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1.
深海热液喷口生物群落研究进展 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
近年来深海热液喷口生物群落的研究取得了大量的成果。通过调查发现,除温度外,环境化学参数、地理位置、喷口类型、热液活动周期、生物可利用率等因素都对深海热液喷口生物群落分布产生影响。随着实验室热液微生物的分离、培养成功,一些新的属种及其特殊的生理特征被发现。分子生物学技术的发展,使得对于深海热液生物基因测序、基因功能的研究和表达,功能基因对微生物生理功能的调控作用,动物与微生物之间的共生关系,生物对极端环境的适应机制等问题的研究都能够进行。对于目前不能进行实验室分离培养的微生物,通过基因组分析,也能够了解其群落结构。不同的深海热液喷口,其病毒的类型、分布、丰度以及病毒对热液生态系统的影响是不同的。通过这些研究,科学家探讨了热液喷口环境中生物群落的能量合成与代谢途径的相关理论,并提出了生命有可能起源于热液喷口环境的假说。 相似文献
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大洋中脊热水探测与新型传感器 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
对大洋中脊的探测带来了大量科学发现。在大洋中脊热水喷口的极端条件下，在大的温度梯度范围内，一方面在喷口（黑烟囱）周围形成巨量金属硫化物快速堆积；另一方面在喷口周围由内向外形成一个生物晕。为了研究洋中脊极端条件下的水热过程，模拟洋中脊水-岩相互作用条件下生命过程，需要在高温高压环境中原位获取数据，必须利用先进、灵敏的化学传感器。由于新材料技术的发展，美国和西方国家深海探测时广泛使用YSZ电化学传感器（氧化钇稳定的氧化锆陶瓷，YSZ：Yttria Stabilized Zirconia），这种传感器的优点是在温度大于200℃的高温时性能良好，在低于200℃条件下灵敏度降低，而且在国际市场上没有这些高温高压化学传感器出售。“十五”期间，科技部863计划，首次将发展深海高温高压传感器的海底多参数检测技术之一列入我国计划。根据863计划，中国科学家通过努力研制成功一系列具有中国自主知识产权的高温高压化学传感器，在自主研制了YSZ传感器的同时，发明了国际上首次可以在大温度范围、在海上实用的Zr／ZrO2高温化学传感器，可部分替代YSZ传感器。这两类集成式化学传感器可以探测大洋中脊400℃／40MPa热水的pH、H2、H2S、Eh等，并在2004年的南海的海试中取得成功。 相似文献
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黄铁矿叠层石丘堆式沉积与块状硫化物的富集作用 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
通过对黄铁矿叠层石组构、成分、微量元素、硫同位素、分子生物标志物与产出的构造环境背景的研究可知 ,黄铁矿叠层石的形成是通过沿同生断裂上升喷溢入海的热流体长期脉动作用 ,构成栖息在热水喷口与热液丘堤周围的嗜热微生物群落生存的食物链基础 ,使嗜热微生物围绕热水喷口繁殖的结果。沿同生断裂上升喷溢入海的热流体长期脉动过程中不断吸附、富集成矿元素 ,并将海水中的硫酸盐还原为H2 S。微生物吸附的Fe2 + 与S2 -作用 ,形成黄铁矿叠层石。微生物群落在热水喷口与丘堤附近不均衡发展 ,产生了成矿带内块状硫化物矿床中的黄铁矿叠层石丘堆。这种黄铁矿叠层石丘堆体是寻找富矿的显著标志 ,具有重要的成因与找矿意义 相似文献
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白银矿田折腰山大型古火山及其在成矿作用中的地位 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
古火山地质学和矿床学研究表明，白银矿田折腰山Ｃｕ－Ｚｎ矿床地段，是一个火山岩岩相发育齐全（包括喷发－爆发相、喷发－溢流相、溢流相、火山颈相、次火山侵入相、火山侵出相以及喷发－沉积相）、空间展布有序、相序关系清楚的大型古火山口。赋存在这一大型古火山口构造部位的折腰山矿床位于古火山口中心位置，主要与一套粗火山碎屑署紧密伴生，不受单一岩性控制。矿床具典型的垂直分带和水平分带，矿体主体定位于古火山喷口内的通道构造中，局部形成于喷口以上海底近喷口处，属典型的喷口内和喷口过渡类型，简称火口型矿床． 相似文献
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热液喷口生物群的研究现状 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
深海热液喷口生物群的研究已取得了一些进展，其研究内容主要包括两方面：一是现代热液喷口生物群的地理分布、种类划分、生态习性与食物来源及其对海底的依存性等；二是古海底热液喷口生物群化石的个体大小、化学成分、形态分布、矿化方式以及与现代海底生物群的比较。 相似文献
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深海沉积物中的稀土资源是一种新发现的、潜在的海底稀土资源.对太平洋中部重力活塞取样获得的90个深海粘土样品的矿物组分、常量和稀土化学分析结果进行了系统分析,并与中北太平洋以及西北太平洋南鸟岛附近海域深海沉积物稀土元素地球化学特征进行了对比.研究结果表明:太平洋中部深海粘土以富含沸石、富P及富REY为特征,其碎屑矿物中含有较多的鱼牙骨,其P2O5与CaO之间、P2O5、CaO与∑REY之间呈良好的正相关关系;其稀土分布模式表现为明显的Ce负异常、一定程度的重稀土元素富集和Y正异常.太平洋中部深海粘土REY富集的主要原因是深海粘土中含有过量的磷酸盐组分,推测过量的磷酸盐组分是由于深海粘土中鱼牙骨碎屑的加入引起的.在北太平洋海域,未受到热液活动影响的条件下,富REY的深海沉积物的稀土元素富集机制具有统一性和普遍性,可以归纳为深海沉积物中高REY磷酸盐的混入作用. 相似文献
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广泛分布于太平洋与印度洋的深海富稀土沉积物是一种重要的稀土资源,其储量远超陆地稀土资源的储量,并具有富含中-重稀土元素、易于浸出等优点。已有研究表明,稀土元素的含量、赋存状态和成矿机制与载体矿物的类型、结构和性质之间的关系密切,且载体矿物本身是未来勘探开采深海稀土资源和进行稀土选冶的直接对象。本文回顾了深海富稀土沉积物中的主要载体矿物类型及其稀土元素赋存机制等方面的研究结果,并展望了未来富稀土沉积物中载体矿物的研究方向。太平洋和印度洋深海沉积物中最主要的载体矿物包括磷灰石、铁锰（氢）氧化物、粘（黏）土矿物以及钙十字沸石。稀土元素以耦合替代的形式进入磷灰石结构中,在铁锰结核中,稀土元素主要通过表面络合吸附的形式赋存,而有关钙十字沸石与粘土矿物对稀土元素的富集作用仍有待通过深入的微区矿物学分析厘清。未来相关研究的重点应是海洋沉积物中稀土元素载体矿物的定量分析,以及稀土元素载体矿物溶解-重结晶过程对稀土元素富集迁移的影响等。 相似文献
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在第28届国际地质大会上,共举行了有关矿物学内容的专题学术讨论会11个,即1.应用矿物学——从显微到宏观的Fe和Mn生物成矿作用;2.矿物谱和热力学:3.流体包裹体;4.矿物物理;5.高压矿物学;6.同步辐射在地质科学中的应用;7.矿物反应动力学;8.矿物微结构:9.矿物学;10.碱性岩和碳酸岩的矿物学和地球化学;11.陨石、小行星、慧星和宇宙尘.现对其中几个进展较快、水平较高的专题讨论作一简要介绍.一、同步辐射在地质科学中的应用由于具有高强度、宽的能量范围和极佳的准直性,同步辐射(SR)在许多方面有重要的应用前景. 相似文献
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至少一维尺度上小于100nm的矿物都属于纳米矿物的范畴,自然界中除了大量的人造纳米矿物之外,天然的纳米矿物分布也很广泛。随着透射电子显微镜(TEM)技术在地球科学中的应用,大量的天然纳米矿物在地壳表层和内部被发现。尤其是在矿田区域,与矿体相关的纳米矿物在各种介质中被发现,并且这些纳米矿物在矿床的研究中有着独特的作用。堆积型铝土矿床储量大,是铝土矿的重要来源。在堆积型铝土矿床中发育有大量的纳米矿物,矿石矿物也以纳米级晶体分布于矿床中,并且在纳米尺度上表现出结构和成分的变化,这些纳米矿物以及结构、成分的变化记录了铝土矿成矿过程的物理化学信息,为探究铝土矿的成因提供了独特的窗口。该综述总结了纳米矿物在研究堆积型铝土矿床中的优势,为研究堆积型铝土矿床的提供了新方法,为认识堆积型铝土矿的成因提供了新角度。 相似文献
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Deep-sea is one of the most important extreme environments on the earth. Numerous and diverse extremophiles thrive in this extreme environment, presenting distinctive physiological structure, metabolic mechanism and symbiosis relations, which provide new methods to study the origin of life and extraterrestrial life. Despite extensive studies on deep-sea extremophiles from the point of view of biology, the impacts of deep-sea hydrothermal activity on the evolution of extremophiles remain largely unknown. On the basis of summarizing features of the deep-sea ziphysicochemical and geological environment, the distribution and formation mechanism of submarine hydrothermal vents were analyzed, respectively. Hydrothermal vents have great effect on the distribution and succession of communities. Our discussion focused on the extreme life forms of microorganisms surviving in the hydrothermal ecosystem and their important significance for the nutrient cycling and ecosystem evolution. However, the research of life processes in extreme environments is still in the primary stage and more work is needed on the in-situ detection technique, molecular biology and interdisciplinary research. 相似文献
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Deep-sea smokers: windows to a subsurface biosphere? 总被引：13，自引：0，他引：13
Since the discovery of hyperthermophilic microbial activity in hydrothermal fluids recovered from "smoker" vents on the East Pacific Rise, the widely accepted upper temperature limit for life (based on pure culture data) has risen from below the boiling point of water at atmospheric pressure to approximately 115 degrees C. Many microbiologists seem willing to speculate that the maximum may be closer to 150 degrees C. We have postulated not only higher temperatures than these (under deep-sea hydrostatic pressures), but also the existence of a biosphere subsurface to accessible seafloor vents. New geochemical information from the Endeavour Segment of the Juan de Fuca Ridge indicative of subsurface organic material caused us to re-examine both the literature on hyperthermophilic microorganisms cultured from deep-sea smoker environments and recent results of microbial sampling efforts at actively discharging smokers on the Endeavour Segment. Here we offer the case for a subsurface biosphere based on an interdisciplinary view of microbial and geochemical analyses of Endeavour smoker fluids, a case in keeping with rapidly evolving geophysical understanding of organic stability under deep-sea hydrothermal conditions. 相似文献
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深海洋底热泉生态系和冷泉生物研究综述 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
现代海洋学、微生物学和生物学的研究表明，在深海火山活动和板块消减带所形成的地质背景下分别可能有海底热泉和冷泉的存在。在这种海底热泉和冷泉区的特殊环境中能够能海底热泉生态系的冷泉生物。它们能够依靠体内共生化学厌氧合成细菌产生营养，因而可能存在于完全缺氧的还原环境。海底热泉和冷泉生物学研究是对传统的生物学和地质学的挑战，人们还可能通过古代海底热泉和冷泉生态系的识别和分析，对涉及生命发生、生物演化、生物 相似文献
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Gregory J. Dick Brian G. Clement Samuel M. Webb John R. Bargar 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2009,73(21):6517-6063
Microorganisms play important roles in mediating biogeochemical reactions in deep-sea hydrothermal plumes, but little is known regarding the mechanisms that underpin these transformations. At Guaymas Basin (GB) in the Gulf of California, hydrothermal vents inject fluids laden with dissolved Mn(II) (dMn) into the deep waters of the basin where it is oxidized and precipitated as particulate Mn(III/IV) oxides, forming turbid hydrothermal “clouds”. Previous studies have predicted extremely short residence times for dMn at GB and suggested they are the result of microbially-mediated Mn(II) oxidation and precipitation. Here we present biogeochemical results that support a central role for microorganisms in driving Mn(II) oxidation in the GB hydrothermal plume, with enzymes being the primary catalytic agent. dMn removal rates at GB are remarkably fast for a deep-sea hydrothermal plume (up to 2 nM/h). These rapid rates were only observed within the plume, not in background deep-sea water above the GB plume or at GB plume depths (∼1750-2000 m) in the neighboring Carmen Basin, where there is no known venting. dMn removal is dramatically inhibited under anoxic conditions and by the presence of the biological poison, sodium azide. A conspicuous temperature optimum of dMn removal rates (∼40 °C) and a saturation-like (i.e. Michaelis-Menten) response to O2 concentration were observed, indicating an enzymatic mechanism. dMn removal was resistant to heat treatment used to select for spore-forming organisms, but very sensitive to low concentrations of added Cu, a cofactor required by the putative Mn(II)-oxidizing enzyme. Extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy (EXAFS) and synchrotron radiation-based X-ray diffraction (SR-XRD) revealed the Mn oxides to have a hexagonal birnessite or δ-MnO2-like mineral structure, indicating that these freshly formed deep-sea Mn oxides are strikingly similar to primary biogenic Mn oxides produced by laboratory cultures of bacteria. Overall, these results reveal a vigorous Mn biogeochemical cycle in the GB hydrothermal plume, where a distinct microbial community enzymatically catalyzes rapid Mn(II) oxidation and the production of Mn biooxides. 相似文献
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冀东高板河中元古代多金属硫化物矿床呈层状和透镜状与容矿岩石整合产出,其中发育大量各种类型的硫铁矿叠层石,呈中、小型丘堆状分布在多金属硫化物矿床中。通过对其进行形态学及显微结构研究和激光拉曼光谱测试表明,高板河硫铁矿叠层石的形成环境明显不同于普通藻叠层石的生长环境,形成于局部强封闭还原的半深海环境中,远离透光带,是海底黑烟囱周围嗜热微生物周期性生长形成的原生微生物沉积构造。硫铁矿叠层石的形态与其所处的环境以及微生物的种类有关。嗜热微生物对于黄铁矿矿床的形成具有重要的促进作用。 相似文献
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Black smoker chimneys and biological vent communities have been identified at many sites on the deep seafloor, particularly along oceanic spreading centers. We report the largest and oldest known, microbe-rich sub-meter-sized black smoker chimneys and mounds from a 1.43 billion-year old sulfide deposit in a continental graben in northern China. These chimneys are especially well preserved, with characteristic morphology, internal textures and internal cylindrical mineralogical zonation. Four main types of chimneys are distinguished on textural and mineralogical criteria, exhibiting either Zn–Fe-sulfide or Pb–Zn–Fe-sulfide internal cylindrical mineralogical zones. The chimneys mark vent sites in submarine grabens indicating focused flow-venting processes. The fossil chimneys have mineralogical and geological evolutionary features similar to their counterparts on the modern seafloor and other submarine hydrothermal vents. Black smoker vent fluids and seafloor tectonism played important roles for formation of the massive sulfide deposits in the Mesoproterozoic.We also report the first known, remarkably diverse assemblage of fossil microbialites from around and inside Precambrian vent chimneys, demonstrating that Proterozoic life flourished around submarine hot vents and deep within the chimney vent passages. Filamentous, spherical, rod, and coccus-shaped fossil microbes are preserved preferentially on sulfide precipitates. Based on the depth and setting of the fossil biota, the organisms that produced the microbialites were likely sulfate-reducing chemosynthetic and thermophyllic microbes. Textural and mineralogical evidence shows that biomineralization processes enhanced chimney growth and sulfide precipitation.Close association of microorganisms with sulfide chimneys in modern deep-sea hydrothermal vents and younger ophiolites has sparked speculation about whether life may have originated at similar vents. However, little is known about fossil equivalents of vent microfossils and black smoker chimneys from Earth's early evolution. The fossilized microorganisms from the Gaobanhe black smoker chimney sulfide deposits include thread-like filaments with branching and twisted forms and preserved organic carbon, representing fossilized remnants of microbial mats metabolized at high temperatures characteristic of venting fluids. The preservation of fossil microorganisms provides evidence that microbial populations were closely associated with black smoker chimneys in Earth's early history. The microbial population clearly constitutes the site for mediating mineral formation. These ancient microbial fossils lead to a much better understanding of early life on the deep seafloor. The discovery of the Mesoproterozoic microfossils within black-smoker hydrothermal chimneys indicates that hydrothermal activity around sea-floor vents supported dense microbial communities, and supports speculation that vent sites may have hosted the origin of life. 相似文献
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深海热液金属硫化物矿位于水深数千米的大洋洋底,其形态、规模及电性参数难为人知,迄今尚未有由实测数据推导其电性结构的研究.依托于“大洋一号”,在大西洋洋中脊、西南印度洋洋中脊实施了多次深海热液金属硫化物矿探测试验,实地采集热液金属硫化物矿瞬变电磁响应数据,并对试验数据进行反演分析.分析表明:大西洋TAG(trans-Atlantic geotraverse)热液区及西南印度洋49°4′E,37°5′S热液区内,深海热液金属硫化物矿形似生长于洋壳内的“蘑菇”,矿体呈透镜状或似层状结构,分布于热液喷口的卤水池内,电阻率约为0.1 Ω·m,规模为50~250 m,厚度范围为20~50 m;热液烟囱直径为10~50 m,周围岩石发生热液蚀变,蚀变岩石电阻率在0.2~0.5 Ω·m,以热液通道为中心呈圈层状变化.依据深海热液金属硫化物矿的形态特征及电性参数,矿体的电性结构模型可简化为T型异常体. 相似文献
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深海矿产是地球上尚未被人类充分认识和利用的最大潜在战略矿产资源,近十年我国在该领域的研究取得了重要进展。在太平洋国际海底区域申请到2块多金属结核勘探区、1块富钴结壳勘探区,在西南印度洋中脊申请到1块多金属硫化物勘探区。研究阐明了我国多金属结核和富钴结壳勘探区小尺度成矿规律,揭示了其成矿作用过程及古海洋古气候记录,探讨了关键金属元素富集机制。在西南印度洋、西北印度洋和南大西洋中脊发现了多处热液区,阐述了其成矿作用及控制因素,建立了超慢速扩洋中脊热液循环模型,探讨了拆离断层型热液成矿系统的成矿机制。在太平洋和印度洋划分了4个深海稀土成矿带,在中印度洋海盆、东南太平洋和西太平洋深海盆地发现了大面积富稀土沉积区,初步揭示了深海稀土的富集特征、分布规律、赋存状态和成矿机理。今后在继续加大深海矿产资源调查研究的同时,应聚焦深海关键金属成矿作用研究。 相似文献
20.
Geochemical constraints on chemolithoautotrophic metabolism by microorganisms in seafloor hydrothermal systems 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
Mixing of hydrothermal fluids and seawater at the ocean floor, combined with slow reaction kinetics for oxidation/reduction reactions, provides a source of metabolic energy for chemolithotrophic microorganisms which are the primary biomass producers for an extensive submarine ecosystem that is essentially independent of photosynthesis. Thermodynamic models are used to explore geochemical constraints on the amount of metabolic energy potentially available from chemosynthetic reactions involving S, C, Fe, and Mn compounds during mixing of hydrothermal fluids with seawater. For the vent fluid used in the calculations (EPR 21 degrees N OBS), the model indicates that mixing environments are favorable for oxidation of H2S, CH4, Fe2+ and Mn2+ only below approximately 38 degrees C, with methanogenesis and reduction of sulfate or S degrees favored at higher temperatures, suggesting that environments dominated by mixing provide habitats for mesophilic (but not thermophilic) aerobes and thermophilic (but not mesophilic) anaerobes. A maximum of approximately 760 cal per kilogram vent fluid is available from sulfide oxidation while between 8 and 35 cal/kg vent fluid is available from methanotrophy, methanogenesis, oxidation of Fe or Mn, or sulfate reduction. The total potential for chemosynthetic primary production at deep-sea hydrothermal vents globally is estimated to be about 10(13) g biomass per year, which represents approximately 0.02% of the global primary production by photosynthesis in the oceans. Thermophilic methanogens and sulfate- and S degree-reducers are likely to be the predominant organisms in the walls of vent chimneys and in the diffuse mixing zones beneath warm vents, where biological processes may contribute to the high methane concentrations of vent fluids and heavy 34S/32S ratios of vent sulfide minerals. The metabolic processes taking place in these systems may be analogs of the first living systems to evolve on the Earth. 相似文献