages. In situ LA–ICP–MS monazite U-Pb age dating yields a range of ages between 1850 and 1530 Ma with large populations at ca 1690–1650 Ma and ca 1600 Ma. Elsewhere in the Gawler Craton HT and UHT metamorphism occurred in the earliest Mesoproterozoic (ca 1580 Ma). The timing of the Australian UHT events coincides with several other documented examples and occurred during the postulated existence of the Columbia supercontinent. If arguments that link the formation of UHT belts to supercontinental amalgamation are valid, then the existence of ca 1700 to 1600 Ma UHT metamorphism may place additional constraints on the timing of Columbian assembly.  相似文献   

3.
In most of the rocks of the Fuping Complex in the Trans-North China Orogen, a large quantity of leucocratic veins, dykes and granitic intrusions are present as migmatites. The incongruent partial melting of biotite to hornblende suggests the water-fluxed anatexis of the migmatization of which the melt is manifested by the euhedral crystallization of some quartzofeldspathic minerals and presence of albite rim on earlier plagioclase or K-feldspar. Importantly, some melt may be segregated in the sillimanite gneisses or extracted and injected as faint dispersed melt into the competent metasedimentary quartzite of the Wanzi series rocks. The quartzite has plenty of zircon ages cluster at c 2.5 Ga and some at c 2.1–2.0 Ga, the former may be detrital zircon age, while the latter represents the age of migmatization or crystallization of the injected melt, not detrital zircon ages as conventionally believed. The data have constrained that the sedimentation time of the protolith of the quartzite of the Wanzi series was between c 2.5 Ga and c 2.1–2.0 Ga, not younger than c 2.1–2.0 Ga as once proposed. Therefore it must be cautious in applying detrital zircon ages in constraining the time of sedimentation if the rocks have undergone middle-high grade metamorphism, especially when migmatization was involved in the metamorphism process.  相似文献   

4.
Rare remnants of a Mesozoic subduction high pressure (HP) accretionary complex are exposed on Diego de Almagro Island in Chilean Patagonia. We herein focus on the Lazaro unit, a coherent slice of oceanic crust exposed on this island that has been first affected by high temperature (HT) metamorphism followed by a lower temperature deformation event (LT). Its Pressure-Temperature-time (P-T-t) evolution is reconstructed using field and petrographic observations, phase relations, thermobarometry and geochronology. Remnants of a primary amphibolite to HP granulite-facies event in mafic rocks comprising garnet (with ilmenite exsolutions), diopside, trondhjemitic melt, pargasite, plagioclase ± epidote are reported for the first time in neosomes, indicating peak P-T conditions of 1.1–1.3 GPa and c. 750 °C. This peak T paragenesis has been thoroughly overprinted by a phengite-chlorite-actinolite assemblage during isobaric cooling down to c. 450 °C. U-Pb dating of zircon metamorphic rims from a metasedimentary rock yielded a homogeneous age population of 162 ± 2 Ma for the HT event. Sm-Nd dating of two peritectic garnet-bearing samples yield ages of 163 ± 2 Ma and 163 ± 18 Ma for the HT event. Multi-mineral Rb-Sr dating of a metasedimentary rock overprinted by LT deformation suggests retrograde shearing between 120 and 80 Ma. Our results show that the HT event in the Lazaro unit took place at around 160–165 Ma, shortly before the onset of Patagonian Batholith emplacement. Partial melting of subducted oceanic crust reported in the Lazaro unit is related to the early stages of hot subduction along the Gondwana western margin. The Lazaro unit remained at c. 40 km depth along the subduction interface for > 80 Ma, recording the deformation and long-term cooling of the subduction channel environment until the upper Cretaceous.  相似文献   

5.
The lower Bomi Group of the eastern Himalayan syntaxis comprises a lithological package of sedimentary and igneous rocks that have been metamorphosed to upper amphibolite-facies conditions. The lower Bomi Group is bounded to the south by the Indus–Yarlung Suture and to the north by unmetamorphosed Paleozoic sediments of the Lhasa terrane. We report U–Pb zircon dating, geochemistry and petrography of gneiss, migmatite, mica schist and marble from the lower Bomi Group and explore their geological implications for the tectonic evolution of the eastern Himalaya. Zircons from the lower Bomi Group are composite. The inherited magmatic zircon cores display 206Pb/238U ages from ~ 74 Ma to ~ 41.5 Ma, indicating a probable source from the Gangdese magmatic arc. The metamorphic overgrowth zircons yielded 206Pb/238U ages ranging from ~ 38 Ma to ~ 23 Ma, that overlap the anatexis time (~ 37 Ma) recorded in the leucosome of the migmatites. Our data indicate that the lower Bomi Group do not represent Precambrian basement of the Lhasa terrane. Instead, the lower Bomi Group may represent sedimentary and igneous rocks of the residual forearc basin, similar to the Tsojiangding Group in the Xigaze area, derived from denudation of the hanging wall rocks during the India–Asia continental collision. We propose that following the Indian–Asian collision, the forearc basin was subducted, together with Himalayan lithologies from the Indian continental slab. The minimum age of detrital magmatic zircons from the supracrustal rocks is ~ 41.5 Ma and their metamorphism had happened at ~ 37 Ma. The short time interval (< 5 Ma) suggests that the tectonic processes associated with the eastern Himalayan syntaxis, encompassing uplift and erosion of the Gangdese terrane, followed by deposition, imbrication and subduction of the forearc basin, were extremely rapid during the Late Eocene.  相似文献   

6.
U–Pb ages, trace elements, and Hf isotope compositions of zircons from the Mayuan migmatite complex in NW Fujian province have been determined to provide constraints on the source and genesis of anatexis and tectonothermal evolution related to the Caledonian orogeny in South China. The migmatites investigated consist of various amounts of mesosome, leucosome, and melansome. Zircons extracted from mesosome, leucosome, and granite samples are characterized by oscillatory overgrowths enclosing inherited cores or occur as newly grown grains. The ages of the inherited zircons from the leucosome and granite samples are consistent with those of adjacent basement paragneiss in the study area, suggesting that both leucosome and granite were generated by partial melting of the latter. A comparison of Hf isotopes between the newly-formed zircons and inherited cores indicates that the former resulted from the breakdown of preexisting inherited zircons and/or less Hf-rich minerals other than zircons at the source. One mesosome sample contains typical metamorphic zircons that yielded a weighted mean 206Pb/238U age of 453 ± 3 Ma. They show enrichments in heavy REEs (LuN/LaN up to 22,709), indicating their growth prior to garnet crystallization. The other mesosome sample, in contrast, contains both newly-formed metamorphic rims and grains that gave a weighted mean 206Pb/238U age of 442 ± 8 Ma. They are characterized by relatively low Th/U ratios, depletions in heavy REEs (LuN/LaN = 117–396), and low 176Lu/177Hf ratios, suggesting their growth synchronous with garnet crystallization. The U–Pb ages of the mesosome samples are interpreted as recording the time of early (ca. 453 Ma) to peak (442 Ma) stages of a regional metamorphic event. Two leucosome and two granite samples yield consistent U–Pb ages of 438 ± 5 Ma to 442 ± 4 Ma, which provide constraints on the timing of subsequent anatexis and magmatism. The geochronological data reported here reveal a consecutive sequence of regional metamorphism, anatexis, and magmatism in NW Fujian province, lasting for at least 15 Myr, which was driven by the Caledonian orogeny that have affected a major part of the SCB.  相似文献   

7.
New fission track and Ar/Ar geochronological data provide time constraints on the exhumation history of the Himalayan nappes in the Mandi (Beas valley) – Tso Morari transect of the NW Indian Himalaya. Results from this and previous studies suggest that the SW-directed North Himalayan nappes were emplaced by detachment from the underthrusted upper Indian crust by 55 Ma and metamorphosed by ca. 48–40 Ma. The nappe stack was subsequently exhumed to shallow upper crustal depths (<10 km) by 40–30 Ma in the Tso Morari dome (northern section of the transect) and by 30–20 Ma close to frontal thrusts in the Baralacha La region. From the Oligocene to the present, exhumation continued slowly.Metamorphism started in the High Himalayan nappe prior to the Late Oligocene.High temperatures and anatexis of the subducting upper Indian crust engendered the buoyancy-driven ductile detachment and extrusion of the High Himalayan nappe in the zone of continental collision. Late extrusion of the High Himalayan nappe started about 26 Ma ago, accompanied by ductile extensional shearing in the Zanskar shear zone in its roof between 22 and 19 Ma concomitant with thrusting along the basal Main Central Thrust to the south. The northern part of the nappe was then rapidly exhumed to shallow depth (<10 km) between 20 and 6 Ma, while its southern front reached this depth at 10–5 Ma.  相似文献   

8.
The Qinling Orogenic Belt, linking the Kunlun and Qilian Mountains to the west and continuing farther east to the Dabie Mountain, was assembled by the convergence and collision between the Greater South China and the North China blocks. The precise timing of the subduction and collision processes between these continental blocks and tectonic regime switchover is very equivocal. Zircon in-situ LA-ICP-MS U–Pb dating in this contribution indicates that the biotite monzogranite and monzogranite phases of the Dangchuan complex were crystallized at ca. 239.8 ± 2.3 Ma and 227.8 ± 1.2 Ma, respectively. The ca. 240 Ma biotite monzogranite displays εHf(t) values ranging from −2.4 to +2.9, and corresponding TDM2 of 1.72–1.94 Ga and TDM1 of 0.77–0.88 Ga. The ca. 228 Ma monzogranite exhibits εHf(t) values ranging from −4.3 to +1.9, and corresponding TDM2 of 1.73–2.08 Ga and TDM1 of 0.81–0.88 Ga. Lutetium–Hf isotopic composition indicates that the biotite monzogranite and monzogranite probably have the same parental magmas which were originated from hybrid sources of both reworking of Paleoproterozoic ancient crust and partial melting of the Neoproterozoic juvenile crust. The more negative εHf(t) values of the monzogranite suggest more contribution of the ancient crust during the source contamination, or more possible crustal assimilation during their crystallization at ca. 228 Ma than precursor biotite monzogranite. Integrated with previous research and our detailed petrography, we propose that the Dangchuan complex underwent an episodic growth documenting the tectonic regime switchover from early Paleozoic to Triassic. The ca. 439 Ma inherited zircon recorded the persistent subduction of the oceanic crust, the ca. 240 Ma biotite monzogranite emplaced during the northward subduction of the Mianlue oceanic crust beneath the South Qinling block, and the ca. 228 Ma monzogranite emplaced during the syn-collisional process in a compressional setting.  相似文献   

9.
Different continental collision belts show contrasting metamorphic trend along their length, including the distribution of extreme metamorphism; i.e., ultrahigh-pressure (>100 km depth) and ultrahigh-temperature (900–1150 °C) metamorphisms. However, no previous study has succeeded in explaining these trends. The present study investigates the main factors that control the metamorphic trends along collision belts, with reference to the Dabie–Hongseong collision belt between the North and South China blocks and the Himalayan collision belt between the Indian and Asian blocks. In the Dabie–Hongseong collision belt, collision began in the east before 245 Ma and propagated westward until ca. 220 Ma. In the eastern part of the belt, the amount of oceanic slab that subducted before collision was insufficient to pull down the continental crust to the depths of ultrahigh-pressure metamorphism; however, ultrahigh-pressure metamorphism occurred in the western part of the belt. Slab break-off also migrated from east to west, with a westward increase in the depth of break-off (from ca. 10 kbar in the west to ca. 35 kbar in the east). These lateral trends along the belt resulted in a westward change from ultrahigh-temperature (915–1160 °C, 9.0–10.6 kbar) to high-pressure (835–860 °C, 17.0–20.9 kbar) and finally ultrahigh-pressure metamorphism (680–880 °C, 30–40 kbar). In the Himalayan collision belt, collision started from the west at 50 Ma and propagated eastward. The amount of oceanic slab subducted prior to collision was sufficient to pull down the continental crust to the depths of ultrahigh-pressure metamorphism in the west, but not in the east. Slab break-off started in the west at ca. 46 Ma and propagated eastward, with an eastward decrease in the depth of slab break-off from 27–29 to 17–18 kbar. Consequently, the metamorphic trend along the belt changes eastward from ultrahigh-pressure (690–750 °C, 27–29 kbar) to high-pressure and finally high-pressure granulite facies metamorphism (890 °C, 17–18 kbar). The differences in metamorphic trend between the Dabie–Hongseong and Himalayan collision belts reflect the amount of oceanic crust subducted prior to collision and the depth and timing of slab break-off along each belt.  相似文献   

10.
《Gondwana Research》2014,25(1):170-189
The Lhasa terrane in southern Tibet is composed of Precambrian crystalline basement, Paleozoic to Mesozoic sedimentary strata and Paleozoic to Cenozoic magmatic rocks. This terrane has long been accepted as the last crustal block to be accreted with Eurasia prior to its collision with the northward drifting Indian continent in the Cenozoic. Thus, the Lhasa terrane is the key for revealing the origin and evolutionary history of the Himalayan–Tibetan orogen. Although previous models on the tectonic development of the orogen have much evidence from the Lhasa terrane, the metamorphic history of this terrane was rarely considered. This paper provides an overview of the temporal and spatial characteristics of metamorphism in the Lhasa terrane based mostly on the recent results from our group, and evaluates the geodynamic settings and tectonic significance. The Lhasa terrane experienced multistage metamorphism, including the Neoproterozoic and Late Paleozoic HP metamorphism in the oceanic subduction realm, the Early Paleozoic and Early Mesozoic MP metamorphism in the continent–continent collisional zone, the Late Cretaceous HT/MP metamorphism in the mid-oceanic ridge subduction zone, and two stages of Cenozoic MP metamorphism in the thickened crust above the continental subduction zone. These metamorphic and associated magmatic events reveal that the Lhasa terrane experienced a complex tectonic evolution from the Neoproterozoic to Cenozoic. The main conclusions arising from our synthesis are as follows: (1) The Lhasa block consists of the North and South Lhasa terranes, separated by the Paleo-Tethys Ocean and the subsequent Late Paleozoic suture zone. (2) The crystalline basement of the North Lhasa terrane includes Neoproterozoic oceanic crustal rocks, representing probably the remnants of the Mozambique Ocean derived from the break-up of the Rodinia supercontinent. (3) The oceanic crustal basement of North Lhasa witnessed a Late Cryogenian (~ 650 Ma) HP metamorphism and an Early Paleozoic (~ 485 Ma) MP metamorphism in the subduction realm associated with the closure of the Mozambique Ocean and the final amalgamation of Eastern and Western Gondwana, suggesting that the North Lhasa terrane might have been partly derived from the northern segment of the East African Orogen. (4) The northern margin of Indian continent, including the North and South Lhasa, and Qiangtang terranes, experienced Early Paleozoic magmatism, indicating an Andean-type orogeny that resulted from the subduction of the Proto-Tethys Ocean after the final amalgamation of Gondwana. (5) The Lhasa and Qiangtang terranes witnessed Middle Paleozoic (~ 360 Ma) magmatism, suggesting an Andean-type orogeny derived from the subduction of the Paleo-Tethys Ocean. (6) The closure of Paleo-Tethys Ocean between the North and South Lhasa terranes and subsequent terrane collision resulted in the formation of Late Permian (~ 260 Ma) HP metamorphic belt and Triassic (220 Ma) MP metamorphic belt. (7) The South Lhasa terrane experienced Late Cretaceous (~ 90 Ma) Andean-type orogeny, characterized by the regional HT/MP metamorphism and coeval intrusion of the voluminous Gangdese batholith during the northward subduction of the Neo-Tethyan Ocean. (8) During the Early Cenozoic (55–45 Ma), the continent–continent collisional orogeny has led to the thickened crust of the South Lhasa terrane experiencing MP amphibolite-facies metamorphism and syn-collisional magmatism. (9) Following the continuous continent convergence, the South Lhasa terrane also experienced MP metamorphism during Late Eocene (40–30 Ma). (10) During Mesozoic and Cenozoic, two different stages of paired metamorphic belts were formed in the oceanic or continental subduction zones and the middle and lower crust of the hanging wall of the subduction zone. The tectonic imprints from the Lhasa terrane provide excellent examples for understanding metamorphic processes and geodynamics at convergent plate boundaries.  相似文献   

11.
《Gondwana Research》2014,25(2):630-648
High-pressure kyanite–K-feldspar granulites in the Běstvina granulite body, which belongs to the Variscan orogenic root in the Bohemian Massif, preserve muscovite, rutile and kyanite inclusions in garnet. High-Ti muscovite (Ti = 0.09–0.20 p.f.u., Si = 0.21–3.24 p.f.u.) included in garnet is associated with quartz and is in crystallographic continuity with biotite, interpreted in terms of exsolution from an original less-dioctahedral higher-Ti muscovite. The assemblage garnet–kyanite–antiperthite–perthite–quartz–rutile and the mineral compositions indicate a peak of metamorphism at about 900 °C and 17–21 kbar, based on P–T pseudosection modeling, ternary-feldspar and Zr-in-rutile thermometry. The matrix assemblage garnet–kyanite–plagioclase-K-feldspar–quartz–rutile–ilmenite and garnet rim compositions at contact with feldspars and quartz indicate the end of overall equilibration in the presence of melt at 12–14 kbar and 820–840 °C. Embayments of biotite and plagioclase locally replacing garnet, and connected with modification of garnet composition, may indicate sites of last isolated melt or diffusion of H2O from that melt down to 10 kbar and 800 °C. Zircon with uniform cathodoluminescence (CL) pattern is present as rims around cores with faint oscillatory zoning, or as entire rounded grains. These zircons gave a cluster of ages at 359 ± 4 Ma, interpreted as the age of metamorphism. Zircon ages from the cores with common faint oscillatory zoning range from 500 to 398 Ma, and are interpreted as magmatic grains variably reset during metamorphism. Two older ages obtained on cores of 620 ± 18 Ma probably represent an inherited zircon component. Molar isopleths of zircon along the P–T path in pseudosections suggest that crystallization of metamorphic zircon occurred during decompression and cooling from 17 to 21 kbar and 900 °C to 12–14 kbar and 820–840 °C. The inferred P–T path and the age of metamorphism are discussed in the framework of a geodynamic model that considers the granulites to be a part of a subducted plate that failed to continue to subduct and was spread below the upper plate.  相似文献   

12.
The island of Seram, eastern Indonesia, experienced a complex Neogene history of multiple metamorphic and deformational events driven by Australia–SE Asia collision. Geological mapping, and structural and petrographic analysis has identified two main phases in the island's tectonic, metamorphic, and magmatic evolution: (1) an initial episode of extreme extension that exhumed hot lherzolites from the subcontinental lithospheric mantle and drove ultrahigh-temperature metamorphism and melting of adjacent continental crust; and (2) subsequent episodes of extensional detachment faulting and strike-slip faulting that further exhumed granulites and mantle rocks across Seram and Ambon. Here we present the results of sixteen 40Ar/39Ar furnace step heating experiments on white mica, biotite, and phlogopite for a suite of twelve rocks that were targeted to further unravel Seram's tectonic and metamorphic history. Despite a wide lithological and structural diversity among the samples, there is a remarkable degree of correlation between the 40Ar/39Ar ages recorded by different rock types situated in different structural settings, recording thermal events at 16 Ma, 5.7 Ma, 4.5 Ma, and 3.4 Ma. These frequently measured ages are defined, in most instances, by two or more 40Ar/39Ar ages that are identical within error. At 16 Ma, a major kyanite-grade metamorphic event affected the Tehoru Formation across western and central Seram, coincident with ultrahigh-temperature metamorphism and melting of granulite-facies rocks comprising the Kobipoto Complex, and the intrusion of lamprophyres. Later, at 5.7 Ma, Kobipoto Complex rocks were exhumed beneath extensional detachment faults on the Kaibobo Peninsula of western Seram, heating and shearing adjacent Tehoru Formation schists to form Taunusa Complex gneisses. Then, at 4.5 Ma, 40Ar/39Ar ages record deformation within the Kawa Shear Zone (central Seram) and overprinting of detachment faults in western Seram. Finally, at 3.4 Ma, Kobipoto Complex migmatites were exhumed on Ambon, at the same time as deformation within the Kawa Shear Zone and further overprinting of detachments in western Seram. These ages support there having been multiple synchronised episodes of high-temperature extension and strike-slip faulting, interpreted to be the result of Western Seram having been ripped off from SE Sulawesi, extended, and dragged east by subduction rollback of the Banda Slab.  相似文献   

13.
《Gondwana Research》2014,26(4):1614-1626
Two suites of leucogranites were emplaced at 508 ± 5.9 Ma in the Okombahe District of the Damara belt (Namibia) synchronous with the peak of regional high-temperature metamorphism. The Sr (87Sr/86Srinit: 0.707 to 0.711), Nd (εNdinit: − 4.5 to − 6.6), and Pb isotopic (206Pb/204Pb: 18.51–19.13; 207Pb/204Pb: 15.63–15.69; 208Pb/204Pb: 38.08–38.66) compositions indicate that these peraluminous S-type granites were derived from mid- to lower-crustal rocks, which are slightly different to the metapelitic rocks into which they intruded. Since the leucogranites are unfractionated and show no evidence for assimilation or contamination, they constrain the temperature and pressure conditions of their formation. Calculated Zr and LREE saturation temperatures of ca. 850 °C indicate high-temperature crustal melts. High Rb/Sr and low Sr/Ba ratios are consistent with biotite dehydration melting of pelitic source rocks. Qz–Ab–Or systematics reveal that melting and segregation for the least fractionated samples occurred at ca. 7 kbar corresponding to a mid-crustal level of ca. 26 km. However, there is no evidence for a mantle component that could have served as a local heat source for crustal melting. Therefore, the hot felsic magmas that formed close to the time of peak metamorphism are the result of long-lasting high temperature regional metamorphic conditions and intra-crustal collision.  相似文献   

14.
Almora Nappe in Uttarakhand, India, is a Lesser Himalayan representative of the Himalayan Metamorphic Belt that was tectonically transported over the Main Central Thrust (MCT) from Higher Himalaya. The Basal Shear zone of Almora Nappe shows complicated structural pattern of polyphase deformation and metamorphism. The rocks exposed along the northern and southern margins of this nappe are highly mylonitized while the degree of mylonitization decreases towards the central part where the rocks eventually grade into unmylonitized metamorphics.Mylonitized rocks near the roof of the Basal Shear zone show dynamic metamorphism (M2) reaching upto greenschist facies (～450 °C/4 kbar). In the central part of nappe the unmylonitized schists and gneisses are affected by regional metamorphism (M1) reaching upper amphibolite facies (～4.0–7.9 kbar and ～500–709 °C). Four zones of regional metamorphism progressing from chlorite–biotite to sillimanite–K-feldspar zone demarcated by specific reaction isograds have been identified. These metamorphic zones show a repetition suggesting that the zones are involved in tight F2 – folding which has affected the metamorphics. South of the Almora town, the regionally metamorphosed rocks have been intruded by Almora Granite (560 ± 20 Ma) resulting in contact metamorphism. The contact metamorphic signatures overprint the regional S2 foliation. It is inferred that the dominant regional metamorphism in Almora Nappe is highly likely to be of pre-Himalayan (Precambrian!) age.  相似文献   

15.
High-pressure (HP) rocks at Tehuitzingo, on the western margin of the HP belt within the Paleozoic Acatlán Complex (southern México), occur in a klippe that was thrust over low-grade clastic rocks. The youngest detrital zircon cluster in the low-grade rocks yielded U-Pb ages of 481 ± 16 Ma, which provide an older limit for deposition. The HP rocks are composed of metabasites, serpentinite, granite (482 ± 3 Ma) and mica schist (youngest concordant detrital zircon: 433 ± 3 Ma). The schist and granite are inferred to be high-grade equivalents of lower Paleozoic, low-grade rocks exposed elsewhere in the Acatlán Complex, from which they are inferred to have been removed by subduction erosion. Mineral analyses indicate that the subducted rocks underwent HP metamorphism and polyphase deformation at depths of ~ 50 km (~ 16 kbar and 750 °C: eclogite facies). Subsequent retrogression passed through epidote-amphibolite to greenschist facies, which was synchronous with W-vergent thrusting over the low-grade clastic rocks. Deposition of the low-grade rocks and thrusting are bracketed between either 481–329 Ma (Ordovician-Mississippian), and was followed by F3 synformal folding. Cooling through ca. 385 °C is indicated by 329 ± 1 and 316–317 ± 2 Ma, 40Ar/39Ar muscovite plateau ages in HP rocks, which are 5–17 my younger than those of the adjacent Piaxtla eclogites suggesting younger exhumation. The petrology, P-T conditions and ages of the Piaxtla Suite is consistent with an extrusion channel within the Acatlán Complex along the active western margin of Pangea during the Carboniferous. Detrital zircon populations in the low-grade psammite (ca. 481, 520–650, 720, 750, 815, 890, 1050 and 2750 Ma) and the HP schist (ca. 457–480, 534, 908, 954–1150, 1265, 1845 and 2035 Ma) indicate derivation from the Ordovician Acatlán granitoids, Neoproterozoic Brasiliano orogens, 900–750 Ma Goiás arc (Amazonia), 1–1.3 Ma Oaxaquia, and more ancient sources in Oaxaquia/Amazonia.  相似文献   

16.
Mafic and semi-pelitic granulites from the Qinling-Tongbai orogen in central China preserve petrological evidence and mineral paragenesis suggesting four distinct stages of metamorphic evolution. The prograde history (M1) is recorded by the occurrence of cordierite, orthopyroxene and biotite inclusions in garnet porphyroblasts of the peak-metamorphic (M2) assemblage. Peak-metamorphism was followed by cooling with minor decompression (M3), which formed symplectites and coronitic textures. The greenschist facies retrograde metamorphic assemblage (M4) is represented by hydrous minerals replacing minerals of the M2 and M3 assemblages. We present LA-ICPMS zircon U-Pb data which show ages of 432 ± 4 Ma for the peak metamorphism and 403 to 426 Ma for the retrograde stage. Microstructural analysis, P–T pseudosections, and mineral isopleths in conjunction with the zircon U-Pb ages define an anticlockwise P–T–t path. The P–T estimates for peak metamorphic conditions of 880–920 °C and 8.0–10 kbar suggest that these rocks witnessed extreme crustal metamorphism under ultrahigh-temperature conditions. The anticlockwise trajectory reported in this study is comparable with similar P–T paths recorded from subduction–collision settings, and correlate the Tongbai granulites to hot orogens developed within a Paleozoic collisional suture. We propose a ridge subduction and slab window setting to explain the formation of the Tongbai orogen, in a convergent plate setting associated with the northward subduction of the Paleo-Tethyan Qinling Ocean.  相似文献   

17.
Migmatitic paragneisses of the Valle Fértil–La Huerta Ranges at the Western margin of the Sierras Pampeanas are composed of garnet–cordierite–plagioclase–biotite–quartz-bearing units that experienced peak metamorphic conditions of ca. 800 °C at 6–7 kbar. Based on petrological studies, pseudosection modeling and petrographic observations, an anticlockwise P–T path with a small pressure increment is proposed. Rare earth element LA-ICP-MS patterns acquired from rutile bearing garnets suggest a single stage of garnet growth at high-T at pressures above the ilmenite–rutile transition. U–Pb dating of zircon rims from the migmatites indicates two distinct metamorphic U–Pb ages of 525 ± 9 Ma and 478 ± 9 Ma. The older age is suggested to record an amphibolite facies event of the Pampean orogeny. The younger metamorphic age is contemporary with igneous zircons from metatonalites and pegmatites that yield 478 ± 4 Ma. We suggest that the prograde high-T metamorphic Famatinian event is associated with the emplacement of large magmatic bodies in which large-scale magmatic activity gave rise to an increased geothermal gradient of about 35 °C/km. Sm–Nd garnet ages of 447 ± 3 Ma indicate a time span of around 30 Ma for which temperatures above the garnet closure temperature prevailed. Using U–Pb, Sm–Nd and Rb–Sr isotope systems, a cooling rate of 3 to 6 °C/Myr is inferred.  相似文献   

18.
We report ion microprobe U–Th–Pb geochronology of in situ zircon from the Himalayan high- and ultrahigh-pressure eclogites, Kaghan Valley of Pakistan. Combined with the textural features, mineral inclusions, cathodoluminescence image information and the U–Th–Pb isotope geochronology, two types of zircons were recognized in Group I and II eclogites. Zircons in Group I eclogites are of considerably large size (>100 μm up to 500 μm). A few grains are euhederal and prismatic, show oscillatory zoning with distinct core–rim luminescence pattern. Several other grains show irregular morphology, mitamictization, embayment and boundary truncations. They contain micro-inclusions such as muscovite, biotite, quartz and albite. Core or middle portions of zircons from Group I eclogites yielded concordant U–Th–Pb age of 267.6 ± 2.4 Ma (MSWD = 8.5), have higher U and Th contents with a Th/U ratio > 1, indicating typical magmatic core domains. Middle and rim or outer portions of these zircons contain inclusions of garnet, omphacite, phengite and these portions show no clear zonation. They yielded discordant values ranging between 210 and 71 Ma, indicating several thermal or Pb-loss events during their growth and recrystalization prior to or during the Himalayan eclogite-facies metamorphism. Zircons in Group II eclogites are smaller in size, prismatic to oval, display patchy or sector zoning and contain abundant inclusions of garnet, omphacite, phengite, quartz, rutile and carbonates. They yielded concordant U–Th–Pb age of 44.9 ± 1.2 Ma (MSWD = 4.9). The lower U and Th contents and a lower Th/U ratio (<0.05) in these zircons suggest their formation from the recrystallization of the older zircons during the Himalayan high and ultrahigh-pressure eclogite-facies metamorphism.  相似文献   

19.
The Sri Lankan fragment of Gondwana preserves the records of Neoproterozoic tectonothermal events associated with the final assembly of the supercontinent. Here we investigate a suite of magmatic rocks from the Wanni, Kadugannawa and Highland Complexes through geological, petrological, geochemical and zircon U–Pb and Lu–Hf isotopic techniques. The hornblende biotite gneiss, charnockites, metagabbro and metadiorites investigated in this study show geochemical features consistent with calc-alkaline affinity and subduction-related signature including LILE enrichment relative to HFSE coupled with distinct Nb–Ta depletion and weak negative Zr–Hf anomalies. The felsic suite falls in the volcanic arc granites (VAGs) field and the mafic suite shows island arc basalt affinity in tectonic discrimination plots, suggesting that the protoliths of the rocks were derived from arc-related magmas in a convergent margin setting. LA-ICPMS zircon U–Pb analyses show crystallization of charnockite and dioritic mafic magmatic enclave from the Highland Complex during ca. 565 and 576 Ma corresponding to bimodal magmatism. The diorite also contains metamorphic zircons of ca. 525 Ma. Hornblende–biotite gneiss from the Kadugannawa Complex shows protolith emplacement age at 973–980 Ma, followed by new zircon growth during repeated thermal events through late Neoproterozoic. The dioritic enclaves in these rocks are much younger, and form part of a deformed and metamorphosed dyke suite with emplacement ages of 559 Ma, broadly coeval with the bimodal magmatism in the Highland Complex at that time. The youngest group of zircons in this rock shows ages of 508 Ma, corresponding to the latest thermal event. A charnockite from this locality shows oldest group of zircons at 962 Ma, corresponding to emplacement age similar to that of the magmatic protolith of the hornblende biotite gneiss. This rock also shows zircon growth during repeated thermal events at 832 Ma, 780 Ma, 721 Ma and 661–605 Ma. The lower intercept age of 543 Ma marks the timing of collisional metamorphism. Charnockite from the Wanni Complex shows emplacement age at 1000 Ma, followed by thermal event at 570 Ma, the latter correlating with the bimodal magmatic event in the Highland Complex. The dioritic enclave within this charnockite shows an age of ca. 980 Ma, suggesting intrusion of mafic magma into the felsic magma chamber. Zircons in the diorite also record multiple zircon events during 950 to 750 Ma. Zircons in the Highland Complex charnockite possess negative εHf(t) values in the range − 6.7 to − 12.6 with TDMC of 2039–2306 Ma suggesting magma derivation through melting of Paleoproterozoic source. In contrast, the εHf(t) range of − 11.1 to 1.6 suggests a mixed source of both of older crustal and juvenile material. The εHf(t) values of − 4.5 to 4.5 and TDMC of 1546–1962 Ma for the hornblende biotite gneiss also shows magma derivation from mixed sources that included Paleoproterozoic components. The younger dioritic intrusive, however, has a more juvenile magma source as indicated by the mean εHf(t) value of 1.3. The associated charnockite shows a tight positive cluster of εHf(t) from 0.6 to 5.1, suggesting juvenile input. Charnockite from the Wanni Complex shows clearly positive εHf(t) values of up to 13.1, and TDMC in the range 937–1458 Ma suggesting much younger and depleted mantle source. The diorite enclave also has positive εHf(t) values with an average value of 8.5 and TDMC in the range of 709–1443 Ma clearly suggesting younger juvenile sources. The early and late Neoproterozoic bimodal suites are correlated to convergent margin magmatism associated with the assembly of Sri Lanka within the Gondwana supercontinent.  相似文献   

20.
The Gawler Craton forms the bulk of the South Australian Craton and occupies a pivotal location that links rock systems in Antarctica to those in northern Australia. The western Gawler Craton is a virtually unexposed region where the timing of basin development and metamorphism is largely unknown, making the region ambiguous in the context of models seeking to reconstruct the Australian Proterozoic.Detrital zircon data from metasedimentary rocks in the central Fowler Domain in the western Gawler Craton provide maximum depositional ages between 1760 and 1700 Ma, with rare older detrital components ranging in age up to 3130 Ma. In the bulk of samples, ?Nd(1700 Ma) values range between ?4.3 and ?3.8. The combination of these data suggest on average, comparatively evolved but age-restricted source regions. Lu–Hf isotopic data from the ca 1700 Ma aged zircons provide a wide range of values (?Hf(1700 Ma) +6 to ?6). Monazite U–Pb data from granulite-grade metasedimentary rocks yield metamorphic ages of 1690–1670 Ma. This range overlaps with and extends the timing of the widespread Kimban Orogeny in the Gawler Craton, and provides minimum depositional age constraints, indicating that basin development immediately preceded medium to high grade metamorphism.The timing of Paleoproterozoic basin development and metamorphism in the western Gawler Craton coincides with that in the northern and eastern Gawler Craton, and also in the adjacent Curnamona Province, suggesting protoliths to the rocks within the Fowler Domain may have originally formed part of a large ca 1760–1700 Ma basin system in the southern Australian Proterozoic. Provenance characteristics between these basins are remarkably similar and point to the Arunta Region in the North Australian Craton as a potential source. In this context there is little support for tectonic reconstruction models that: (1) suggest components of the Gawler Craton accreted together at different stages in the interval ca 1760–1680 Ma; and (2) that the North Australian Craton and the southern Australian Proterozoic were separate continental fragments between 1760 and 1700 Ma.  相似文献   

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