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天然水体中泥沙颗粒表面容易生长生物膜,生物膜的生长会对泥沙颗粒的运动特性产生显著影响。设计了泥沙颗粒表面生长生物膜的实验,以及生长生物膜后泥沙颗粒的起动水槽实验。在水槽观测段分别放置由去离子水浸泡和天然水培养的两种泥沙,对比观察两种泥沙起动过程的区别,分析起动流速的差异和随培养时间的变化规律。结果表明,天然富营养水体中生物膜生长繁茂,对泥沙起动特性有着显著的影响,能够增强泥沙颗粒的抗冲性,并随时间呈现出先逐步增强到一个最优值后有所削弱的钟形曲线的变化趋势,表明在研究天然河流和湖泊尤其是污染严重的水域的泥沙起动时,需要考虑到生物膜的作用。 相似文献
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A discrete element method is applied to a three‐dimensional analysis related to sediment entrainment on a micro‐scale. Sediment entrainment is the process by which a fluid medium accelerates particles from rest and advects them upward until they are either transported as bedload or suspended by the flow. Modelling of the entrainment process is a critically important aspect for studies of erosion, pollutant resuspension and transport, and formation of bedforms in environmental flows. Previous discrete element method studies of sediment entrainment have assumed the flow within the particle bed to be negligible and have only allowed for the motion of the topmost particles. At the same time, micro‐scale experimental studies indicate that there is a small slip of the fluid flow at the top of the bed, indicating the presence of non‐vanishing fluid velocity within the topmost bed layers. The current study demonstrates that the onset of particle incipient motion, which immediately precedes particle entrainment, is highly sensitive to this small fluid flow within the topmost bed layers. Using an exponential decay profile for the inner‐bed fluid flow, the discrete element method calculations are repeated with different fluid penetration depths within the bed for several small particle Reynolds numbers. For cases with slip velocity corresponding to that observed in previous experiments with natural sediment, the predicted particle velocity is found to be a few percent of the fluid velocity at the top of the viscous wall layer, which is a reasonable range of velocities for observation of incipient particle motion. This method for prescribing the fluid flow within the particle bed allows for the current discrete element method to be extended in future studies to the analysis of sediment entrainment under the influence of events such as turbulent bursting. Additionally, predictions for the slip velocities and fluid flow profile within the bed suggest the need for further experimental studies to provide the data necessary for additional improvement of the discrete element method models. 相似文献
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为研究植被环境中床面泥沙起动特性,以天然河道中的植被及沙床为原型,对刚性植被环境中床面形态变化及泥沙起动规律进行了试验研究,并采用单位床面空间平均流速表述植被环境中泥沙的起动流速。研究结果表明,淹没植被条件下动床床面泥沙运动可分为3个阶段,即静止、部分起动及全部起动阶段,定义第3个阶段为刚性植被环境中泥沙起动的标准;推导的淹没刚性植被环境中的泥沙起动流速半经验函数关系式可以表述植被环境中泥沙起动特性,其中植被因子Fv对泥沙起动的影响最明显;植被密度一定时,植株周围冲坑深与空间平均流速成线性关系。研究认为采用植被环境中单位床面空间平均流速表述泥沙起动特性的方法是可行的。 相似文献
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海岸泥沙起动的力学机理十分复杂。首先理论分析了波浪作用下床面泥沙颗粒所受的主要作用力,然后将上举力和有效重力分别与渗流力进行比较分析。计算结果表明渗流力随着波高的变化其方向也发生向上或向下的变化,渗流力与上举力和有效重力之间存在着相位差,不同粒径的泥沙在一个周期内均有一时段渗流力远大于上举力;对于渗透系数小的细颗粒泥沙,渗流力远大于泥沙颗粒的上举力和有效重力。进一步通过水槽试验分析了不同波浪参数作用下孔隙水压力梯度对泥沙起动的影响,试验结果表明波浪渗流力对海床细颗粒泥沙的起动有着重要作用,特别是在分析长周期波浪作用下细颗粒泥沙起动规律时,需考虑波浪引起的渗流力影响。 相似文献
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根据无粘性均匀沙起动的力学条件,在已有研究成果基础上,推导出泥沙起动概率与水流条件之间的关系式,得到考虑起动概率的起动切应力及起动流速公式,并将起动条件与起动标准联系分析.通过对现有几个典型无粘性均匀沙起动条件公式分析表明,本文公式较为合理. 相似文献
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床面上泥沙颗粒的起动测量一直是泥沙运动规律研究的难题。为此,提出了一种基于B超成像技术的泥沙起动流速测量方法。在模型试验水槽中,该方法利用B超仪获取水下地形及其附近粒子的运行图像,通过图像处理技术分析统计床面附近运动粒子的成像光斑个数,并分析其与流速之间的关系。结果表明,B超成像光斑个数在泥沙起动过程中存在一个突变过程,且该突变过程与泥沙起动运动相对应,可用来判定泥沙起动及其对应的起动流速,并利用该流速下的床面地形变化验证了该方法的正确性。该方法具有无扰动无干扰、适合于清水和浑水、易于实现自动化测量的特点。 相似文献
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J.P. Le Roux 《Sedimentary Geology》2010,223(1-2):143-149
Many sediment entrainment equations for oscillatory waves are based on the linear (Airy) theory for deep water, but at the depth where such waves begin to transport sediments they commonly have trochoidal or cnoidal (non-linear) forms. These changes in the wave profile, together with the fact that it is displaced upward with respect to the still water level (SWL), have a profound influence on the hydrodynamics. A method is presented to determine the thickness of the boundary layer from the wave profile, which can be used to calculate the boundary velocity under the wave crest and trough, respectively, in any water depth. The critical boundary velocity can be determined from a published procedure based on laboratory experiments that takes account of the sediment and water properties as well as the wave period. An adjustment is made for the bottom slope and roughness, so that differential land- or seaward sediment entrainment can be predicted for any defined wave cycle. The results explain why sediments are normally transported landward under fair weather conditions and seaward during storms. 相似文献
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从波浪引起的海床内部渗流与床面泥沙运动耦合的角度出发,研究波浪作用下海床临界冲刷机理及计算方法。研究表明,波浪作用下床面泥沙起动及冲刷是一个不断向下发展的过程,最终达到一个临界冲刷深度。波浪引起的渗流力能够显著降低泥沙的临界起动切应力,促进泥沙起动,是影响海床冲刷的一个重要因素。将渗流力引入到传统泥沙起动公式中,推导并给出了波浪作用下海床临界冲刷深度的计算方法。结合室内和现场两个算例,很好地解释了波浪水槽试验中海床"流化"现象和黄河水下三角洲粉砂流冲沟等灾害地貌特征及成因,初步验证了该方法用于评价和计算海床冲刷的有效性。 相似文献
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波流作用于海床产生动态孔隙水压力,如不能及时消除会在其内部产生累积孔隙水压力,相邻两点间的孔隙水压力差值造成的水力梯度产生渗流力,渗流力引起水流动,海床表面为排水界面,从而会在海床内部形成向上的渗流力作用于泥沙颗粒上,使泥沙发生启动向海床表层运移,从而形成一定范围的粗颗粒层。本文采用数值模拟对不同流速下的海床累积孔隙水压力进行了研究,同时分析了硬壳层的存在对海床累积孔隙水压力的影响规律,根据取得的不同流速下海床内部的累积孔隙水压力值,计算海床任意位置处的渗流压力梯度,采用王虎等(2014) 推导建立的海床临界冲刷深度的计算方法,分析不同流速下的硬壳层形成深度。结果表明: 海流流向与波浪行进方向一致时,对累积孔隙水压力起促进作用,流速越大累积孔隙水压力越大,反之对累积孔隙水压力有抑制作用。表面硬壳层的存在会显著促进累积孔压的消散,累积孔隙水压力沿深度分布的极值均出现在下层原始海床中,流速U0=0m ·s-1时硬壳层厚度由1m增加到3m,极值点深度下降了1.38m。累积孔隙水压力引起的渗流力对于海床泥沙启动影响显著,在流速U0=0m ·s-1,U0=1m ·s-1时泥沙启动深度均为海床1.5m深度处,并且海流流向与波浪行进方向一致时,会产生较大ΔP/ΔL值带动较粗的泥沙颗粒至海床表层,但对泥沙启动的最大深度影响不大。 相似文献
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黏性沙起动是泥沙起动研究的难点,黏结力作用是影响黏性沙起动的关键。从形成机理出发,归纳出泥沙起动中主要涉及2大类、共6种黏结力作用,探寻了其中典型的双电层力及EPS（Extracellular Polymeric Substances）黏结力的形成机理及影响因素,从泥沙稳定性及起动模式两方面剖析了黏结力作用对泥沙起动的影响,比较分析了黏结力作用的量化研究。现有研究往往对某种黏结力进行研究,较少考虑多种黏结力之间的相互作用和综合效应,系统性不足;已有的成果多是基于实测资料得到的经验关系,缺乏从机理层面得出定量关系,理论性不强。未来应根据泥沙所处环境,综合考虑泥沙颗粒间存在的多种黏结力作用,从黏结力作用形成机理出发,深入研究黏结力作用的量化表达。 相似文献
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Threshold of motion and settling velocities of mollusc shell debris: Influence of faunal composition
Alissia Rieux Pierre Weill Dominique Mouaze Clement Poirier Farid Nechenache Laurent Perez Bernadette Tessier 《Sedimentology》2019,66(3):895-916
Bioclastic particles derived from mollusc shell debris can represent a significant fraction of sandy to gravelly sediments in temperate and cool‐water regions with high carbonate productivity. Their reworking and subsequent transport and deposition by waves and currents is highly dependent on the shape and density of the particles. In this study, the hydrodynamic behaviour of shell debris produced by eight mollusc species is investigated for several grain sizes in terms of settling velocity (measurements in a settling tube) and threshold of motion under unidirectional current (flume experiments using an acoustic profiler). Consistent interspecific differences in settling velocity and critical bed shear stress are found, related to differences in shell density, shell structure imaged by scanning electron microscopy and grain shape. Drag coefficients are proposed for each mollusc species, based on an interpolation of settling velocity data. Depending on the shell species, the critical bed shear stress values obtained for bioclastic particles fall within or slightly below empirical envelopes established for siliciclastic particles, despite very low settling velocity values. The results suggest that settling velocity, often used to describe the entrainment of sediment particles through the equivalent diameter, is not a suitable parameter to predict the initiation of motion of shell debris. The influence of the flat shape of bioclastic particles on the initiation of motion under oscillatory flows and during bedload and saltation transport is yet to be elucidated. 相似文献
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In fluvial sedimentology, bed sediment entrainment by streamflow has a decisive role in controlling several fluvial processes. Owing to its huge practical importance, the subject has been painstakingly explored for over a century. However, a detailed understanding of the mechanism of the bed sediment entrainment phenomenon achieved hitherto is far from complete. The central theme of bed sediment entrainment is occupied by the sediment entrainment threshold, which varies enormously in its qualitative definition, identification and quantification encompassing a broad range of spatiotemporal scales. This article presents the state of the science of the entrainment of non‐cohesive bed sediments under a steady‐unidirectional streamflow. It begins with the diverse definitions and representations of the entrainment threshold criterion from both qualitative and quantitative perspectives, scrutinising its suitability and ambit of applicability. Then, the effects of energetic factors that drive the entrainment threshold criterion are critically appraised. The indispensable mechanisms of bed sediment entrainment, including the theoretical background and modelling strategies, the role of turbulent bursting phenomenon and the phenomenological perspective into the origin of the scaling laws of sediment entrainment, are explained. Throughout the article, special emphasis is given to the strengths and weaknesses of the current state of the science. In addition, a deliberate attempt is made to invoke the thought‐provoking ideas on the multifarious features of bed sediment entrainment. Finally, the innovative perspectives on the bed sediment entrainment are provided and the concluding remarks are made, elucidating the major challenges and suggesting the prospective ways to resolve them as a future scope of research. 相似文献
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为了确定淤泥质浅滩泥沙的临界起动切应力垂线剖面,采用音叉密度计在淤泥质连云港徐圩浅滩进行了定点密度垂线分布测量,并针对该海域的泥沙利用长水槽和环形槽开展了泥沙起动室内试验。淤泥密度现场结果表明,浅滩泥沙密度与深度满足对数型关系;室内试验得出密度1 050~1 400 kg/m3的泥沙临界起动切应力值为0.1~1.0 Pa,泥沙临界切应力与密度呈指数关系;进而确定了临界起动切应力与深度的关系即临界起动切应力剖面,该剖面关系式可供数学模型模拟淤泥质浅滩的泥沙起动过程参考。 相似文献
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Concentrations of dissolved nitrate, silicate, and phosphate in water flooding intertidal sediments at Pecks Cove and along the axis of Cumberland Basin, Bay of Fundy were measured throughout the year. Exchanges of dissolved nutrients between intertidal sediments and overlying water were measured by enclosing water in chambers over undisturbed sediment. Nitrate concentrations in the water usually decreased during incubations while silicate was released by sediments during summer and consumed during fall. Particles which settled in sediment traps exposed during periods of high tide were stirred in filtered seawater to measure nutrient exchange. The flux of nutrients between the intertidal sediments and settled particles and seawater was estimated from incubation experiments and the observed nitrogen content in surface sediments and suspended particulate material. There was a net import of dissolved nitrate and silicate into Cumberland Basin from Chignecto Bay during early summer, at all other times there was a net export. Despite the low primary productivity and rigorous physical environment, biological activity has a measurable impact on dissolved nutrient concentrations in the waters of Cumberland Basin. 相似文献
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Three regolith-collapse sinkholes formed near the Dongola Unit School and the Pentecostal Church in the southern Illinois village of Dongola (Union County) during the spring of 1993. The sinkholes appeared over a three-month period that coincided with development of a new municipal well. The new well was drilled through clay-rich, valley-fill sediment into karstified limestone bedrock. The piezometric surface of the limestone aquifer is above land surface, indicating the presence of an upward hydraulic gradient in the valley and that the valley fill is acting as a confining unit. Pumping during development of the well lowered the piezometric surface of the limestone aquifer to an elevation below the base of the valley fill. It is hypothesized that drainage of water from the sediments, the resulting loss of hydrostatic pressure and buoyant force in overlying sediments, increased intergranular pressure, and the initiation of groundwater flow toward the well resulted in rapid sediment transport, subsurface erosion, and collapse of the valley-fill sediment. The sinkholes follow an approximately east-west alignment, which is consistent with one of the two dominant alignments of passages of nearby joint-controlled caves. A constant electrode-separation resistivity survey of the school playground was conducted to locate areas that might contain incipient sinkholes. The survey revealed a positive resistivity anomaly trending N75E in the southern part of the study area. The anomaly is linear, between 5 and 10 m wide, and its trend either intersects or is immediately adjacent to the three sinkholes. The anomaly is interpreted to be a series of pumping-induced cavities in the valley-fill sediments that formed over a preexisting crevice in the karstified bedrock limestone. 相似文献
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掌握三峡和葛洲坝枢纽间河段水沙及冲淤特性的变化规律，是河段诸多工程问题研究的前提。对大量水沙地形资料进行分析，探讨泥沙起动理论在冲刷预测中的应用。长江上游水库建设及两大枢纽相继运行，河段年径流量微减，月均流量发生"削峰填谷"重分配，年输沙量大幅降低，河段水沙关系显著改变；河段累积冲淤量受极端水文条件和枢纽调度的短期和长期控制，时间上具有明显阶段性特征，空间上则表现为部分子河段的活跃性；床沙组成随枢纽运行先后发生细化和粗化；基于沙玉清起动流速公式绘制了起动临界条件曲线图，通过推算断面最大可动床沙粒径或临界流量，可为河床冲刷可能性的预判提供参考。 相似文献
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掌握三峡和葛洲坝枢纽间河段水沙及冲淤特性的变化规律,是河段诸多工程问题研究的前提。对大量水沙地形资料进行分析,探讨泥沙起动理论在冲刷预测中的应用。长江上游水库建设及两大枢纽相继运行,河段年径流量微减,月均流量发生"削峰填谷"重分配,年输沙量大幅降低,河段水沙关系显著改变;河段累积冲淤量受极端水文条件和枢纽调度的短期和长期控制,时间上具有明显阶段性特征,空间上则表现为部分子河段的活跃性;床沙组成随枢纽运行先后发生细化和粗化;基于沙玉清起动流速公式绘制了起动临界条件曲线图,通过推算断面最大可动床沙粒径或临界流量,可为河床冲刷可能性的预判提供参考。 相似文献
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Andrew E. Laursen Sybil P. Seitzinger Robert Dekorsey James G. Sanders Denise L. Breitburg Richard W. Osman 《Estuaries and Coasts》2002,25(1):57-69
The effects of nutrients, trace elements, and trophic complexity on benthic photosynthesis and respriation were studied in the Paxtuxent River estuary near St. Leonard, Maryland. Experiments were conducted over three years (1995–1997) in mesocosms containing riverine sediment and water. The experimental design was 2×2×3 factorial with two levels of nutrients (ambient and + nutrients), two of trace elements (ambient and + trace elements) and three of trophic complexity (plankton, plankton + fish, and plankton + fish + benthos). Trace elements included arsenic (As), copper (Cu), and cadmium (Cd). The experiment was conducted three times in 1995 and 1997 and four times in 1996. In 1995 and 1996, sediments were muddy, while in the final year sediments were sandy. In mesocoms with sandy sediments, nutrient additions increased benthic photosynthesis overall, while trace element additions increased benthic photosynthesis in two of three experimental runs. Benthic photosynthesis in these mesocosms appeared to be related to nitrogen loading. Benthic respiration increased in nutrient and trace element amended mesocosms with sandy sediments, apparently in response to higher benthic photosynthesis. Increasing trophic complexity, particularly the presence of benthic organisms, also increased benthic respiration in mesocosms with sandy sediments. There were no effects of nutrient or trace element additions on benthic photosynthesis and respiration when the sediments were muddy. The lack of consistent responses to nutrient additions was surprising given that benthic respiration rates (and presumably nutrient regeneration) were similar in all three years, regardless of sediment type. Muddy, sediments did not mask, the effects of nutrient addition by supplying more nutrients to benthic microalgae than sandy sediments. In 1996, the presence of filter feeding bivalves increased the relative heterotrophy of sediments, measured as production: respiration. Consistent with increased heterotrophy, effluxes of ammonium and soluble reactive phosphorus from sediments were greater in mesocosms containing benthic organisms. Anthropogenically-induced changes in estuaries, such as loading of nutrients and trace elements or reduced trophic complexity, can have important effects on benthic processes and potentially pelagic processes through feedback mechanisms. 相似文献