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1.
喜马拉雅东构造结是全球构造活动最强烈、地质环境最复杂、地质灾害最频发的地区之一, 工程规划建设面临板块构造带的构造错断、深埋工程灾变、松动山体失稳、流域性地质灾害链等灾难性地质安全风险。如何在活动构造带内选择相对稳定与安全的场址, 实现工程规划建设与运营的地质安全风险最小化, 是当前工程地质领域的重要课题。文章系统梳理了东构造结地区重大地质安全问题, 发现传统的工程选址理论已无法满足喜马拉雅东构造结工程选址的要求, 工程选址面临地质演化过程与工程区地质建造不清、构造活动性与强震灾害风险突出、深部构造应力场与灾变研究薄弱、超高位超远程地质灾害链形势严峻等重大地质安全挑战。为此, 文章从"区域地质演化与工程地质问题" "活动断裂及工程安全风险" "复杂地应力场及工程灾变风险" "流域性地质灾害链工程风险" "东构造结工程选址理论方法"共5个方面提出工程选址主要研究方向, 为完善工程选址风险评价与防控方法提供思路。 相似文献
2.
青藏高原隆升的地质灾害效应 总被引：19，自引：0，他引：19
根据青藏高原隆升具有持续性和阶段性加速的特征,将其整个隆升过程分为 4个隆升阶段 15个隆升幕,即喜马拉雅运动（6个加速隆升幕）---递进式压缩隆升阶段;青藏运动（3个加速隆升幕）---构造变形、断裂运动性质调整阶段;昆黄运动（3个加速隆升幕）---高原造貌主阶段;共和运动阶段（3个加速隆升幕）---地质灾害高发期。由于青藏高原的强烈隆升,最终使其成为我国地质灾害最为严重的地区之一。尤其是青藏高原周缘西北部的黄河上游
流域、东南部的长江上游流域、西藏南部的雅鲁藏布江下游区及其东南部的"三江地区",成为地质灾害事件集中发生的区域,其中的地震、崩滑流、断裂活动等地质灾害效应最为强烈,成为影响现代人类工程活动和生存环境的主要灾害。 相似文献
3.
造山带内动力作用的工程效应是地学与工程领域基础科学研究的前沿问题。结合GIS技术和相关地学理论,对喜马拉雅造山带由构造划分的高喜马拉雅、低喜马拉雅和特提斯喜马拉雅3个地块进行研究,揭示不同地块工程地质特性和灾害效应受内动力制约的普适性规律。提出:在挤压碰撞造山机制作用下快速隆升的高、低喜马拉雅,地震以逆冲型为主,地震强度大、频率高,水平应力相对较大,主应力方向近NE-WS方向,地形向大高差发展、河流下切强烈,山地灾害严重;而属于拆离地系,处于相对沉陷状态的特提斯喜马拉雅,地震以正断型为主,地震活动性相对较弱,水平应力相对较小,主应力方向近E-W方向,地形演化向着减弱地势的趋向发展,雪崩灾害严重;此外,高喜马拉雅特有的海洋性冰川地貌、冰湖和冰川泥石流,可能是控制跨喜马拉雅山铁路线路方案的重要问题。基于上述各地块工程效应存在显著差异的认识,提出以构造划分作为铁路工程地质分区的建议,并以拟建中尼铁路交通廊道为例,绘制了工程地质分区图。研究有助于将造山带理论推进到工程应用层面,为铁路大范围方案比选阶段,广域、高效、低成本地获取信息提供了新途径。 相似文献
4.
基于Google Earth软件建立曲流河地质知识库 总被引：8，自引：1，他引：7
在对密井网解剖、露头解剖、现代沉积解剖、沉积模拟实验等建立地质知识库方法优缺点分析基础上,利用Google Earth软件测量了一系列曲流河道的基础数据,结合“将今论古”思想,提出了基于Google Earth软件建立曲流河地质知识库的方法。首先,分析了已有方法的优缺点。其次,介绍了Google Earth软件测量曲流河道的方法步骤,并测量了不同地区不同曲率的河道宽度、点坝长度及弧长,得到了一系列测量数据,建立了测量数据表,并结合已有经验公式与测量数据拟合得到的公式综合分析。结果表明,不同环境中曲流河的河道宽度和点坝长度具不同的相关关系,曲流河的地质知识库不能按统一标准考虑。在不同曲率情况下,河道宽度和点坝长度之间的相关关系亦不同,且随着曲率的减少,其相关关系减弱,反映出点坝的发育程度受河流弯曲程度控制。最后,建议采用建立地质模式库的思想建立定量化曲流河地质知识库,用于对储层建模进行有效约束。 相似文献
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喜马拉雅造山带的东、西两端分别有一个构造急剧转向的地区——构造结, 这里是探讨喜马拉雅造山带构造演化的重要场所.区域地质调查资料对比显示这2个构造结有: (1)相似的地貌景观; (2)相似的地质特征和演化历史, 即都缺失喜马拉雅沉积岩(寒武纪—第三纪); (3)结晶岩系中都有高压变质岩, 且在10 Ma以来均发生过深熔与混合岩化作用; (4)25 Ma以来, 特别是10 Ma以来两地都经历了快速剥露和隆升作用; (5)印度板块-欧亚板块的碰撞时间接近, 分别为75 Ma和65 Ma, 均早于喜马拉雅造山带的其他地区.这些相似性表明: 伸展拆离和以河流作用为主的地表过程是喜马拉雅造山带的东、西构造结快速剥露的主导因素; 因强烈剥露减压所致的地壳部分熔融作用形成的岩浆向地表减压处的流动在构造结的演化过程中起着重要作用. 相似文献
7.
CENOZOIC COLLISIONAL DEFORMATION AND LITHOSPHERE TECTONIC EVOLUTION OF THE EASTERN HIMALAYAN SYNTAXIS1 DingLin ,ZhongDalai,Metamorphiccharacteristicsandgeotectonicimplicationsofthehigh pressuregranulitesfromNam jagbarwa,EasternTibet[J].ScienceinChina ,1999,42 (5 ) :491～ 5 0 5 .TheNationalNaturalSciencesFoundationofChina (No .49732 10 0 )andNationalKeyProject (No .
19980 40 80 0 )forBasicResearchofTibet… 相似文献
8.
Valier Galy Julien Bouchez Christian France-Lanord 《Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research》2007,31(3):199-207
The determination of total organic carbon content and composition in detrital sediments requires careful removal of their carbonate minerals. In detrital sediments containing large amounts of carbonates, including dolomite, this can only be achieved by liquid acid leaching that may solubilise a significant proportion of the organic carbon. For a set of detrital sediments from the Himalayan system and the Amazon River as well as five geological reference materials, we determined the proportion of organic carbon (Corg ) solubilised during acid leaching. This proportion is significant for all analysed sediments and generally tends to increase with the organic carbon content. Compared to other types of sediments analysed, clay fractions extracted from river sediments and bed sediments with very low organic carbon content have high and low proportions of acid soluble Corg respectively. In Himalayan and Amazon river sediments, the proportion of Corg solubilised during acid leaching was relatively constant with average values of 14 and 19 % respectively. Thus, it is possible to correct the Corg content for the dissolved organic carbon content measured after decarbonation. Data presented here show that Corg dissolved during liquid acid leaching must be taken into account. After careful calibration, the method presented here should, therefore, be applied to any carbonate-rich detrital sediment. 相似文献
9.
Satish Kumar Kishor Kumar N. N. Dogra 《Journal of the Geological Society of India》2017,89(4):407-412
Rock slopes require geo-engineering evaluation to assess the instability of critical slopes leading to landslides particularly in Himalayan terrain where rocks are highly jointed, fractured and weathering prone. Interplay of discontinuities in the rocks coupled with other parameters is one of the prime causes of failure of slopes. Engineering rock mass classification, such as, rock mass rating (RMR) and slope mass rating (SMR) along with geological strength index (GSI) have widely been used for stability assessment of rock slopes above tunnel portals, and these classifications are employed here for assessment of stability of slopes of critical nature along Rampur-Powari highway in Himachal Pradesh. In the present study, out of 154 numbers of slopes, a total of 29 have been selected for assessment of their criticality by employing RMR, SMR and GSI. 相似文献
10.
The Alaknanda river, a major Himalayan proglacial stream, and its tributaries have been studied to evaluate sediment sources, production mechanisms, and transport pathways in the Alaknanda river basin. The study is based on a single-time sampling of the river and its tributaries and gives an insight into the suspended load pattern of the river from its source to its confluence with the other major Himalayan proglacial stream, the Bhagirathi. It is tentatively concluded that the suspended load of the Alaknanda is primarily due to natural processes and events and does not reflect the effects of human intervention. 相似文献
11.
金沙江上游地质条件复杂,大型古堆积体群普遍发育,严重影响该区的水利水电开发建设。合理的解释古堆积体群的地质成因问题是进行水电建设工作的基础。本文以金沙江上游某水电站古堆积群现场工程为依托,通过工程地质分区、岩体结构特征分析和地质现象分析3个步骤,逐步还原了堆积体群的形成过程。最终结论如下: (1)以古堆积体群整体形貌特征为基础,结合岩性、结构等基本特性,将古堆积体群划分为4个区域; (2)根据古堆积群Ⅱ区的形貌特征假设Ⅱ区物质来自河对岸,继而采用结构特征分析证明了这一假设,结果表明: Ⅱ区物质与河对岸物质结构具有较好的一一对应关系,同时物质结构具有明显的分选性,为典型的泥石流产物; (3)结合区域风化程度、S型转弯、冲积扇、高位静水沉积等地质现象分析,还原了该古堆积体群的形成过程,即: Ⅰ区风化程度较严重,年代明显早于其他各区。Ⅲ区、Ⅳ区之间应为古河道,Ⅰ区的形成造成了河流的S形改道,但并未造成真正意义上的堵江。真正的堵江事件发生在Ⅱ区形成后。Ⅱ区泥石流物质与Ⅲ区、Ⅳ区物质一起形成了一个天然土石坝,形成了真正意义上的堵江,产生了高位沉积现象。此时江水一部分从古河道流出,一部分从Ⅱ区泥石流物质区向下渗流,最终Ⅱ区物质被掏蚀冲垮,形成了今河道。 相似文献
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金沙江上游地形切割强烈、山高谷深,为典型的高山峡谷区,受金沙江断裂带的影响,斜坡完整性差、岩体支离破碎,极易发生山体滑坡。根据遥感影像上滑坡地质灾害隐患的色调、平面形态、变形标志、微地貌等特征,建立了遥感解译标志,在金沙江流域直门达—石鼓段共识别出滑坡地质灾害隐患点87处,其中大型40处、特大型47处,结合区域地理、地质环境特征,分析了其基本特征和空间分布规律。研究区堵江滑坡地质灾害隐患具有明显的链式特征,大致可划为滑坡-堵江灾害链、崩塌-滑坡-堵江灾害链、滑坡-泥石流-堵江灾害链等3种类型,分别以色拉滑坡、汪布顶滑坡、探戈滑坡为例,基于光学遥感技术对其变形特征、链式特征进行了详细分析。从地理位置上看,金沙江断裂带明显控制了金沙江干流直门达—石鼓段的平面展布,新构造运动在断裂带各段活动周期、强度存在差异性,中段和南段活动性较强、应变积累更快,地震作用可能相对频繁,为巴塘以南的金沙江两岸有利斜坡区发生堵江滑坡提供了有利的区域地质环境背景。 相似文献
13.
Borehole data reveals that during Late Quaternary, the Ganga river was non-existent in its present location near Varanasi.
Instead, it was flowing further south towards peripheral craton. Himalayan derived grey micaceous sands were being carried
by southward flowing rivers beyond the present day water divide of Ganga and mixed with pink arkosic sand brought by northward
flowing peninsular rivers. Subsequently, the Ganga shifted to its present position and got incised. Near Varanasi, the Ganga
river is flowing along a NW-SE tectonic lineament. The migration of Ganga river is believed to have been in response to basin
expansion caused due to Himalayan tectonics during Middle Pleistocene times.
Multi-storied sand bodies generated as a result of channel migration provide excellent aquifers confined by a thick zone of
muddy sediments near the surface. Good quality potable water is available at various levels below about 70 m depth in sandy
aquifers. Craton derived gravelly coarse-to-medium grained sand forms the main aquifer zones of tens of meter thickness with
enormous yield. In contrast, the shallow aquifers made up of recycled interfluve silt and sandy silt occur under unconfined
conditions and show water-level fluctuation of a few meters during pre-and post-monsoon periods. 相似文献
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Bangladesh is a country that comprises much of the world’s largest delta, formed from the Ganges, Brahmaputra, and Meghna (GBM) rivers and their tributaries. Flooding is a fact of life in Bangladesh where up to two-thirds of the country is flooded annually from combined monsoonal rains and Himalayan snowmelt. For this reason, understanding flood dynamics on both local and regional scales is critical. However, flood hazard studies to date typically rely on single flooding events to create flood maps and to evaluate flood hazards using satellite imagery. Here we use geographic information systems to analyze weekly water level data from 304 river gauges and over 1200 groundwater gauges from the Bangladesh Water Development Board to determine the spatial and temporal changes in flood depth and extent. These data cover an eight year period from 2002 to 2010 and provide a temporal resolution that match or are better than that of available satellite imagery. Country-wide ground and surface water levels and corresponding annual flooding events were determined along with groundwater level, flooding, and precipitation trends in Bangladesh at multiple scales. We find that while precipitation within the GBM basin has steadily increased through the time series, the average country-wide inundation depth and absolute water level has been decreasing. These respective trends could be attributed to improved flood management strategies in Bangladesh and surrounding countries that are within the GBM basin, as well as fluctuating weather patterns, declining volume of Himalayan snowmelt runoff, dam construction upriver from the GBD both within and outside the Bangladesh border, and increased groundwater abstraction of shallow groundwater aquifers for sustaining life in the eighth most populous country in the world. 相似文献
16.
硫化物中硫同位素组成的EA-IRMS分析方法 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
进行元素分析仪（EA）-稳定同位素质谱仪（IRMS）系统测定硫化物中硫同位素实验,并建立在线连续流分析方法.当参考气离子流强度为1.5V,Ag2S样品量为0.6 mg,Conflo Ⅳ-He载气压力为1.01＆#215;105 Pa,EA系统He载气流量为90～100 mL/min,氧气流量为175 mL/min,反应炉温度为1020℃,色谱分离柱温度为100℃时,系统测量准确度为0.15‰、精密度0.12‰,可以满足快速、高效测定硫同位素的要求. 相似文献
17.
柴达木盆地北缘地区砂岩型铀矿成矿条件与成矿潜力 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
通过对柴达木盆地北缘地区地质构造背景、找矿目的层中-下侏罗统沉积体系、沉积相、岩石地球化学特征、水文地质条件、层间氧化带和铀矿化基本特征的综合研究分析,认为区内具有砂岩型铀矿成矿的地质演化背景条件,构造斜坡带发育有辫状河、三角洲等具泥-砂-泥地层结构的沉积组合,盆地蚀源区及目的层内铀含量均较高,铀源条件良好,地下水补-径-排水动力系统和水文地球化学条件良好,在目的层内已发现发育完善的层间氧化带和与层间氧化带相关的砂岩型铀矿化.总体而言,区内具有较好的砂岩型铀矿成矿地质条件,但由于喜山期以来新构造作用的强烈改造,断裂构造发育,变形作用强烈,找矿难度较大. 相似文献
18.
Neotectonic Control on the Geomorphic Evolution of the Gangotri Glacier Valley, Garhwal Himalaya 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The paper records evidences of neotectonic activities in the Gangotri glacier valley that are found to be responsible for the present-day geomorphic set-up of the area since the last phase of major glaciation. Geomorphological features indicate the presence of a large glacier in the valley in the geological past. Prominent planar structures present in the rocks were later on modified into sets of normal faults in the present-day Himalayan tectonic set-up giving rise to graben structures. The block nearest the snout is traversed by the NW-SE trending Gaumukh fault. A number of terraces mark the entrenchment of Bhagirathi River in this part. The contrasting drainage morphometric parameters of two sides of the valley and asymmetric recessional patterns of the tributary glaciers further document movement along the fault. The distribution and orientation of debris fans also seem to be controlled by neotectonic activity. The neotectonic activity that followed the process of deglaciation has brought the glacially carved, wide U- shaped valley in contact with the present-day fluvially incised narrow and relatively deep valley. The wider segments have become sites of active deposition of glacially eroded debris. The low gradient and excessive filling has resulted in the river attaining a braided nature in these segments. 相似文献
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Annual dissolved fluxes from Central Nepal rivers: budget of chemical erosion in the Himalayas 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Christian France-Lanord Matthew Evans Jean-Emmanuel Hurtrez Jean Riotte 《Comptes Rendus Geoscience》2003,335(16):1131-1140
Annual dissolved element fluxes of Himalayan rivers from Central Nepal are calculated using published river discharge and a new set chemical data of rivers, including monsoon sampling. These are used to study the control on chemical erosion of carbonate and silicate over the whole basin. Chemical erosion of carbonate is mainly controlled by the river runoff but it can be limited by the availability of carbonate in limestone-free basin. Chemical erosion of silicate is well correlated to the runoff. However differences between High Himalayan and Lesser Himalayan basins suggest that physical erosion may also play an important control on silicate weathering. To cite this article: C. France-Lanord et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003). 相似文献