共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 46 毫秒
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目前,为了贯彻落实绿色发展理念,浅层地温能已经得到了越来越广泛的关注。从国家到地方出台了很多政策、法规支持着这种新型可再生能源的开发利用,其发展前景十分广阔。但各地因地理环境、浅层地温能资源禀赋条件和开发利用方式不同,而呈现较大的差异发展。如何能更好地利用浅层地温能,最大限度地做到资源的高效、节约利用,是我们当前需要解决的重点问题。为此,本文在多年浅层地温能研究与实践工作的基础上,总结经验,创新思路,开创可持续发展道路,提出因地制宜、多能并举的发展模式,以浅层地温能为主,充分结合其他可再生能源的开发利用方式,归纳为"四个结合",并给出浅层地温能未来发展的几点建议,以供参考和借鉴。 相似文献
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浅层地温能资源地质勘查评价体系探讨——以北京平原区浅层地温能资源地质勘查为例 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
浅层地温能资源作为一种可再生、环保、清洁,储量巨大的新型能源资源,逐渐被人们认识、接受和重视。在北京许多地区合理开发利用浅层地温能资源已经取得了较好的经济．社会和环境效益。根据北京平原区地质条件和浅层地温能资源开发利用实际情况,从可持续开发利用与环境保护角度出发,对北京平原区浅层地温能资源的地质勘查评价进行了初步总结,提出地质调查一开发利用方式适宜性区划一资源评价一效益评价一开发利用对地质环境影响监测一信息管理评价体系。 相似文献
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深入研究高寒地区建筑物供暖制冷需求及浅层地温能开发利用条件,可发挥浅层地温能在建筑能源供应中的最大效益; 探讨多种能源在供暖中的联合应用,能够更好地解决高寒地区能源紧缺问题。通过对高原气候特点分析,浅层地温能开发利用条件的调查、勘探、评价及多种能源联用的研究认为: 高寒地区对浅层地温能需求主要为冬季供暖和生活热水供应,且热量需求大; 高寒地区浅层地温能资源品位低,主要体现为换热温差小; 换热方式以地下水水源热泵最为经济实用; 城市中可供开发利用的空间小。鉴于当地深部地热、太阳能资源丰富,可充分利用这些可再生能源及常规能源,尽可能采用“基础负荷+调峰负荷”的方式,解决热量需求大的问题,从而提高能源的利用效率。 相似文献
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浅层地温能作为地热学新的分支,其资源特征、评价方法与传统地热存在差异。本文从传统"地热能"与"浅层地温能"的科学内涵入手指出两者的相互关系,对比分析了资源分布规律、资源赋存条件评价方法、资源潜力评价方法。浅层地温能资源分布边界依据地质条件、地理分布和应用目的而相应变化,主要受浅层地温场控制;浅层地温能资源赋存条件评价与传统地热评价过程不完全一致,资源适宜区划分受到开发利用方式的限制,浅层地温能资源的计算实际是对地球浅表热量调蓄能力的评价。浅层地温能和地热资源评价的区别与联系,凸出了浅层地温能资源的特殊性,提高了热能资源勘查评价的科学性和合理性。 相似文献
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浅层地温能资源开发利用发展综述 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
能源是人类生存、经济可持续发展和社会文明进步的重要物质保证和必要推动力,是关系国家经济命脉的重要战略物资。随着全球变暖、温室效应和能源紧缺等问题的日益严重,作为清洁可再生的浅层地温能资源逐渐得到各国政府高度重视,到2010年已有43个国家开发利用这种资源。近年来我国新能源和可再生能源得到了长足的发展,可再生能源利用的技术水平有了很大提高,产业已初具规模,特别是浅层地温能的开发利用,已从20世纪90年代的起步阶段步入快速发展期,据不完全统计,目前我国浅层地温能的服务面积已近2×108m2,成为建筑节能的主力军。本文对国内外浅层地温能资源的开发利用现状进行了概括,特别是热泵技术,有助于了解和掌握浅层地温能开发利用的发展动态,对开展浅层地温能资源评价和工程建设具有重要意义。 相似文献
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城市地区浅层地温能评价方法探讨 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
随着地源热泵技术的成熟,我国城市地区浅层地温能利用正在快速发展,为了保证浅层地温能的有效开发和可持续利用,应对浅层地温能资源进行评价。浅层地温能资源包括浅层地温能可利用量和储存量。浅层地温能利用环境评价和经济评价是资源评价中的必要内容。资源计算成果为城市区域浅层地温能开发利用规划和地源热泵工程提供依据。 相似文献
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We present results from low-temperature heat capacity measurements of spinels along the solid solution between MgAl2O4 and MgCr2O4. The data also include new low-temperature heat capacity measurements for MgAl2O4 spinel. Heat capacities were measured between 1.5 and 300 K, and thermochemical functions were derived from the results.
No heat capacity anomaly was observed for MgAl2O4 spinel; however, we observe a low-temperature heat capacity anomaly for Cr-bearing spinels at temperatures below 15 K. From
our data we calculate standard entropies (298.15 K) for Mg(Cr,Al)2O4 spinels. We suggest a standard entropy for MgAl2O4 of 80.9 ± 0.6 J mol−1 K−1. For the solid solution between MgAl2O4 and MgCr2O4, we observe a linear increase of the standard entropies from 80.9 J mol−1 K−1 for MgAl2O4 to 118.3 J mol−1 K−1 for MgCr2O4. 相似文献
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Cation tracer diffusion coefficients, DMe *, for Me=Fe, Mn, Co and Ti, were measured using radioactive isotopes in the spinel solid solution (Ti x Fe 1−x )3−δO4 as a function of the oxygen activity. Experiments were performed at different cationic compositions (x=0, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3) at 1100, 1200, 1300 and 1400 °C. The oxygen activity dependence of all data for DMe * at constant temperature and cationic composition can be described by equations of the type DMe *=D∘ Me[V]. CV·a O2 2/3+DMe[I] ∘·a O2 −2/3·DMe[V] ∘ and DMe[I] ∘ are constants and CV is a factor of the order of unity which decreases with increasing δ. All log DMe * vs. loga O2 curves obtained for different values of x and for different temperatures go through a minimum due to a change in the type of point defects dominating the cation diffusion with oxygen activity. Cation vacancies prevail for the cation diffusion at high oxygen activities while cation interstitials become dominant at low oxygen activities. At constant values of x, DMe[V] ∘ decreases with increasing temperature while DMe[I] ∘ increases. 相似文献
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The temperature (T) evolution of the barium carbonate (BaCO3) structure was studied using Rietveld structure refinements based on synchrotron X-ray diffraction and a powdered synthetic
sample. BaCO3 transforms from an orthorhombic, Pmcn, α phase to a trigonal, R3m, β phase at 811°C. The orthorhombic BaCO3 structure is isotypic with aragonite, CaCO3. In trigonal R3m BaCO3, the CO3 group occupies one orientation and shows no rotational disorder. The average <Ba–O> distances increase while the <C–O> distances
decrease linearly with T in the orthorhombic phase. After the 811°C phase transition, the <Ba–O> distances increase while C–O distances decrease.
There is also a significant volume change of 2.8% at the phase transition. 相似文献
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V. L. Vinograd O. G. Safonov D. J. Wilson L. L. Perchuk L. Bindi J. D. Gale B. Winkler 《Petrology》2010,18(4):447-459
Atomistic model was proposed to describe the thermodynamics of mixing in the diopside-K-jadeite solid solution (CaMgSi2O6-KAlSi2O6). The simulations were based on minimization of the lattice energies of 800 structures within a 2 × 2 × 4 supercell of C2/c diopside with the compositions between CaMgSi2O6 and KAlSi2O6 and with variable degrees of order/disorder in the arrangement of Ca/K cations in M2 site and Mg/Al in Ml site. The energy
minimization was performed with the help of a force-field model. The results of the calculations were used to define a generalized
Ising model, which included 37 pair interaction parameters. Isotherms of the enthalpy of mixing within the range of 273–2023
K were calculated with a Monte Carlo algorithm, while the Gibbs free energies of mixing were obtained by thermodynamic integration
of the enthalpies of mixing. The calculated T-X diagram for the system CaMgSi2O6-KAlSi2O6 at temperatures below 1000 K shows several miscibility gaps, which are separated by intervals of stability of intermediate
ordered compounds. At temperatures above 1000 K a homogeneous solid solution is formed. The standard thermodynamic properties
of K-jadeite (KAlSi2O6) evaluated from quantum mechanical calculations were used to determine location of several mineral reactions with the participation
of the diopside-K-jadeite solid solution. The results of the simulations suggest that the low content of KalSi2O6 in natural clinopyroxenes is not related to crystal chemical factors preventing isomorphism, but is determined by relatively
high standard enthalpy of this end member. 相似文献
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M. Zhang G. J. Redhammer E. K. H. Salje M. Mookherjee 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》2002,29(9):609-616
Synthetic aegirine LiFeSi2O6 and NaFeSi2O6 were characterized using infrared spectroscopy in the frequency range 50–2000 cm−1, and at temperatures between 20 and 300 K. For the C2/c phase of LiFeSi2O6, 25 of the 27 predicted infrared bands and 26 of 30 predicted Raman bands are recorded at room temperature. NaFeSi2O6 (with symmetry C2/c) shows 25 infrared and 26 Raman bands. On cooling, the C2/c–P21/c structural phase transition of LiFeSi2O6 is characterized by the appearance of 13 additional recorded peaks. This observation indicates the enlargement of the unit
cell at the transition point. The appearance of an extra band near 688 cm−1 in the monoclinic P21/c phase, which is due to the Si–O–Si vibration in the Si2O6 chains, indicates that there are two non-equivalent Si sites with different Si–O bond lengths. Most significant spectral
changes appear in the far-infrared region, where Li–O and Fe–O vibrations are mainly located. Infrared bands between 300 and
330 cm−1 show unusually dramatic changes at temperatures far below the transition. Compared with the infrared data of NaFeSi2O6 measured at low temperatures, the change in LiFeSi2O6 is interpreted as the consequence of mode crossing in the frequency region. A generalized Landau theory was used to analyze
the order parameter of the C2/c–P21/c phase transition, and the results suggest that the transition is close to tricritical.
Received: 21 January 2002 / Accepted: 22 July 2002 相似文献
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L. A. Olsen K. Friese E. Makovicky T. Balić-Žunić W. Morgenroth A. Grzechnik 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》2011,38(1):1-10
The crystal structure of Pb6Bi2S9 is investigated at pressures between 0 and 5.6 GPa with X-ray diffraction on single-crystals. The pressure is applied using diamond anvil cells. Heyrovskyite (Bbmm, a = 13.719(4) Å, b = 31.393(9) Å, c = 4.1319(10) Å, Z = 4) is the stable phase of Pb6Bi2S9 at ambient conditions and is built from distorted moduli of PbS-archetype structure with a low stereochemical activity of the Pb2+ and Bi3+ lone electron pairs. Heyrovskyite is stable until at least 3.9 GPa and a first-order phase transition occurs between 3.9 and 4.8 GPa. A single-crystal is retained after the reversible phase transition despite an anisotropic contraction of the unit cell and a volume decrease of 4.2%. The crystal structure of the high pressure phase, β-Pb6Bi2S9, is solved in Pna2 1 (a = 25.302(7) Å, b = 30.819(9) Å, c = 4.0640(13) Å, Z = 8) from synchrotron data at 5.06 GPa. This structure consists of two types of moduli with SnS/TlI-archetype structure in which the Pb and Bi lone pairs are strongly expressed. The mechanism of the phase transition is described in detail and the results are compared to the closely related phase transition in Pb3Bi2S6 (lillianite). 相似文献
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The crystal structure of the unstable mineral alumoklyuchevskite K3Cu3AlO2(SO4)4 [monoclinic, I2, a = 18.772(7), b = 4.967(2), c = 18.468(7) Å, β = 101.66(1)°, V = 1686(1) Å] was refined to R 1 = 0.131 for 2450 unique reflections with F ≥ 4σF hkl. The structure is based on oxocentered tetrahedrons (OAlCu 3 7+ ) linked into chains via edges. Each chain is surrounded by SO4 tetrahedrons forming a structural complex. Each complex is elongated along the b axis. This type of crystal structure was also found in other fumarole minerals of the Great Tolbachik Fissure Eruption (GTFE, Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia, 1975–1976), klyuchevskite, K3Cu3Fe3+O2(SO4)4; and piypite, K2Cu2O(SO4)2. 相似文献
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Dmytro M. Trots Alexander Kurnosov Leonid Vasylechko Marek Berkowski Tiziana Boffa Ballaran Daniel J. Frost 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》2011,38(7):561-567
A single crystal X-ray diffraction study on lithium tetraborate Li2B4O7 (diomignite, space group I41
cd) has been performed under pressure up to 8.3 GPa. No phase transitions were found in the pressure range investigated, and
hence the pressure evolution of the unit-cell volume of the I41
cd structure has been described using a third-order Birch–Murnaghan equation of state (BM-EoS) with the following parameters:
V
0
= 923.21(6) Å3, K
0
= 45.6(6) GPa, and K′ = 7.3(3). A linearized BM-EoS was fitted to the axial compressibilities resulting in the following parameters a
0
= 9.4747(3) Å, K
0a
= 73.3(9) GPa, K′
a
= 5.1(3) and c
0
= 10.2838(4) Å, K
0c
= 24.6(3) GPa, K′
c
= 7.5(2) for the a and c axes, respectively. The elastic anisotropy of Li2B4O7 is very large with the zero-pressure compressibility ratio β
0c
/β
0a
= 3.0(1). The large elastic anisotropy is consistent with the crystal structure: A three-dimensional arrangement of relatively
rigid tetraborate groups [B4O7]2− forms channels occupied by lithium along the polar c–axis, and hence compression along the c axis requires the shrinkage of the lithium channels, whereas compression in the a direction depends mainly on the contraction of the most rigid [B4O7]2− units. Finally, the isothermal bulk modulus obtained in this work is in general agreement with that derived from ultrasonic
(Adachi et al. in Proceedings-IEEE Ultrasonic Symposium, 228–232, 1985; Shorrocks et al. in Proceedings-IEEE Ultrasonic Symposium, 337–340, 1981) and Brillouin scattering measurements (Takagi et al. in Ferroelectrics, 137:337–342, 1992). 相似文献
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Durgesh C Rai 《Journal of Earth System Science》2003,112(3):421-429
The current designs of supporting structures of elevated water tanks are extremely vulnerable under lateral forces due to
an earthquake and the Bhuj earthquake provided another illustration when a great many water tank stagings suffered damage
and a few collapsed. The more popular shaft type stagings suffer from poor ductility of thin shell sections besides low redundancy
and toughness whereas framed stagings consist of weak members and poor brace-column joints. A strength analysis of a few damaged
shaft type stagings clearly shows that all of them either met or exceeded the strength requirements of IS:1893-1984, however,
they were all found deficient when compared with requirements of the International Building Code. IS:1893-1984 is unjustifiably
low for these systems which do not have the advantage of ductility and redundancy and are currently being underestimated at
least by a factor of 3 and need an upward revision of forces immediately. 相似文献