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1.
湖南官山冲煤矿主采三叠系安源组5、6、7煤层,采用走向长壁式采煤法.根据采动过程采深采厚比、最大地表移动、变形、倾斜极值的计算分析认为,5、6.7煤层联合开采后,地表最大下沉值为754mm,最大水平移动值为241mm,矿区范围内地面变形较强烈,地面塌陷、地裂缝的数量及规模较大,下山方向地表变形比上山方向明显;但随着开采水平向深部延伸,地面变形逐渐减弱,对地面建筑物破坏等级将逐渐降低.利用”大井”法圈出疏排水影响范围,运用地下水均衡理论和补偿理论证明由于周期性的排泄和恢复,矿山开采对地下水资源的扰动不大,不会造成区域地下水失衡,对周边水资源环境影响不大.  相似文献   

2.
针对采动作用下煤矿地表裂缝发育问题,本文对地表裂缝的形成机理进行了分析。考虑采动附加应力的影响,结合土层的强度理论及广义的胡克定律建立了采动作用下地裂缝发育极限深度力学模型,并对力学模型进行了探讨,得到了采动影响下地表裂缝发育深度的公式,结果表明:地表裂缝的产生大致分为4个时期,分别为移动变形积累期、裂缝产生期、裂缝扩展期、裂缝闭合期。地表裂缝的发育深度除与土层的本身性质有关以外,还与地表的水平变形有关。地表的水平变形越大,说明地表土层受到采动作用越明显,地表裂缝发育的极限深度也就越大。最后根据某矿的实际工程地质情况,采用地裂缝预计公式进行了计算,并与监测数据进行了对比。结果表明,该公式能够较好的预计采动作用下的地裂缝发育深度,对预防煤矿采区地表灾害、保护人民财产安全具有一定的指导意义。  相似文献   

3.
文章结合抚顺矿区实际,分析论述了断裂活动影响矿区的地应力环境特征。阐述了在断裂活动影响矿区,岩体长期大规模开挖造成局部区域构造应力卸载,岩体弹性变形能恢复发生水平变形,导致地表产生附加水平移动与变形。通常的沉陷区边缘区域,地表移动变形值不大,采动损害也相对较轻。但断裂活动影响矿区,沉陷区边缘区常存在着明显的水平移动与变形,并造成相应损害。尤其是在矿震等岩体地质动力现象显现影响下,地表沉陷灾害更为严重。  相似文献   

4.
为研究开采沉陷覆岩移动地表裂缝的发育状况,论文基于沉陷盆地主断面移动变形特征,将地表移动变形影响区划分为拉伸区、压缩区和先拉伸后压缩区,并分析了各区的裂缝发育特征;先拉伸后压缩区合理解释了裂缝的自修复现象;运用下沉曲线计算模型借助于数学计算软件,计算了沉陷盆地主断面下沉曲线的长度,提出了基于下沉曲线长度计算判断采动拉伸区裂缝发育的方法;从理论上推断了一定条件下压缩区地表可产生挤压凸起,结合工程实例,分析了地表裂缝的发育特征。  相似文献   

5.
采动区地表动态沉降预测的Richards模型   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
王正帅  邓喀中 《岩土力学》2011,32(6):1664-1668
针对Knothe时间函数在采动区地表动态沉降预测中存在着较大偏差的问题,提出了地表动态沉降预测的Richards模型。基于开采过程中的地表沉降变形规律,给出了能够反映地表沉降全过程的理想时间函数模型所具有的基本特征,引入Richards生长曲线模型,分析了模型参数与地质采矿条件之间的定性、定量关系,并探讨了模型的适用范围,指出地表发生连续的、渐变的沉降变形时,模型预测效果较好。实例分析表明,Richards模型符合理想时间函数模型的要求,可较好地模拟采动区地表动态沉降过程,能够计算出地表移动持续时间和地表点在某一时刻的下沉值、下沉速度、加速度等动态参数,且模型的可塑性较强,具有较广泛的适用性。  相似文献   

6.
北京市轨道交通基坑工程地表变形特性   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
吴锋波  金淮  朱少坤 《岩土力学》2016,(4):1066-1074
根据基坑开挖深度、地层条件的不同,对北京市轨道交通80个明挖顺作法基坑工程实测结果进行统计分析,研究确定北京砂卵石和黏性土地区深基坑开挖引起的周边地表变形规律。研究表明:基坑工程周边地表最大变形的实测结果分布形态为正态分布或半整体分布,地表沉降变形值较大;最大地表沉降的平均值约为砂卵石地区0.11%H(H为开挖深度),黏性土地区0.20%H;地表变形与桩体向基坑内、外的水平位移值有一定的对应关系;地表沉降随插入比的增大而减小,黏性土地区基坑支撑系统刚度对地表沉降有明显的影响;北京地区基坑工程周边主要影响区约为0.6H或0.7H范围以内。研究成果可对未来北京及其他地区城市轨道交通基坑工程变形大小、安全性的预测和评估、指导基坑工程设计与施工和对防止基坑事故的发生等具有重要意义。  相似文献   

7.
《岩土力学》2016,(7):2056-2062
为了掌握厚松散层覆盖地区地表在采动过程中的动态移动变形情况,以地表移动观测站实测数据为基础,获得厚松散层开采地表动态移动参数在开采过程中的变化规律,以及走向主断面方向上任意时刻、任意点的下沉速度预计公式。结果表明:当工作面推过最大下沉点170 m左右时,该点的下沉速度达到最大值,其值为22.85 mm/d;地表点最大下沉速度值及其滞后距随工作面开采距离的增大而增加,当工作面推进距离达到600 m左右后,两者增加的幅度逐渐减小,并分别达到稳定值22.00 mm/d和150 m,认为此后的采动过程是地表点下沉速度曲线以固定形状与工作面保持一定的滞后距随开采不断向前移动;参考国内松散层下开采案例,通过多元线性回归分析得到地表动态移动变形参数与地质及开采技术参数之间的关系式;最后根据动态移动参数在采动过程中的变化规律,建立了走向断面上任意时刻、任意点的下沉速度预测公式,通过预测值与实测值的对比,认为预测结果能够满足工程实践需要。  相似文献   

8.
文章以山西霍州辛置煤矿2204工作面为试验研究基地,采用岩石破裂软件RFPA2D模拟开采沉陷过程,研究煤层采动后地表移动及变形的规律;系统地分析了采深采厚比对地表移动及变形的影响。  相似文献   

9.
我国西部地区地势复杂,沟壑纵横,地下开采极易导致边坡失稳,引发采动滑坡。在地下采动沉降与滑坡体挤压上升的叠加影响下,谷底区域地表沉降值明显小于类似地质采矿条件下的平原地区。为准确预测山区谷底区域地表沉降值,基于简支梁的弹性变形理论,并借助概率密度函数建立了山区谷底区域地表沉陷预计修正模型,明确模型参数物理意义及其取值方法。依据修正模型,以实测值和预测值之差平方和最小为原则构建适应值函数,基于模拟退火粒子群算法提出新的模型参数反演方法,借助MATLAB语言编制了相应的参数反演程序。最后将研究成果应用于山西某矿,得到谷底区域预测结果中误差为73 mm,与实测值基本一致,取得了较好的工程实践效果。  相似文献   

10.
为了研究厚松散层下多煤层重复开采对地表移动的影响,结合淮南矿区地质采矿条件,在分析顾桥煤矿重复开采地表移动规律的基础上,运用FLAC3D软件建立数值模拟模型,研究了重复开采地表变形规律,并建立了地表变形参数与采动次数之间的关系模型。研究表明:厚松散层下首次开采时地表下沉系数大于1,随着采动次数的增加,松散层逐渐被压实,地表下沉系数呈现线性增大的趋势,但3次开采后松散层已经压实,下沉系数趋于稳定,不再随采动次数增加而增大;达充分采动后,地表移动盆地范围不再增大,但受到采深增大的影响,主要影响角正切、边界角与采动次数之间均呈线性增大关系。该成果为研究厚松散层重复开采地表移动规律提供了理论依据和技术参考。   相似文献   

11.
12.
南秦岭下地壳组成及岩石圈的拆离俯冲作用   总被引:3,自引:3,他引:3       下载免费PDF全文
根据新提供的Pb同位素组成及岩石地球化学研究成果,本文进一步证实了位于北秦岭北界的明港地区发育的早中生代安山玄武质火山角砾岩岩筒所携带的下地壳捕虏体属于南秦岭。所恢复的南秦岭下地壳剖面自下而上为:底侵成因的变辉长岩-基性麻粒岩(其中含有榴辉岩及辉石岩的透镜体)-酸性麻粒岩。秦岭造山带总体的岩石因模型为:南秦岭(扬子块体)向北拆离俯冲,北秦岭地壳向华北仰冲,华北岩石因呈楔状插入秦岭造山带,拆离面约在中、下地壳之间。南秦岭俯冲岩片延伸的范围在平面上有可能达到400km。  相似文献   

13.
青藏高原综合观测研究站的回顾与展望   总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0  
赵林  郭东信 《冰川冻土》1998,20(3):287-292
中国科学院青藏高原综合观测研究站从1988年建站到1998年以来,在各个方面均取得了长足的发展,横向生产性项目的开展和完成不仅解决了部队和地方的实际问题,而且缓和了观测研究站在运行过程中所面临的经费严重不足的问题,同时也为我所冻土专业研究人员提供了在生产中实践的机会,在基础理论研究方面,承担了国家攀登计划项目,国家基金项目,中国科学院重点项目和中国科学院冰冻圈专项项目等的研究工作,在多年冻土变化,  相似文献   

14.
15.
In his last lifetime essay, “A Few Words about the Noosphere”, Academician V.I. Vernadsky (1944) wrote that all living organisms on the planet, including man, are integral to the biosphere of the Earth, its material and energy structure and cannot be physically independent of it even for a minute. However, the substrate that generates all living beings and is no less tightly bound to the biosphere has always been characterized by a significant geochemical heterogeneity, traced both in the vertical and in the lateral structure of all geospheres.
The present work is devoted to three most important aspects of modern geochemistry and biogeochemistry:
  • — evolution of the ecological and geochemical state of the environment under conditions of a virgin (anthropogenically untouched) biosphere;
  • — structural features of the geochemical organization of the modern noosphere;
  • — specificity of the interaction of living matter with the environment under increasing anthropogenic load.
On the basis of theoretical concepts of biogeochemistry and geochemical ecology, formulated in the works of V.I. Vernadsky, A.P. Vinogradov, A.E. Fersman, B.B. Polynov, A.I. Perel’man, M.A. Glazovskaya, V.V. Kovalsky, E. Odum, B. Commoner, E.I. Kolchinskii and others, the author puts forward a hypothesis that there exist two qualitatively different stages in the evolution of the biosphere.The first stage is recognized as the period of natural evolution of the biosphere during which it evolves successively into a more complex and more biogeochemically specialized object. In the course of the geological time, this constantly results, on the one hand, in an increase in species diversity and the perfection of individual species, and, on the other hand, to directed improvement and a greater differentiation of the geochemical conditions of the environment. At this stage, the evolution of all systems of the biosphere that were controlled by the mechanisms of self-organization and self-regulation resulted in the establishment of a dynamic equilibrium, which was responsible for the cycling of all essential chemical elements and therefore providing ecologically optimal geochemical conditions in all ecological niches and for all species and biocenoses inhabiting the biosphere at any given moment.The beginning of the second stage is related to the appearance of reason and qualitative changes in the biosphere caused by the goal-directed activity of the human mind, as an entirely new geological force that appeared to be able not only to disrupt the functioning of natural mechanisms of self-regulation and selforganization, but also to transform the environment in the intersts of a single biological species, Homo sapiens. A direct consequence of this change was the uncontrolled transformation of the natural environment, during which the primary structure (geochemical background) created in the course of billions of years was eventually superimposed by a qualitatively new layer of anthropogenically-derived chemical elements and compounds, thus building an interference pattern of a new geochemical field with which practically all modern living organisms are now forced to interact.An outstanding feature of the new evolutionary stage of the natural environment, called by Vernadsky the noosphere, is that biogeochemical changes at this stage proceed at a rate which exceeds that required for the living matter to adapt to these changes. The result is the disruption of the existing parameters of the biological cycle, leading to the emergence of a significant number of endemic diseases of geochemical nature.The proposed approach was used to prove the anthropogenic genesis of existing geochemical endemic diseases and explain the mechanisms of their appearance. In addition, this approach allowed us to develop a new methodology for mapping zones of ecological and geochemical risk and noticeably simplify the procedure of monitoring distribution and prevention of all diseases of geochemical nature.  相似文献   

16.
17.
铀钍的地球化学及对地壳演化和生物进化的影响   总被引:10,自引:2,他引:8       下载免费PDF全文
本文论述了在含挥发份和贫挥发份条件下U、Th的迁移行为及其对地球和行星演化的影响,并阐述了造成地球独特地质演化历史的原因。提出了U、Th在地球中的迁移模式以及该模式对地壳形成、演化的控制作用和对生物发展演化的可能影响。  相似文献   

18.
B. K. Maloney 《GeoJournal》1993,31(4):355-362
While botanists, archaeologists, historians and linguists have contributed to the debate on the origin of the coconut pollen analysts have been silent. This article attempts to integrate the results of recent palaeoecological research with findings from the other disciplines.  相似文献   

19.
The experimental variogram computed in the usual way by the method of moments and the Haar wavelet transform are similar in that they filter data and yield informative summaries that may be interpreted. The variogram filters out constant values; wavelets can filter variation at several spatial scales and thereby provide a richer repertoire for analysis and demand no assumptions other than that of finite variance. This paper compares the two functions, identifying that part of the Haar wavelet transform that gives it its advantages. It goes on to show that the generalized variogram of order k=1, 2, and 3 filters linear, quadratic, and cubic polynomials from the data, respectively, which correspond with more complex wavelets in Daubechies's family. The additional filter coefficients of the latter can reveal features of the data that are not evident in its usual form. Three examples in which data recorded at regular intervals on transects are analyzed illustrate the extended form of the variogram. The apparent periodicity of gilgais in Australia seems to be accentuated as filter coefficients are added, but otherwise the analysis provides no new insight. Analysis of hyerpsectral data with a strong linear trend showed that the wavelet-based variograms filtered it out. Adding filter coefficients in the analysis of the topsoil across the Jurassic scarplands of England changed the upper bound of the variogram; it then resembled the within-class variogram computed by the method of moments. To elucidate these results, we simulated several series of data to represent a random process with values fluctuating about a mean, data with long-range linear trend, data with local trend, and data with stepped transitions. The results suggest that the wavelet variogram can filter out the effects of long-range trend, but not local trend, and of transitions from one class to another, as across boundaries.  相似文献   

20.
The tectonic evolution of the Arctic Region in the Mesozoic and Cenozoic is considered with allowance for the Paleozoic stage of evolution of the ancient Arctida continent. A new geodynamic model of the evolution of the Arctic is based on the idea of the development of upper mantle convection beneath the continent caused by subduction of the Pacific lithosphere under the Eurasian and North American lithospheric plates. The structure of the Amerasia and Eurasia basins of the Arctic is shown to have formed progressively due to destruction of the ancient Arctida continent, a retained fragment of which comprises the structural units of the central segment of the Arctic Ocean, including the Lomonosov Ridge, the Alpha-Mendeleev Rise, and the Podvodnikov and Makarov basins. The proposed model is considered to be a scientific substantiation of the updated Russian territorial claim to the UN Commission on the determination of the Limits of the Continental Shelf in the Arctic Region.  相似文献   

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