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1.
Mariama Awumbila 《GeoJournal》2006,67(2):149-161
Poverty trends in Ghana show a decline over the last two decades. However, the period also shows evidence of the intensification
of vulnerability and exclusion among some groups, including women. Among several variables accounting for women’s vulnerability
to poverty are gender inequalities, which it is argued, undermines development and the prospects for improving standards of
living. Therefore it has been suggested that policies, which aim at reducing poverty and promoting sustainable development
must integrate gender equality, equity and women’s empowerment in its goals. Despite these, the interconnections between a
reduction in gender inequality and a reduction in poverty are complex. The paper explores the gender dimensions of poverty
in Ghana, and how gender inequalities are manifested and implicated in the reproduction of poverty. It also assesses the extent
to which these have been taken into account in poverty reduction strategies and policies to enhance the situation of women.
It concludes that if strategies to engender poverty reduction programmes are to be sustainable it is important to recognize
unequal gender relations and the structures of power that women confront at all levels in Ghana and how these increase women’s
vulnerability to poverty. 相似文献
2.
《Geoforum》2017
In the developing economies in Southeast Asia, labour migration is increasingly seen not simply to generate income to meet short-term livelihood needs but to secure the family’s future, often by investing in children’s education. While much work has been done studying the impact of parents’ remittances on children’s wellbeing including education access, the impact of parental migration on children’s (educational) aspirations has received less attention. Viewing youth as social actors, this paper interrogates how they make meaning of their parents’ migration, and how this consequently influences their decisions to activate, delay or reshape their hopes and plans for their own educational and work trajectories. With the increasing feminisation of labour migration in Southeast Asia where gendered regimes in care and domestic work make it easier for women to work overseas, this paper focuses attention on the aspirations of young women at the cusp of adulthood from a migrant-sending area in rural East Java, Indonesia. These young women’s ‘navigational capacity’ (Appadurai, 2004) is not only shaped by tangible obstacles such as the lack of sufficient resources, but is also more subtly moulded by an emerging discourse of self-responsibilisation in the making of ‘dutiful daughters’. Drawing on conceptualisations of multiple ‘logics of aspiring’ operating within spatial contexts (Zipin et al., 2015), we show how young women unsettle, inflect and challenge the normative linear education-work transitions by expressing their desire to replace their parents in accessing labour migration as a livelihood option, and reflect on the dialectical relationship between agency and aspirations. 相似文献
3.
《Geoforum》2015
The article discusses changing ideas around citizenship through an analysis of first person accounts of women cyclists in Rational Dress in late nineteenth century Britain. A close reading of personal correspondence provides a sense of how it felt to cycle while dressed in new mobility costumes, such as bloomers, in urban and suburban English landscapes. Such attired and independently mobile women affirmed or unsettled onlooker’s understandings of how middle and upper class women should look and act in public. Some viewers subjected them to verbal and often physical assault. Others, in awe of their socio-technical sophistication were more supportive. Taking a ’bloomer point of view’ provides a unique socio-material way of gaining a deeper understanding of what enabled and also inhibited women’s claims to citizenship and freedom of movement, especially at a time when women were not citizens in a legal sense. I argue that through these richly described accounts we gain insightful glimpses into how individual sensory, embodied and political experiences collectively illuminate the becoming of ’citizen’ as it relates to mobility, gender and landscape. 相似文献
4.
《Geoforum》2017
This paper explores the precarious working conditions in the Chinese restaurant industry in Sweden – a country considered to have one of Europe’s most liberal labour immigration policies. Drawing upon a theoretical framework inspired by scholarship on precarious work and time geography, the paper argues that precarious work performed by migrant labour can be usefully understood through three interrelated temporal processes that, when they work together, produce and maintain precarious work-life situations. They are: (1) work-time arrangements: that is, actual working hours per day and over the annual cycle, the pace and intensity of work and the flexibility demanded of migrant workers in terms of when work is carried out, (2) the spatio-temporal ‘waiting zones’ indirectly produced by immigration policies that delay full access to labour markets and in which precarious work-time arrangements consequently arise, and (3) migrant workers’ imagined futures, which motivate them to accept precarious work-time arrangements during a transitory period. The paper thus also illuminates that the Chinese chefs in Sweden’s restaurant industry are not just passive victims of exploitative work-time arrangements. Rather, waiting – for a return to China or settlement in Sweden – may be part of migrants’ strategies to achieve certain life course trajectories. 相似文献
5.
Saraswati Raju 《GeoJournal》2006,65(4):287-300
The policy environment on gender is fraught with contradictions and contestation of varying degrees in India that does not
disappear even as recent transformative mode of participatory initiatives seem to place women’s agency at the core of empowerment
agenda. Drawing from two collaborative projects at the grassroots, the paper argues that even well conceptualised projects
miss the cutting edge distinction between women and gender and continue to engage with an instrumental logic of women’s development
and empowerment at the expense of issues of gender equality and equity in translating the intention into action. It is also
observed, however, that spatially embedded social and cultural specificities impact policy discourse resulting in very different
outcomes of conceptually comparable policy formulations. According to the author acknowledging spatiality of experiences provides
a vantage point to critically engage with context-specific strategies to resolve gendered conflicts and tensions resulting
from confining social relations and normative gender codes. 相似文献
6.
Under mounting pressure from women, Canada introduced employment policies to address the gender wage gap and women's access
to a wider range of jobs. The policies were generally introduced between the late 1970s and early 1990s. Over time these policies
have shifted from focusing on equality to emphasising equity. Two pivotal policies are pay equity and employment equity. In
the end, the impact of these policies is difficult to assess. Keeping the European situation in mind we argue that they be
considered as a component of broader changes rather than as specific causes of improving the situation of women in the Canadian
labour market.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
7.
This paper focuses on what observers have perceived to be a failure of development leading to a ‘crisis of youth’ as increasing numbers of young people find it more difficult to gain education, access to health, a job and meet standard of living aspirations. For some, a possible escape is offered by migration to Europe, the United States or Australia, often illegally. For those remaining behind, however, international development agencies offer a ‘globalisation of solutions’ to employment, gender inequality and poverty through the millennium development goals and the programmes to attain them. In this paper we do not take the failures of development at face value but look at local contexts to present a more complex picture of the relation between education, work and social life. Based on fieldwork conducted in urban areas of The Gambia and Ghana, we argue that rather than education as a catch-all solution we need to give more attention to the costs incurred by and for young people in pursuing education and training, to the operation of and actual opportunities in labour markets, and to patterns of gender socialisation which give women limited scope to exercise agency. This paper explores key gender dimensions of work and education among low-income urban youth noting that despite on-going efforts to increase young women’s enrolment in schools and access to employment, gender inequalities have been far from eradicated. Our field interviews reveal how social expectations that women should perform the bulk of reproductive labour in their youth as well as in adulthood and constraints placed on young women’s personal freedom in respect of their social relationships reduce time dedicated to education and establish fewer contacts relevant to securing paid employment. The result is for men to end up with more educational qualifications, more skills, and higher-paying jobs, even if unemployment among young people in general remains a major problem. 相似文献
8.
In the last decades, employment policy design and implementation partly shifted from the national to local and regional scales
in most European countries. In addition, the European Union appeared as an important new actor in this policy field in the
late 1990s. We argue that the new geographical multi-scaling of employment policy can be used strategically by feminists to
promote different aspects of gender equality simultaneously: Feminist claims related to gender equity, i.e., demands to secure equal participation of women and men in the labour market, should be advocated at the national scale.
Claims related to the recognition of gender difference, i.e., demands related to typical female and male employment needs and their social recognition should be promoted at the
local scale. The regional scale is the most appropriate one to advance gender plurality, i.e., non-traditional employment of women and men. In the empirical part of the paper we discuss how the ideal leverage
of claims at different spatial scales and inter-linkage between scales could operate. We will show that the link to EU policy
strengthens feminist claims in the highly gender-differentiated societies and political settings of Austria and Germany.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
9.
《Geoforum》2015
Agricultural land use in much of Brong-Ahafo region, Ghana has been shifting from the production of food crops towards increased cashew nut cultivation in recent years. This article explores everyday, less visible, gendered and generational struggles over family farms in West Africa, based on qualitative, participatory research in a rural community that is becoming increasingly integrated into the global capitalist system. As a tree crop, cashew was regarded as an individual man’s property to be passed on to his wife and children rather than to extended family members, which differed from the communal land tenure arrangements governing food crop cultivation. The tendency for land, cash crops and income to be controlled by men, despite women’s and young people’s significant labour contributions to family farms, and for women to rely on food crop production for their main source of income and for household food security, means that women and girls are more likely to lose out when cashew plantations are expanded to the detriment of land for food crops. Intergenerational tensions emerged when young people felt that their parents and elders were neglecting their views and concerns. The research provides important insights into gendered and generational power relations regarding land access, property rights and intra-household decision-making processes. Greater dialogue between genders and generations may help to tackle unequal power relations and lead to shared decision-making processes that build the resilience of rural communities. 相似文献
10.
《Geoforum》2015
This paper explores the implications of spatial production of academic knowledge on the Middle East, through the critiques of Orientalist discourses on the “Muslim woman.” It begins with an examination of the success of postcolonial studies and scholarship on democratization in challenging racist perceptions and politics in the West. Then it reflects on the ways in which this knowledge production travels and is reconfigured in places where power inequalities are different. This requires a consideration of the regional consequences of either an over-emphasis on differences in agencies of “Muslim women” or a relative silence on issues of gender inequality. The paper’s suggestion is to shift the focus from representation and discourse to the structural circumstances in which ordinary men and women’s agencies play out; various political mechanisms which participate in the production of acceptable cultural practices; and patterns of resistance, which may defy arguments about culturally specific definitions of agency. This is a quest for making the “exotic” familiar, without exoticizing the familiar. 相似文献
11.
Diane Perrons 《GeoJournal》2002,56(4):271-280
The concept 'new economy' is widely used to characterise the outcomes of contemporary restructuring processes – but in contrasting
ways: by globalisation and the increasing use of communication and information technologies as well as by deregulation, polarisation,
feminisation of employment and new, more flexible patterns and hours of work. These tendencies are interlinked and partly
account for growing social and gender divisions. They pose problems for social sustainability but also develop differently
in different economic and social formations. This paper develops a theoretical understanding of widening social divisions
and their gendered form, indicates how these tendencies have developed to different degrees within the European Union and
illustrates how the divisions are experienced by people in a local labour market in the neo liberal UK, where social and gender
divisions are particularly wide.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
12.
Turkey's urban growth has been unprecedented for the last two decades with women playing an increasingly substantial role in its development. In this context, we examine determinants of women's migration and quality of life in cities in 1990 (the most recent published census of Turkey) and onwards. Factor analysis of provincial data identified three quality of life dimensions: affluence, deprivation, and housing. Substantial disparities in quality of life indices exist between men and women, urban and rural milieu, and geographic regions. Migrants, especially women, still tend to move with their families but they prefer provinces with high scores on (relative) urban affluence and avoid deprived, rural provinces. Thus Istanbul, Ankara, and southern coastal provinces are preferred destinations. Policy implications for urban growth, regional development, and gender equality relative to migration are discussed. 相似文献
13.
Achieving gender well-being and equality is one of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals of the United Nations. A close examination of female livelihood time allocation can reveal gender inequality in livelihood choices between males and females. Using the feminist political ecology framework, this paper examines how gendered knowledge, roles, and responsibilities influence female livelihood time use in a patriarchal society like Bangladesh. We use a nationally representative household survey data to create Multiple Linear Regression Model to understand the association between economic, cultural, and environmental shocks with the total time allocation toward livelihood activities by women. Our results suggest that use of ‘Purdah’ by Muslim women acts as a negative detrimental factor towards their livelihood time allocation, thus affirming the complex role of culture and gendered economic activities. Women also allocate less time toward livelihood activities during pregnancy and/or breastfeeding. We find that female livelihood time use also depends on their ability to speak in public, their autonomy in livelihood decision processes, and their ownership in business enterprises. This research suggests creating more robust and gender sensitive policies in Bangladesh that can help achieve the United Nation’s goals of Sustainable Development.
相似文献14.
Heather Dunning Bonnie Janzen Allison Williams Sylvia Abonyi Bonnie Jeffery J. E. Randall Bill Holden Ronald Labonte Nazeem Muhajarine Gerry Klein Tracey Carr 《GeoJournal》2006,65(4):393-407
While many community initiatives have attempted to assess the nature and determinants of their citizens’ quality of life (QOL),
these initiatives have produced little about whether the key determinants of life quality differ by gender. Using both quantitative
and qualitative data from a recent QOL research project in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada, this study explores whether factors
that predict poor QOL are similar for women and men. The study also examines whether the nature of these gender differences
varies across low, medium and high socio-economic status locales. Results showed that men and women were very similar in:
(1) their QOL ratings, (2) reports of deterioration in neighborhood QOL, and (3) rating particular aspects of their neighborhood.
Few gender differences were also found when analyzing data referring to place characteristics and social cohesion. Multivariate
analysis revealed further similarities: (1) being divorced/widowed was a significant predictor of poor QOL, and (2) a negative
view of community security issues was associated with deterioration in perceived neighborhood quality of life. For women,
however, other variables were important predictors of QOL: being middle aged, being single, and having a poor opinion of the
overall quality of their neighborhood. Qualitative analysis revealed that while men and women shared concern about general
areas such as safety and neighborhood supports, their perceptions of the details around these issues differed. The multi-method
results suggest that urban policy actions should include a gendered discussion of common QOL issues. 相似文献
15.
《Geoforum》2016
Labour geography foregrounds the role of workers in shaping geographies of work by paying attention to the larger actions of labour in response to the capital and state. It however pays less attention to the everyday geographies of labour and the complexities of the ‘social being’ in trying to understand workers motivations and responses. This review argues for labour geography to look beyond the factory gates to understand the nuanced politics of labour as relations get ‘reworked’ within a patriarchal-capitalist society. It argues for paying close attention to the life stories and experiences of workers, to create linkages between lives as waged workers in a formal workspace with the informal nature of work-life outside, without losing sight of the larger struggles of labour and global processes, to develop a more grounded understanding of worker’s agency and actions. 相似文献
16.
Tora Friberg 《GeoJournal》2006,65(4):275-285
This article is based on a research project “Gender perspectives in comprehensive planning” where the aim is partly to ascertain how planners incorporate a gender perspective in comprehensive physical planning, and partly to identify the conceptions of gender/sex held by planners in this area. In our investigation, the question is raised whether
comprehensive planning is perceived as neutral in terms of gender, if there are discussions or reflections that question this
point of view and if there have been any contributions from a gender equality point of view. The aim is to expose how these
discussions take place, examine reflections on this topic and to report and analyse how efforts to achieve gender equality
in comprehenisve planning are shaped. To accomplish this goal, the study draws more on feminist theorization than on planning
theory. 相似文献
17.
《Geoforum》2017
The intersections of migration and gender have been well established in the literature. This article seeks to look beyond the notion of women as tied movers and to highlight women’s central position in the high-skilled migration process and complement it with the perspectives of male migrants. Our findings are based on 47 qualitative life course interviews with high-skilled Indian migrants in the Netherlands and the United Kingdom, and illustrated in detail through the life stories of four female participants. We found that for highly skilled Indian women, migration can represent an opportunity to diverge from normative paths and escape from patriarchal norms, but that they still seek a compromise between these cultural constraints and their personal aspirations. Whereas in the Western context traditions and modernity are generally seen as being in opposition to each other, we show that in the Indian context women may continue to adhere to the normative age at marriage, while also pursuing a professional career and combining family and employment. We conclude that migration can thus both facilitate and limit the professional development of women, particularly those from traditional cultural backgrounds who are redefining the role of women in their society. 相似文献
18.
《Geoforum》2015
This paper investigates sweat to deepen theoretical understandings of how gender is lived. To do so we adopt a visceral approach that opens possibilities of thinking geographically about the affective ties and emotional bonds of sweat to engage with feminist logics of embodiment. Our interest is in what sweaty bodies can ‘do’. Attention is given to the way that affects, emotions and sensations associated with being sweaty, smelling sweat, as well as touching one’s own sweat, and that of others, provides insights into the gendered lives of people as they move through different context. Our analysis of how gendered is lived through sweaty bodies draws on ‘Summer Living’ narratives of 17 participants who understand themselves as men and live in Wollongong, a city of around 280,000 people on the east coast of New South Wales, Australia. We illustrate the theoretical significance of thinking about sweat for gender and geography by discussing the ambiguity, proximity and collectivity of sweaty bodies; and, the fragility, multiplicity and vitality of sweaty bodies. To conclude we outline how a visceral approach provides possibilities to improve household sustainability policies. 相似文献
19.
Helena Pimlott-Wilson 《Geoforum》2012,43(5):916-925
This paper seeks to further understanding about children’s experiences and knowledges of home and employment reconciliation. The paper, which draws on empirical research with children living in socio-economically diverse areas of North West England, makes three contributions. Firstly, it argues that children must be included in studies of work-balance, as the strategies parents adopt affect the way children are socialised towards appropriate divisions of domestic, caring and labour force responsibilities. Secondly, it contributes to research which considers the temporal and spatial boundaries between home and paid work to add the verbal dimension; demonstrating that children have varying levels of conversational interaction with their parents about employment in the home sphere. Finally, the paper contends that these distinct approaches to the verbal and spatial boundaries of production and reproduction are influenced by class dispositions, localised parenting cultures and constructions of childhood. This results in some children being shielded from the realities of paid work, whilst others are socialised to cope with labour market instability. 相似文献
20.
The paper examines women’s involvement in residential location/relocation decision-making among tenants in Ibadan, Nigeria. The data used in the paper is from a larger cross-sectional survey of 721 households on gender and housing in Ibadan, Nigeria. The analysis in the paper focused on 365 subgroup of households that are tenants in the sample survey. Analysis of variance (ANOVA), correlation and simple statistical techniques such as frequencies and percentages were used to analyse the data. The result shows that generally there is low involvement of women in residential location/relocation decision-making. There is significant intra-urban variation in the involvement of women in residential location/relocation decision-making. Significant relationships are found between the level of women involvement in residential location/relocation decision-making and their educational level, occupation, and marital status. In addition, significant relationships are found between cultural and social support variables and involvement of women in residential location/relocation decisions. These results suggest that female empowerment and greater involvement in decision-making could be greatly enhanced by improved access of women to education, employment, the provision of good and reliable social support facilities and a reorientation of women’s view about responsibility for household housing provision. 相似文献