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1.
马厂箐铜钼矿床位于扬子克拉通西缘,是三江成矿带内典型的大陆碰撞型斑岩铜-钼矿床,其成矿作用与矿区内的斑状花岗岩密切相关。在详细的岩相学观察基础上,对成矿岩体的造岩矿物角闪石和黑云母开展了电子探针成分分析,厘定了斑状花岗岩结晶的温压条件、岩浆氧逸度和含水量等要素,为解析马厂箐富碱侵入岩体的演化和成矿作用提供了矿物学尺度的制约。实验数据显示,岩体内角闪石富镁(w(Mg O)14.1%~16.3%)、富钙(w(Ca O)11.0%~11.6%)、贫钾(w(K2O)0.3%~0.6%)、富钠(Na2O/K2O1.0),属于阳起石和镁角闪石。黑云母Fe2+/(Fe2++Mg)比值较为均一,集中分布在0.35~0.38之间,且显示出富镁(w(Mg O)13.6%~16.2%)、铝(w(Al2O3)12.9%~13.7%),贫钛(w(Ti O2)1.9%~3.0%)、钙(w(Ca O)0.06%)的特征,属镁质黑云母。由角闪石和黑云母阳离子数计算的矿物结晶温度分别为687~770℃和660~713℃,结晶压力为38~82 MPa和55~80 MPa,相应侵位深度为1.3~2.7km和1.8~2.6 km。同时,通过角闪石成分计算岩浆氧逸度为ΔNNO+1.56~+2.41,并且根据岩石地球化学特征及矿物相稳定组合限定岩浆源区具有较高的含水量(w(H2O)10%)。结合矿物组合中角闪石的大量存在,分析可知马厂箐斑状花岗岩具有高氧逸度、富水、侵位浅的特点,符合形成大型-超大型斑岩Cu-Mo矿床岩浆岩的基本特征。因此,继北衙超大型斑岩Au矿取得重大突破后,推测三江成矿带南段扬子克拉通一侧斑岩型Cu-Mo矿床仍有较大的找矿潜力。  相似文献   

2.
二十一站岩体位于黑龙江省东北部大兴安岭地区塔河县境内,该岩体产出的岩石类型包括早白垩世二长岩和石英二长斑岩及早侏罗世花岗岩和二长岩等,在该岩体中已发现斑岩型铜金矿床,但是该岩体形成的物理化学条件和岩石成因尚不清楚,不同岩性岩浆岩的成矿潜力也不明确。鉴于此,本文以二十一站岩体中不同时代的花岗岩、二长岩、石英二长斑岩的黑云母和角闪石为研究对象,结合偏光显微镜、电子探针背散射图像和电子探针化学成分,对该岩体的岩石学、矿物学特征进行了研究,并对岩浆结晶的物理化学条件、岩石成因和成矿意义进行了探讨。结果显示:早白垩世二长岩中角闪石化学成分显示:角闪石富钙(CaO 11.21%~11.78%)、富镁(MgO 13.61%~14.85%)、贫钠(Na2O 0.80%~1.11%)和贫钾(K2O 0.40%~0.54%),属于镁角闪石,结晶温度为704.92~805.58℃,平均温度为761.82℃,压力为73.83~115.93MPa,对应岩浆侵位深度为2.8~4.4km,结晶时岩浆氧逸度为△NNO+1.63,含水量为H2O=4.92%,反映出岩浆结晶时高温、高氧逸度、富含水分、浅侵位的特征。黑云母的Fe2+/(Fe2++Mg)比值比较均一,反映黑云母未遭受后期流体改造,均为原生岩浆成因的黑云母。其中早侏罗世花岗岩和二长岩所代表的A类黑云母化学成分上富铁(TFeO 19.92%~22.42%)贫镁(MgO 7.99%~10.46%),属于铁质黑云母,早白垩世二长岩和石英二长斑岩所代表的B类黑云母相比于A类黑云母更富镁(MgO 12.38%~14.45%)和钛(TiO21.90%~2.75%),贫铁(TFeO 16.64%~17.97%)和铝(Al2O315.00%~16%.79),属于镁质黑云母。A类和B类黑云母对应岩浆结晶温度分别为720~740℃和750~780℃;压力为202.20~443.49MPa和158~231MPa,对应岩浆侵位深度为6.67~14.64km和5.24~7.24km;结晶时岩浆氧逸度分别为10-15~10-16和10-12~10-13;岩浆来源为壳源,且B类黑云母对应岩浆有地幔物质参与。因此,可以认为二十一站岩体中早白垩世二长岩和石英二长斑岩具有中高温,高氧逸度应含水量,岩浆主要来源于地壳物质的部分熔融,并有部分地幔物质参与,侵位深度较浅的特点,具有形成大型斑岩矿床的潜力。早侏罗世花岗岩和二长岩氧逸度相对较低,侵位较深,物质来源为地壳,因此不具备成矿潜力。  相似文献   

3.
江西大湖塘地区发育多期次与钨、铜、钼多金属成矿关系密切的中生代花岗岩。本文对该地区出露的似斑状黑云母二长花岗岩和黑云母花岗斑岩进行矿物化学、岩石地球化学、锆石U-Pb年代学和Lu-Hf同位素研究。其中似斑状黑云母二长花岗岩样品的成岩年龄分别为145.6±1.4 Ma(昆山岩体)、148.4±2.4 Ma(燕子崖岩体中部)和145.7±2.9 Ma(燕子崖岩体边部);黑云母花岗斑岩成岩时代为143.7±2.4 Ma(狮尾洞岩体),四者的继承锆石均来自新元古代花岗岩源区。岩石地球化学特征显示主量元素特征相似,似斑状黑云母二长花岗岩和黑云母花岗斑岩普遍高硅(SiO_2分别为72.37%~73.33%和70.16%~73.8%);富铝,二者铝饱和指数A/CNK分别为1.23~1.47和1.30~3.02,均属过铝质高钾钙碱性系列,而稀土、微量元素特征存在明显差异,其中似斑状黑云母二长花岗岩轻重稀土分馏明显,(La/Yb)_N平均为26.18,Eu负异常明显,稀土元素配分曲线呈明显右倾型,富集大离子亲石元素(LILE)Cs、Rb、Th、U、K、Pb,亏损高场强元素(HFSE)Zr、Nb、Ti、Y,低Ba、Sr;而黑云母花岗斑岩轻重稀土分馏不显著,(La/Yb)_N平均为9.76,Eu负异常明显,稀土元素配分曲线呈"海鸥型",并显示"M"型四分组效应,微量元素富集LILE,亏损HFSE。似斑状黑云母二长花岗岩的锆石ε_(Hf)(t)值为-7.39~-5.19,两阶段模式年龄(T_(DM2))为1.53~1.67 Ga。综合分析表明,大湖塘晚侏罗世似斑状黑云母二长花岗岩应产于古太平洋板块向华南板块俯冲的构造背景之下,由中上地壳的新元古代黑云母花岗闪长岩部分熔融形成;而早白垩世黑云母花岗斑岩形成于古太平洋板块向华南板块俯冲—俯冲后伸展的构造转换背景之下,由于软流圈地幔上涌,诱发上地壳新元古代黑云母二长花岗岩部分熔融,且在结晶分异过程中还受到富Cl流体的交代。  相似文献   

4.
武山铜矿床是位于长江中下游地区九瑞矿集区中的一个大型铜矿床.本文对该矿床中与成矿关系密切的花岗闪长斑岩进行了详细的矿物化学、主量元素、微量元素、Sr-Nd-Hf同位素研究.结果表明,岩体中黑云母富镁,为金云母,其Fe3 /Fe2 组成表明岩浆氧逸度很高;角闪石具有Mg/(Mg Fe)高而Si低的特征,为阳起石和镁质角闪石,角闪石压力计计算表明岩体具有超浅成侵位特征.花岗闪长斑岩具有埃达克岩地球化学特征.岩石具有相对较高的SiO2(64.9%~68.62%,平均66.52%)和Al2O3(14.0%~15.3%,平均14.8%)含量,同时岩石的Mg#很高(0.53~0.71),并具有相对较高的相容元素含量;岩石富集轻稀土((La/Yb)N=27.8~64.5),Eu负异常不明显,岩石同时富集大离子亲石元素,亏损高场强元素,具有较高的Sr/Y比值(35.0~68.2).岩石的初始87Sr/86Sr比值为0.7067~0.7075,εNd(t)值为-4.08~-4.44,锆石的εHf(t)值为-2.1~-7.0.详尽的元素和同位素地球化学特征表明武山花岗闪长斑岩是强烈壳幔相互作用的产物,很有可能是由拆沉的加厚下地壳发生部分熔融,并在其上升过程中与地幔橄榄石发生相互作用而形成的.  相似文献   

5.
沙坪沟钼矿是东秦岭-大别地区近年来发现的特大型斑岩型钼矿床,为从矿物学角度研究其成岩成矿规律,采用电子探针方法分析了矿区复式岩体中的镁铁云母成分,并与中国其他地区的含矿中酸性岩体中的镁铁云母进行了对比。结果表明,沙坪沟钼矿区岩体中有3种镁铁(黑)云母:原生富镁黑云母和铁金云母、金云母,其AlⅥ为0.05~0.14,Mg/(Mg+Fe)为0.58~0.84,Mg O为15.95%~23.63%,MF[Mg/(Mg+Fe~(2+)+Mn)]为0.62~0.91,指示沙坪沟岩体具有造山带钙碱性岩套Ⅰ型花岗岩特征,铁金云母和金云母具有幔源特征,富镁黑云母具有壳幔混源特征。金云母和铁金云母仅见于含矿岩体花岗斑岩和石英正长岩中,暗示成流体主要来自幔源。沙坪沟含矿岩体比非含矿岩体的镁铁云母更富镁质、贫铁质,与中国其他地区的比较表明,沙坪沟岩体镁铁云母具有较高的镁质和较低的铁质,说明镁铁云母的地球化学特征对东秦岭乃至中国的斑岩型钼矿成矿具有一定的指示意义并可作为找矿标志。  相似文献   

6.
张士英岩体位于华北地台南缘,岩石类型包括钾长花岗岩、似斑状花岗岩和石英斑岩脉,其中只在钾长花岗岩中发育有暗色岩石包体,在包体和寄主岩中发育反映岩浆混合作用的岩石结构。钾长花岗岩、似斑状花岗岩和石英斑岩脉的SHRIMP锆石U-Pb年龄分别为107.3±2.4Ma、106.7±2.5Ma和101±3Ma。锆石Hf同位素分析结果显示,钾长花岗岩的锆石εHf(t)为-15.96~-20.80,单阶段模式年龄(tDM1)为1396~1643Ma,两阶段模式年龄(tDM2)为1880~2018Ma;似斑状花岗岩的锆石εHf(t)为-18.97~-22.18,tDM1为1512~1640Ma,tDM2为1925~2080Ma;除了一粒年龄为2.6Ga的锆石具有εHf(t)为-0.71、tDM1为2943Ma和tDM2为3036Ma的组成,石英斑岩的锆石εHf(t)为-23.41~-27.95,tDM1为1678~1896Ma,tDM2为2144~2330Ma。这些数据暗示,除了存在少量太古宙地壳物质的贡献外,张士英岩体的物质来源可能主要为1.9~2.3Ga期间形成的新生地壳,但也不排除古老地壳与富集地幔源混合的可能。综合分析前人研究成果表明,在太平洋板块俯冲方向发生转变的过程中,先存断裂带发生拉张。张士英岩体与中国东部同期岩浆活动一起可能形成于这种受断裂带控制的伸展环境。  相似文献   

7.
粤西大金山花岗岩体地球化学特征及岩石成因探讨   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1       下载免费PDF全文
大金山花岗岩体是一个与广东省大金山钨锡多金属矿床有关的隐伏岩体,岩性主要由中细粒黑云母花岗岩和似斑状黑云母花岗岩组成。大金山花岗岩体具有高硅、富碱、贫镁钙、准铝质的特点,属于高钾钙碱性系列;微量元素以富集Rb、Th、U而亏损Nb、Eu、Ti为特征;稀土元素含量较高,中细粒黑云母花岗岩和似斑状黑云母花岗岩稀土元素含量分别为203.36×10-6-248.42×10-6、243.76×10-6-255.08×10-6,似斑状黑云母花岗岩稀土元素含量略高,中细粒黑云母花岗岩略富集重稀土而似斑状黑云母花岗岩则富集轻稀土;两者均具有强烈的Eu负异常,δEu值分别为0.004-0.009、0.059-0.13。中细粒黑云母花岗岩和似斑状黑云母花岗岩的εHf(t)值分别为-2.05--8.64、-0.92--6.57;两阶段Hf模式年龄(tDM2)分别为1 277-1 692 Ma和1 204-1 556 Ma。综合区域地质背景和大金山花岗岩体的地球化学特征,认为大金山花岗岩体形成于地壳拉张-伸展的构造背景下,是中元古代地壳部分熔融的产物。  相似文献   

8.
滇西古永地区花岗岩中黑云母成分特征及其成岩成矿意义   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
滇西古永地区花岗岩与锡矿床在成因上密切相关。黑云母的电子探针分析结果表明,古永黑云母二长花岗岩中的黑云母为铁质黑云母,小龙河锡矿床黑云母似斑状二长花岗岩中的黑云母为铁叶云母。两花岗岩体中黑云母总体显示出富铁(w(TFe O)=22.39%~27.91%)贫镁(w(Mg O)=1.08%~10.51%,含镁系数为0.07~0.50)的特征;但两岩体花岗岩中黑云母的化学成分具有明显的差异,古永花岗岩体中黑云母表现出相对富镁,为含幔源物质混入的I型花岗岩;而小龙河成矿花岗岩体中黑云母相对富铝贫镁,为典型壳源过铝质的S型花岗岩。古永花岗岩体和小龙河花岗岩体中黑云母的结晶温度分别为700~750℃、620~650℃,氧逸度(lgf(O2))分别为-14.0~-13.8、-17.5~-17.2。古永岩体花岗岩中黑云母结晶压力为67~120 MPa,结晶深度为2.54~4.55 km。表明本区花岗岩形成于相对高温、低氧逸度、较浅的环境。相对于古永花岗岩体,小龙河花岗岩体具有更大的Sn成矿潜力,更有利于本区锡矿床的形成。  相似文献   

9.
通过对金鸡窝铜矿区花岗闪长斑岩进行详细的岩相学研究和黑云母成分的电子探针原位分析,厘定了黑云母形成的物理化学条件,并探讨了其成岩成矿意义。电子探针研究显示:花岗闪长斑岩中黑云母的Ti为0.44~0.47apfu,Mg/(Mg+Fe)比值范围为0.58~0.62,结合其化学成分在10 TiO_2-Fe O*-Mg O图解和Mg-(Fe2++Mn)-(AlⅥ+Fe3++Ti)图解中的投影,认为该岩体中黑云母具有富镁贫铁特征,属于原生黑云母。黑云母氧化系数(fO)范围为0.31~0.67,MF值范围为0.38~0.41,Mg O含量为13.27%~14.28%,K2O为3.59%~8.93%,Na2O为0.26%~3.28%,Fe O为15.74%~17.30%,TiO_2为3.93%~4.19%,Al2O3为13.52%~14.19%,单位分子中阳离子数AlⅣ为2.00~2.24 apfu,AlⅥ为0.15~0.41 apfu,指示其岩体属于高钾质钙碱性系列的同熔型(或I型)花岗岩,具有壳幔混源成因的特征。黑云母结晶温度为734~748℃,结晶压力为71~89 MPa,相当于深度2.7~3.3 km,平均深度为3.0 km。黑云母化学成分投点主要落在Fe2O3-Fe3O4缓冲线之上,表明其形成于高氧逸度环境,且有利于铜矿的形成。  相似文献   

10.
江西永平矿床位于钦杭成矿带东段,是该成矿带内矽卡岩型Cu-W共生成矿的典型代表.为查明永平似斑状黑云母花岗岩的源区特征及其与Cu-W矿化的关系,文章对该花岗岩进行了岩石学、锆石U-Pb年代学、微量元素地球化学及Hf同位素研究.结果表明,似斑状黑云母花岗岩的锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年龄为160 Ma,与空间上密切相关的矽卡岩Cu-W矿床(辉钼矿Re-Os年龄为156 Ma)具有密切的时间联系,表明永平Cu-W矿床成岩成矿作用均发生于中晚侏罗世.锆石的Ce4+/Ce3+平均值为283,表明其具有高的氧逸度,指示出很好的Cu成矿潜力.锆石的εHf(t)值为-9.60~-2.27,并且有高w(MgO)(0.84%~1.33%)和Mg#(44~49)值,表明该区花岗质岩浆来源于古老地壳物质的部分熔融,并有地幔物质的加入.通过与区内同期Cu矿化和W-Sn矿化花岗岩对比,成Cu和成Cu-W矿花岗岩的氧逸度高于成W-Sn花岗岩,成Cu-W花岗岩εHf(t)值介于成Cu和成W-Sn花岗岩之间.因此,岩浆高氧逸度和一定比例的壳幔混合可能是形成Cu-W矿的重要条件.  相似文献   

11.
Most sulfide-rich magmatic Ni-Cu-(PGE) deposits form in dynamic magmatic systems by partial melting S-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren to weakly-mineralized immiscible Fe sulfide xenomelts into which Ni-Cu-Co-PGE partition from the magma. Some exceptionally-thick magmatic Cr deposits may form by partial melting oxide-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of the miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren Fe ± Ti oxide xenocrysts into which Cr-Mg-V ± Ti partition from the magma. The products of these processes are variably preserved as skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles, which play important to critical roles in ore genesis, transport, localization, and/or modification. Incorporation of barren xenoliths/autoliths may induce small amounts of sulfide/chromite to segregate, but incorporation of sulfide xenomelts or oxide xenocrysts with dynamic upgrading of metal tenors (PGE > Cu > Ni > Co and Cr > V > Ti, respectively) is required to make significant ore deposits. Silicate xenomelts are only rarely preserved, but will be variably depleted in chalcophile and ferrous metals. Less dense felsic xenoliths may aid upward sulfide transport by increasing the effective viscosity and decreasing the bulk density of the magma. Denser mafic or metamorphosed xenoliths may also increase the effective viscosity of the magma, but may aid downward sulfide transport by increasing the bulk density of the magma. Sulfide wets olivine, so olivine xenocrysts may act as filter beds to collect advected finely dispersed sulfide droplets, but other silicates and xenoliths may not be wetted by sulfides. Xenovolatiles may retard settling of – or in some cases float – dense sulfide droplets. Reactions of sulfide melts with felsic country rocks may generate Fe-rich skarns that may allow sulfide melts to fractionate to more extreme Cu-Ni-rich compositions. Xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles are more likely to be preserved in cooler basaltic magmas than in hotter komatiitic magmas, and are more likely to be preserved in less dynamic (less turbulent) systems/domain/phases than in more dynamic (more turbulent) systems/domains/phases. Massive to semi-massive Ni-Cu-PGE and Cr mineralization and xenoliths are often localized within footwall embayments, dilations/jogs in dikes, throats of magma conduits, and the horizontal segments of dike-chonolith and dike-sill complexes, which represent fluid dynamic traps for both ascending and descending sulfides/oxides. If skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and/or xenovolatiles are present, they provide important constraints on ore genesis and they are valuable exploration indicators, but they must be included in elemental and isotopic mass balance calculations.  相似文献   

12.
Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km2 and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world.  相似文献   

13.
This article advances critical geographies of youth through examining the spatiality implicit in the imagined futures of young women in rural India. Geographers and other scholars of youth have begun to pay more attention to the interplay between young people’s past, present, and imagined futures. Within this emerging body of scholarship the role of the family and peer group in influencing young people’s orientations toward the future remain underexamined. Drawing on eleven months of ethnographic fieldwork, my research focuses on a first generation of college-going young women from socioeconomically marginalized backgrounds in India’s westernmost state of Gujarat. I draw on the “possible selves” theoretical construct in order to deploy a flexible conceptual framework that links imagined post-educational trajectories with motivation to act in the present. In tracing the physical movement of these young women as they navigate and complete college, my analysis highlights the ways in which particular kinds of spaces and spatial arrangements facilitate and limit intra- and inter-generational contact, and the extent to which this affects young women’s conceptions of the future. I conclude by considering the wider implications of my research for ongoing debates surrounding youth transitions, relational geographies of age, and education in the Global South.  相似文献   

14.
The contents of As, Cd, Cu, Cr, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn have been determined in sediment and water samples from Valle de las Garzas estuary and Port Manzanillo (Colima, Mexico) using ICP-AES. The concentrations of these elements were used for a comparative study to determine the distribution of heavy metals and to evaluate which elements reflect natural or anthropogenic backgrounds. For this purpose, seven sampling points were selected: Four of them correspond to the lagoon, and three were situated in the port. Statistical analysis of the mineral content was assessed. Initially, data comparison was assessed by statistical tests for each variable. Principal component analysis was then applied considering the influence of all variables at the same time by obtaining the distribution of samples according to their scores in the principal component space. In this way, four studies were carried out: (1) study of sediments collected during the dry season; (2) study of sediments collected during the rainy season; (3) comparative study between sediments from rainy and dry season; and (4) study of water composition collected during rainy season. From the results of the performed analyses, it can be concluded that metals distribution pattern reflected natural and anthropogenic backgrounds (e.g., sediments from the lagoon, situated at the beginning of the rain channel, presented high contents of Zn and Cu, perhaps related to anthropogenic activities or the influence of igneous sediments).  相似文献   

15.
16.
《Chemical Geology》2007,236(1-2):13-26
We examined the coprecipitation behavior of Ti, Mo, Sn and Sb in Ca–Al–Mg fluorides under two different fluoride forming conditions: at < 70 °C in an ultrasonic bath (denoted as the ultrasonic method) and at 245 °C using a Teflon bomb (denoted as the bomb method). In the ultrasonic method, small amounts of Ti, Mo and Sn coprecipitation were observed with 100% Ca and 100% Mg fluorides. No coprecipitation of Ti, Mo, Sn and Sb in Ca–Al–Mg fluorides occurred when the sample was decomposed by the bomb method except for 100% Ca fluoride. Based on our coprecipitation observations, we have developed a simultaneous determination method for B, Ti, Zr, Nb, Mo, Sn, Sb, Hf and Ta by Q-pole type ICP-MS (ICP-QMS) and sector field type ICP-MS (ICP-SFMS). 9–50 mg of samples with Zr–Mo–Sn–Sb–Hf spikes were decomposed by HF using the bomb method and the ultrasonic method with B spike. The sample was then evaporated and re-dissolved into 0.5 mol l 1 HF, followed by the removal of fluorides by centrifuging. B, Zr, Mo, Sn, Sb and Hf were measured by ID method. Nb and Ta were measured by the ID-internal standardization method, based on Nb/Mo and Ta/Mo ratios using ICP-QMS, for which pseudo-FI was developed and applied. When 100% recovery yields of Zr and Hf are expected, Nb/Zr and Ta/Hf ratios may also be used. Ti was determined by the ID-internal standardization method, based on the Ti/Nb ratio from ICP-SFMS. Only 0.053 ml sample solution was required for measurement of all 9 elements. Dilution factors of ≤ 340 were aspirated without matrix effects. To demonstrate the applicability of our method, 4 carbonaceous chondrites (Ivuna, Orgueil, Cold Bokkeveld and Allende) as well as GSJ and USGS silicate reference materials of basalts, andesites and peridotites were analyzed. Our analytical results are consistent with previous studies, and the mean reproducibility of each element is 1.0–4.6% for basalts and andesites, and 6.7–11% for peridotites except for TiO2.  相似文献   

17.
Partition coefficients of Hf,Zr, and REE between zircon,apatite, and liquid   总被引:25,自引:2,他引:25  
Concentration ratios of Hf, Zr, and REE between zircon, apatite, and liquid were determined for three igneous compositions: two andesites and a diorite. The concentration ratios of these elements between zircon and corresponding liquid can approximate the partition coefficient. Although the concentration ratios between apatite and andesite groundmass can be considered as partition coefficients, those for the apatite in the diorite may deviate from the partition coefficients. The HREE partition coefficients between zircon and liquid are very large (100 for Er to 500 for Lu), and the Hf partition coefficient is even larger. The REE partition coefficients between apatite and liquid are convex upward, and large (D=10–100), whereas the Hf and Zr partition coefficients are less than 1. The large differences between partition coefficients of Lu and Hf for zircon-liquid and for apatite-liquid are confirmed. These partition coefficients are useful for petrogenetic models involving zircon and apatite.  相似文献   

18.
Models have become so fashionable that many scientists and engineers cannot imagine working without them. The predominant use of computer codes to execute model calculations has blurred the distinction between code and model. The recent controversy regarding model validation has brought into question what we mean by a ‘model’ and by ‘validation.’ It has become apparent that the usual meaning of validation may be common in engineering practice and seems useful in legal practice but it is contrary to scientific practice and brings into question our understanding of science and how it can best be applied to such problems as hazardous waste characterization, remediation, and aqueous geochemistry in general. This review summarizes arguments against using the phrase model validation and examines efforts to validate models for high-level radioactive waste management and for permitting and monitoring open-pit mines. Part of the controversy comes from a misunderstanding of ‘prediction’ and the need to distinguish logical from temporal prediction. Another problem stems from the difference in the engineering approach contrasted with the scientific approach. The reductionist influence on the way we approach environmental investigations also limits our ability to model the interconnected nature of reality. Guidelines are proposed to improve our perceptions and proper utilization of models. Use of the word ‘validation’ is strongly discouraged when discussing model reliability.  相似文献   

19.
The shape of sedimentary particles may carry important information on their history. Current approaches to shape classification (e.g. the Zingg or the Sneed and Folk system) rely on shape indices derived from the measurement of the three principal axes of the approximating tri-axial ellipsoid. While these systems have undoubtedly proved to be useful tools, their application inevitably requires tedious and ambiguous measurements, also classification involves the introduction of arbitrarily chosen constants. Here we propose an alternative classification system based on the (integer) number of static equilibria. The latter are points of the surface where the pebble is at rest on a horizontal, frictionless support. As opposed to the Zingg system, our method relies on counting rather than measuring. We show that equilibria typically exist on two well-separated (micro and macro) scales. Equilibria can be readily counted by simple hand experiments, i.e. the new classification scheme is practically applicable. Based on statistical results from two different locations we demonstrate that pebbles are well mixed with respect to the new classes, i.e. the new classification is reliable and stable in that sense. We also show that the Zingg statistics can be extracted from the new statistics; however, substantial additional information is also available. From the practical point of view, E-classification is substantially faster than the Zingg method.  相似文献   

20.
Pools,riffles, and channelization   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
The addition of regularly spaced deeps (pools) and shallows (riffles) that provide a variety of flow conditions, areal sorting of stream-bed material, cover for wildlife, and a positive aesthetic experience, may be desirable in many channel projects. Such designs will reduce adverse environmental impacts of stream channel modifications. Analysis of variance for pool-to-pool spacing data suggests that there is no significant difference with respect to channel width between pools that form in natural streams and those in streams affected by a variety of human uses. Short of channelization, which changes the channel width, pools and riffles, within limits, are not particularly sensitive to environmental stress. Experiments in Gum Branch near Charlotte, North Carolina, support the hypothesis that channel form and process evolve in harmony and that manipulation of cross-channel morphology can influence the development of desired channel processes. Planned manipulation of its channel form induced Gum Branch to develop as desired. Morphologic stability consisting of incipient point bars, pools, and riffles was maintained over a period of high magnitude flood events, only to be degraded later by a wave of sediment derived from upstream construction and stream-bank failures. Thus, environmentally desirable channel morphology in urban streams cannot remain stable if changes in the sediment load or storm-water runoff exceed the limits of the stream's ability to make internal adjustments while maintaining morphologic stability.  相似文献   

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