共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 250 毫秒
1.
Communicating risk information is crucial in policy making regarding hazardous events. The influencing mechanism of risk information in generating behavioral reactions is considered in the context of fire risk. We investigate homeowners’ responses to risk information and how their cognitive processes influence their risk reduction behaviors by using data from three typical old Chinese building complexes. Risk information (including content, density, and observation), cognitive processes (including threat and coping appraisals), subjective knowledge, and risk reduction behaviors are considered in the research model. The cognitive processes and subjective knowledge, which mediate the risk information–risk reduction behavior relationship, are examined in this study. Using a path analytic framework, our results indicate that the effects of risk information on risk reduction behaviors are mediated by subjective knowledge and coping appraisal. Both the information content (the content of information received) and observed information (observing risk reduction behaviors that others have taken) play key roles in motivating risk reduction behaviors. 相似文献
2.
The real-time city? Big data and smart urbanism 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
Rob Kitchin 《GeoJournal》2014,79(1):1-14
‘Smart cities’ is a term that has gained traction in academia, business and government to describe cities that, on the one hand, are increasingly composed of and monitored by pervasive and ubiquitous computing and, on the other, whose economy and governance is being driven by innovation, creativity and entrepreneurship, enacted by smart people. This paper focuses on the former and, drawing on a number of examples, details how cities are being instrumented with digital devices and infrastructure that produce ‘big data’. Such data, smart city advocates argue enables real-time analysis of city life, new modes of urban governance, and provides the raw material for envisioning and enacting more efficient, sustainable, competitive, productive, open and transparent cities. The final section of the paper provides a critical reflection on the implications of big data and smart urbanism, examining five emerging concerns: the politics of big urban data, technocratic governance and city development, corporatisation of city governance and technological lock-ins, buggy, brittle and hackable cities, and the panoptic city. 相似文献
3.
Tidal inundation mapping under enhanced land subsidence in Semarang,Central Java Indonesia 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Tidal inundation by high tide under enhanced land subsidence is a damaging phenomenon and a major threat to the Semarang urban
area in Indonesia. It impacts on economic activities, as well as the cost of an emergency program and causes interruption
of pubic services, danger of infectious diseases and injury to human lives. This study examines a spatial analysis tool on
the GIS-raster system for the tidal inundation mapping based on the subsidence-benchmark data and modified detail digital
elevation model. Neighborhood operation and iteration model as a spatial analysis tool have been applied in order to calculate
the encroachment of the tidal inundation on the coastal area. The resulting map shows that the tidal flood spreads to the
lowland area and causes the inundation of coastal settlement, infrastructure, as well as productive agricultural land, i.e.,
the fish-pond area. The monitoring of the vulnerable area due to the tidal inundation under the scenario of extended land
subsidence plays an important role in long-term coastal zone management in Semarang. 相似文献
4.
气候变化和人类活动极大地改变了流域水循环和水资源分布, 以供需管理为核心的水资源管理方法难以缓解缺水的局面。中国提出了新时期水资源相关管理政策, 然而受数据、对象和方法的限制, 新政策采用的管理指标和内涵目标间存在差异, 在缺水地区还必须增加耗水总量控制的约束指标, 实施取水与耗水的双向管控。本文通过综述国内外最新进展和案例, 提出新时期水资源管理指标的完善方法: 建立以蒸散监测为核心的现代耗水要素监测体系;健全以耗水上限为核心的水资源刚性约束方法, 通过综合考虑环境流量用水和生态服务耗水的需求, 核定流域人类活动水资源可消耗量的上限, 实现水资源的刚性约束;实施耗水约束机制, 通过约束农业规模、合理规划生态恢复治理的规模和方式, 实现水资源发展的“四水四定”既定原则。期望通过数据、方法和措施的创新能够切实保障新时期水资源治理模式的有效实施。 相似文献
5.
Aquatic socio-ecological systems show pervasive cross-scale interactions and problems of fit between ecosystems and institutions. Nested bio-hydrological processes within river basins are prone to third-party impacts, and equitable/sustainable management of water resources requires adequate governance patterns that both cover relevant scalar levels and handle cross-scale interactions. This paper provides the example of the Zayandeh Rud basin, in central Iran, and describes the historical evolution of water use at three different nested scales. It shows how the gradual overallocation of water resources (basin closure) and the manipulation of the hydrological cycle by the state and other actors have resulted in a constant spatial and social redistribution of water use and associated benefits and costs. State-centered modes of governance characterized by the priority to large-scale infrastructure, vested political and financial interests, lack of attention to local processes and hydrological interconnectedness, and the neglect of environmental degradation, must give way to forms of comanagement that better articulate the different levels of control and governance. 相似文献
6.
Inter-organizational coordination in extreme events:
The World Trade Center attacks, September 11, 2001 总被引：1，自引：2，他引：1
This paper addresses the problem of inter-organizational coordination in response to extreme events. Extreme events require
coordinated action among multiple actors across many jurisdictions under conditions of urgent stress, heavy demand and tight
time constraints. The problem is socio-technical in that the capacity for inter-organizational coordination depends upon the
technical structure and performance of the information systems that support decision making among the participating organizations.
Interactions among human managers, computers and organizations under suddenly altered conditions of operation are complex
and not well understood. Yet, coordinating response operations to extreme events is an extraordinarily complex task for public
and nonprofit managers. This paper will analyze the interactions among public, private and nonprofit organizations that evolved
in response to the 11 September 2001 attacks, examining the relationships among organizations in terms of timely access to
information and types of supporting infrastructure.
The performance of the inter-organizational system is examined in the context of the events of 11 September 2001 from the
theoretical perspective of complex adaptive systems. A model of auto-adaptation is proposed for implementation to improve
inter- organizational performance in extreme events. This model is based on the concept of individual, organizational and
collective learning in environments exposed to recurring risk, guided by a shared goal. Such a model requires public investment
in the development of an information infrastructure that can support the intense demand for communication, information search,
exchange and feedback that characterizes an auto-adaptive system. 相似文献
7.
The role of facilitated volunteered geographic information in the landscape planning and site design process 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Christopher J. Seeger 《GeoJournal》2008,72(3-4):199-213
Over the last 40 years there has been a movement to increase opportunities for public participation in the decision and policy-making processes for design and planning projects. The emergence of online digital mapping systems and enhancements in Web technology to support sharing and collaboration have allowed the general public to generate their own spatial content via Web applications and other geospatially enabled devices. The resulting data from this recent phenomenon has been called Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI). When facilitated through digital mapping interfaces, VGI can provide landscape architects and allied design professionals with local, detailed and spatial information that can be used to create a more informed design solution. This paper describes several digital interfaces the author has developed to elicit facilitated-VGI (f-VGI) over the past decade, and examines their use in community design projects and their lessons for implementing future f-VGI initiatives. 相似文献
8.
Nicholas Bauch 《GeoJournal》2013,78(6):921-934
This article examines a medical biotechnology known as a wireless body area network (WBAN) as a way to discuss how electronic information infrastructure is spatially extending human bodies into physical landscapes. The term extensible body is introduced, framed by the object-oriented philosophy of Graham Harman. WBANs are sensors placed on or inside of the human body to measure, record, and transmit data about the biological processes of a medical patient. I argue that these body-data should be considered components of bodies themselves, not representations of them. Further, I argue that the geographical discourse on relationality should be less about object relations and more about object extensions. Harman’s explication of the “quadruple object,” and specifically his use of real and sensual objects makes this possible. This questions the spatial beginnings and ends of categorical objects such as bodies and information, the implications of which could have profound impacts on how policies are framed in sectors such as public health, environment, planning, and medicine. The notion of extensibility is crucial in theorizing how, and where, the Geoweb exists as a spatial-technical assemblage of objects and information. The case of WBANs shows that a theorization of the Geoweb must include the built infrastructure of data storage as a spatial extension of being human. 相似文献
9.
科学数据是国家重要战略资源,数据共享是这种资源有效开发利用的手段之一,也是当今科学研究范式向数据密集型转变的重要基础。现代信息技术与勘查方法的深度融合,使得地质勘查和地学研究领域被急速推向大数据时代,亟需从宏观层面上进行科学管理。欧美一些国家通过颁布政策方针及铺设数据基础设施等方式,推动着本国地质大数据管理的有效实施。文章对美、英、澳、加四国地质调查局的数据管理工作方面做了调查,从数据管理范围、数据政策、战略计划、重要数据库及主要数据工具等方面现状进行了介绍与分析,并对中国地质调查行业数据管理工作提出了一些建议：（1）数据管理政策应采用自顶向下设计,自底向上实施;（2）数据开放共享、融合交流是世界地调机构的发展趋势;（3）大力推进地质云建设,三位一体实现大数据治理;（4）促进数据共享基础设施建设,通过参与国际治理争取拿到更多的话语权。 相似文献
10.
The relationship between environmental contamination, human exposure and the risk to health is a complex and fascinating area of research. This paper reviews a number of earlier studies, which focussed on contamination by Pb and sought to address this complexity. It places them within an historical context of different stages of the evolution of the field of risk analysis as applied to environmental research. A risk framework permits these scientific studies to be discussed in relation to the complex social and political environment within which the risks associated with Pb-rich particulate matter were managed (and policy was developed). This paper undertakes this analysis through a risk governance framework, which allows the relationship between the various functions required for management of the risks to be evaluated. It shows ways that values (including stakeholder concerns and risk perceptions) need to be included along with the science that underpins risk analysis in order to make sustainable judgements. It is such judgements that lie at the heart of risk management decision making. 相似文献
11.
Volunteered geographic information: future research directions motivated by critical, participatory, and feminist GIS 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Sarah Elwood 《GeoJournal》2008,72(3-4):173-183
New interactive web services are dramatically altering the way in which ordinary citizens can create digital spatial data and maps, individually and collectively, to produce new forms of digital spatial data that some term ‘volunteered geographic information’ (VGI). This article examines the early literature on this phenomenon, illustrating its shared propositions that these new technologies are part of shifts in the social and technological processes through which digital spatial data are produced, with accompanying implications for the content and characteristics of geospatial data, and the social and political practices promoted through their use. I illustrate how these debates about VGI conceive of spatial data as socially embedded, and suggest ways in which future research might productively draw upon conceptualizations from participatory, feminist, and critical GIS research that have emerged from similar foundations. 相似文献
12.
《Geoforum》2017
Supranational policies move from their places of spatial design towards domestic and local materialization, a journey on which policy programs are subject to multiple loops of translation in various spatial contexts. These loops involve shifting rationalities, historically formed path dependencies and distinct constellations of stakeholders, all of which affect the means of their implementation within national and regional socio-spatial environments. This article evaluates the complexity of governance assemblages based on the translation and mutation of European Union bioenergy policies. As part of the transition towards a low carbon economy, EU member states have been given the responsibility to choose their own approaches within the common EU 2020 renewable energy framework. While EU documents highlight energy security, energy union and sustainability, a contested policy translation process reformulates governance means and aims along the way and sometimes causes the generic targets to vanish. Thus, context dependent decision making assemblages are portrayed as shaping the policy process and the advancement of renewable energy in various directions. The article bundles the empirical results of case studies in Finland, Germany, Estonia, France, and Norway, as well as EU institutions in Brussels to conceptualize peculiarities that guide policy design, translation and boosterist processes in transnational governance. 相似文献
13.
Antonio Hernández-Espriú J. Antonio Reyna-Gutiérrez Emilio Sánchez-León Enrique Cabral-Cano Jaime Carrera-Hernández Pedro Martínez-Santos Sergio Macías-Medrano Giacomo Falorni Davide Colombo 《Hydrogeology Journal》2014,22(6):1469-1485
Mexico City relies on groundwater for most of its domestic supply. Over the years, intensive pumping has led to significant drawdowns and, subsequently, to severe land subsidence. Tensile cracks have also developed or reactivated as a result. All such processes cause damage to urban infrastructure, increasing the risk of spills and favoring contaminant propagation into the aquifer. The effects of ground deformation are frequently ignored in groundwater vulnerability studies, but can be relevant in subsiding cities. This report presents an extension to the DRASTIC methodology, named DRASTIC-Sg, which focuses on evaluating groundwater vulnerability in urban aquifers affected by differential subsidence. A subsidence parameter is developed to represent the ground deformation gradient (Sg), and then used to depict areas where damage risk to urban infrastructure is higher due to fracture propagation. Space-geodetic SqueeSAR data and global positioning system (GPS) validation were used to evaluate subsidence rates and gradients, integrating hydrogeological and geomechanical variables into a GIS environment. Results show that classic DRASTIC approaches may underestimate groundwater vulnerability in settings such as the one at hand. Hence, it is concluded that the Sg parameter is a welcome contribution to develop reliable vulnerability assessments in subsiding basins. 相似文献
14.
Bjørn Sletto 《Geoforum》2011,42(2):197-210
Conflicts surrounding protected area management often emerge from contested processes of boundary-making. Such productions of bounded conservation spaces are contingent in part on processes of identity formation, where some social groups are legitimized as belonging to conservation units, while others are constructed as out-of-place. This article draws on the literature in postmodern geopolitics and the political ecology of fire to interrogate processes of boundary-making and identity formation in the savanna landscape of Canaima National Park, Venezuela. The institutional culture of the environmental management agency EDELCA is in part premised on narratives of history and indigeneity coupled with a desire for an imagined, forested landscape. Because of the social constructions shaping this institutional culture, the agency maintains an approach to fire management that emphasizes fire suppression. However, an ecological field study suggests that fire suppression is leading to increased fuel loads, especially in ecologically significant boundaries between grasslands and forest. Although these boundary zones are the focus of indigenous practices of prescribed burning, they fall in-between the state management categories of forest and ecotone. As a result, these interstitial spaces become theaters for performances of domination and resistance, leading to contradictory and inconsistent approaches to fire management that place gallery forests at risk. 相似文献
15.
湖北白龙洞古人类遗址是中国较有影响的更新世中期古人类遗址之一。本项工作通过使用日本宾得公司产RS-202N免棱镜型全站仪及美国Autodesk公司产AutoCAD2006计算机软件等,实地采集白龙洞遗址地貌和洞穴形态三维数据,使用计算机建立起遗址地貌数字模型和洞穴居址数字模型。通过数字模型进行多视角观察、分析,认识到这种方法可以实现以三维空间的形式保存和处理多种考古遗存信息,能够提供古人类遗址三维动态的观察视角,以及提供多种用途的遗址三维分析数据和考古专题图等。白龙洞遗址数字模型的测量和观察分析认识到,白龙洞遗址古人类（直立人）具有对洞穴高效开发利用的能力,并且具有在洞穴空间较为高大的区域集中活动的特点; 还可能具有在洞穴内部使用火进行照明的行为; 在居址选择上,白龙洞古人类已经具备对低山地区复杂地貌、开阔视野、干燥居址与近水环境,以及石料集中地和多元食物生境的适应性选择。此外,分析工作还显示洞穴遗址内部堆积物,除古人类活动遗留外,其他土状堆积物的来源可能来自于洞穴内部裂隙。白龙洞遗址数字模型的建立与初步分析,是国内将三维数字模型技术应用于古人类遗址研究的首次尝试。该方法对于获取更多遗址研究信息和多学科综合研究古人类遗址具有重要作用。 相似文献
16.
数字孪生流域是数字孪生地球的重要组成部分, 厘清数字孪生流域理论定义和内涵是研究和建设数字孪生流域的前提和基础, 对流域智慧化治理管理具有重要意义。本文基于数字孪生理论技术, 开展了以下研究: ①给出了数字孪生流域的定义, 认为数字孪生流域是以服务流域全生命周期管理的全量数据和领域知识驱动物理流域和虚拟流域交互映射、共智进化、虚实融合的新基建新范式, 并辨析了与传统建模仿真的区别。②数字孪生流域内涵是通过"由实入虚"、"以虚映实"和"由虚控实"实现物理流域对象的全生命周期管控, 特征包括高度保真、演化自治、实时同步、闭环互动和共生进化。③数字孪生流域基本模型由物理流域、虚拟流域、实时连接交互、数字赋能服务、孪生流域数据和孪生流域知识组成, 其核心能力包括物理流域感知操控、全要素数字化表达、实景可视动态呈现、流域数据融合供给、流域知识融合供给、流域模拟仿真推演及孪生自主学习优化。④提出数字孪生流域要解决的关键科学问题和关键技术体系, 并从感知网、数据网、知识网、模型网及服务网展望了数字孪生流域发展方向, 阐述了数字孪生流域的赋能领域。本文旨在通过数字孪生流域理论新型研究范式为数字孪生流域技术应用落地提供理论指导, 对未来智慧流域研究和数字技术在流域治理管理中的应用提供有益的启发与借鉴。 相似文献
17.
Monitoring land subsidence in Semarang,Indonesia 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Semarang is one of the biggest cities in Indonesia and nowadays suffering from extended land subsidence, which is due to groundwater
withdrawal, to natural consolidation of alluvium soil and to the load of constructions. Land subsidence causes damages to
infrastructure, buildings, and results in tides moving into low-lying areas. Up to the present, there has been no comprehensive
information about the land subsidence and its monitoring in Semarang. This paper examines digital elevation model (DEM) and
benchmark data in Geographic Information System (GIS) raster operation for the monitoring of the land subsidence in Semarang.
This method will predict and quantify the extent of subsidence in future years. The future land subsidence prediction is generated
from the expected future DEM in GIS environment using ILWIS package. The procedure is useful especially in areas with scarce
data. The resulting maps designate the area of land subsidence that increases rapidly and it is predicted that in 2020, an
area of 27.5 ha will be situated 1.5–2.0 m below sea level. This calculation is based on the assumption that the rate of land
subsidence is linear and no action is taken to protect the area from subsidence. 相似文献
18.
《Geoforum》2016
First Nations in British Columbia (BC), Canada, have historically been—and largely continue to be—excluded from colonial governments’ decision-making and management frameworks for fresh water. However, in light of recent legal and legislative changes, and also changes in water governance and policy, there is growing emphasis in scholarship and among legal, policy and advocacy communities on shifting water governance away from a centralized single authority towards an approach that is watershed-based, collaborative, and involves First Nations as central to decision-making processes. Drawing on community-based research, interviews with First Nations natural resource staff and community members, and document review, the paper analyzes the tensions in collaborative water governance, by identifying First Nations’ concerns within the current water governance system and exploring how a move towards collaborative watershed governance may serve to either address, or further entrench, these concerns. This paper concludes with recommendations for collaborative water governance frameworks which are specifically focused on British Columbia, but which have relevance to broader debates over Indigenous water governance. 相似文献
19.
Sylvanus Sefenu Per Doe 《GeoJournal》2008,71(2-3):159-170
Fire management policy is an intrinsic tool that cannot be neglected in the management of the processes of sustainable natural resource utilisation and human-induced burning in savannas but that has rather been a predominating case in most savanna regions in sub-Saharan Africa. Where an official fire policy exists, it is principally not efficiently implemented or consistently practised. New fire policy trends have recently emerged out of institutionally vibrant relations amongst environmental non-governmental organizations (NGOs), local civil societies and government institutions in Ghana. The real outcomes from the relations have been the formulation of a new fire policy and unprecedented (re)production of robust institutional capital suitable for the management of savanna fire and the environment. This article draws on these outcomes to review fire occurrences and contemporary fire policy issues, the essence of building environmental NGO alliances and the prospects of engaging major grassroots stakeholders in fire management processes. It then explores new convertible indicators from and within the subspaces of the policy to generate important information to further new theoretical thinking of fire policies rather than conventionally uncritical rethinking of fire management in the savannas. 相似文献
20.
Geographic location and natural environment expose Taiwan to an elevated risk of natural disasters that severely damage human life and national infrastructure. Currently, disaster information is handled through distributed systems maintained by different management agencies. Gleaning critical information from disparate Web sites is a difficult and labor-intensive task that makes consolidating disaster information impractical. Lack of such integration delays alerts notification from being disseminated to relevant administrative agencies in a timely manner, stalling necessary decision making and magnifying the disaster. This research developed a data exchange platform to integrate and exchange data between distributed systems using software agent techniques. Such techniques were designed to exchange data automatically. Agents become active at the onset of a disaster event and compile data from various resources to report on the current state of bridges. Also, action recommendations delivered by the system can assist bridge managers make appropriate decisions. 相似文献