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1.
通过对桂东南六陈中酸性侵入岩进行LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年、岩石学和地球化学研究,表明六陈中酸性侵入岩主要为二长花岗岩-钾长花岗岩组合,少量花岗闪长岩,岩石普遍含角闪石;岩石属富碱、高硅、高钾,属高钾钙碱性系列;稀土总量较高(∑REE 237.65×10~(-6)~316.06×10~(-6)),具中等铕亏损的轻稀土富集型的稀土配分曲线特征;对岩体进行了高精度的LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年,加权平均值为(245.1±1.2)Ma。该岩体总体显示为富碱性A2亚型花岗岩,形成于华南后碰撞伸展构造背景。  相似文献   

2.
刘劲松  胡俊良  刘阿睢  金世超  定立 《地质通报》2016,35(12):2088-2099
用LA-ICP-MS技术对北大别木子店地区细粒二长花岗岩脉中的锆石进行原位U-Pb年龄和Hf同位素测定,结果表明,该花岗岩形成于128.9±0.7Ma,为早白垩世岩浆活动的产物,在锆石中发现古元古代和新元古代的锆石核;锆石ε_(Hf)(t)介于-25.1~-19.2之间,平均值为-22.7,二阶段模式年龄T_(DM2)主要介于2115~2505Ma之间,2个继承锆石分析点分别给出了-10.5和6.5的ε_(Hf)(t)值,对应的二阶段模式年龄T_(DM2)分别为1151Ma和1709Ma。木子店地区细粒二长花岗岩脉的锆石年龄和Hf同位素特征表明,花岗岩为古元古代古老地壳物质部分熔融形成,岩石源区可能有中元古代地幔物质及太古宙古老地壳物质的贡献,形成于大别造山带从挤压向伸展的转换阶段。  相似文献   

3.
王祥俭  刘建辉  冀磊 《岩石学报》2017,33(9):2689-2707
古元古代二长(正长)花岗质片麻岩在胶-辽-吉构造带广泛出露,是构成胶-辽-吉带的最主要物质组成。2件中细粒二长花岗质片麻岩样品及1件正长花岗质片麻岩样品的LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年代学分析表明,它们分别形成于2.17Ga和2.33Ga,代表两期花岗质岩浆事件,并经历了约1.89Ga的变质作用。这些花岗质岩石具高硅(SiO_2=71.68%~76.38%),富铁(Fe_2O_3+FeO=1.61%~4.35%)及全碱(K_2O+Na_2O=7.57%~9.3%),K_2O/Na_2O比值大于1,贫钙(CaO=0.2%~1.6%)、镁(MgO=0.05%~0.24%,Mg#=3.82~13.0)、磷(P_2O_5=0.01%~0.06%)及钛(TiO_2=0.12%~0.4%)的特征;它们具有较高的稀土元素总量(ΣREE=104×10~(-6)~440×10~(-6)),具有轻微的轻重稀土分异,(La/Yb)_N比值在2~11之间,具明显的铕负异常(Eu/Eu*=0.30~1.18,平均值为0.56),具有低Sr(大部分100×10~(-6))、Rb(62.8×10~(-6)~187×10~(-6))、Cr及Ni含量,高的Zr(250×10~(-6))及Yb(2×10~(-6))含量,Zr+Nb+Ce+Y平均值为506×10~(-6),10000×Ga/Al值大于2.7;微量元素原始地幔标准化蛛网模式图显示,富集Rb、U、K、Zr、Hf等元素,亏损Nb、Ta、Sr及Ti等元素;它们属铁质、准铝质至弱过铝质、碱钙-钙碱性系列,全岩锆饱和温度大于800℃,属A2型花岗岩;结合胶-辽-吉带内古元古代花岗质片麻岩的全岩Nd及锆石Hf同位素研究结果,指示这些古元古代A型花岗岩可能形成于高温低压的伸展构造背景下,大陆物质(TTG岩石)的部分熔融。暗示胶-辽-吉带可能经历了古元古代早期多阶段的陆壳伸展拉张,并形成初始洋盆,然后再到洋-陆俯冲、陆(弧)-陆碰撞的演化过程。  相似文献   

4.
报道了东昆仑群力地区正长花岗岩体的锆石U-Pb年龄和岩石地球化学特征,并对岩石成因及其构造意义进行了讨论。锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年结果表明群力正长花岗岩体的形成时代为376.2Ma(MSWD=0.25),属晚泥盆世。岩石地球化学成分显示其属于高钾钙碱性、准铝质-弱过铝质系列花岗岩。岩体富硅(SiO_2=74.61%~77.85%)、富碱(Na_2O+K_2O=7.03%~7.94%)、高铁镁比(FeO~T/MgO=11.39~36.93)、贫钙(CaO=0.50%~1.01%)、贫镁(MgO=0.06%~0.20%);稀土配分模式表现为"海鸥型"分布特点,具有强烈的负铕异常(δEu=0.08~0.09);高镓含量(Ga=22.86×10~(-6)~27.06×10~(-6)),富集高场强元素组合(Zr+Ce+Nb+Y=720×10~(-6)~891×10~(-6))、亏损Ba、Sr、P、Nb、Ta、Ti等;同时岩体具有高的锆石饱和温度(991℃~1 201℃)。综合岩石地球化学特征表明群力正长花岗岩体属于A型花岗岩中的A_2型花岗岩,结合区域研究成果,认为群力正长花岗岩形成于始特提斯洋闭合后的伸展构造背景。这一结果将始特提斯洋闭合后的伸展作用时限从中泥盆世延长到晚泥盆世。  相似文献   

5.
华北克拉通古元古代胶-辽-吉带造山过程保存了丰富的变质-变形、岩浆-构造热事件与成矿作用记录,带内广泛存在的高压麻粒岩变质作用演化p-T-t轨迹呈顺时针,指示胶-辽-吉带经历了俯冲-碰撞-后碰撞折返伸展造山过程,但这时期的俯冲碰撞或陆-陆碰撞与之后伸展造山作用的时代目前仍有争议。本文对丹东地区大楼房古元古代花岗岩进行了系统的岩相学、锆石U-Pb年代学、全岩主微量元素和Lu-Hf同位素测试分析。研究结果显示,岩浆锆石加权平均年龄1 873~1 869 Ma,获得岩体的侵位时限为古元古代。大楼房岩体以片麻状黑云母二长花岗岩为主,具有高SiO2(72.39%~74.20%)、中等Al2O3(14.66%~15.40%)、中等CaO(1.35%~1.84%)和低MgO(0.07%~0.35%)含量特征,稀土配分曲线右倾型,具强烈的Eu正异常;微量元素富集Rb、Th、U、K等大离子亲石元素,亏损P、Ti等高场强元素,为准铝-弱过铝质高钾钙碱性系列,具有与Ⅰ型花岗岩类似的岩石地球化学特征。εHf(t)值为-1.76~+1.45,锆石...  相似文献   

6.
湖南阳明山复式岩体位于扬子地块和华夏地块的结合部位,岩体主要由白果市-土坳黑(白)云母二长花岗岩、阳明山二云母二长花岗岩、大江背电气石白云母二长花岗岩、大源里黑云母正长花岗岩组成,利用LA-ICPMS锆石U-Pb定年分别给出228.6±1.4Ma和205±1.8Ma、229.0±2.0Ma和221.8±1.3Ma、218.2±2.0Ma、217.8±1.6Ma的谐和年龄。综合野外观察、地质测量,阳明山复式花岗岩体可能经历了4期岩浆活动:~229Ma、~221Ma、~217Ma、~205Ma。各期次岩石总体具有高碱(ALK平均值8.55%)、高铝(Al2O3平均14.47%)、高磷(P2O5平均值0.25%),低硅(SiO2平均值71.74%)、低铁(Fe2O3T平均值0.92%)、低镁(MgO平均值0.19%)低Ca(CaO平均值0.64%)等特征。铝饱和指数A/CNK值为0.97%~1.30%,大部分大于1,属高钾钙碱性过铝-强过铝花岗岩。稀土配分模式表现为轻稀土相对富集,重稀土相对亏损,具有强烈的负Eu异常。在标准化蛛网图上,富集大离子亲石元素(U、Th、K)和Pb,明显亏损高场强元素(Ti、Nb)和Ba、Sr等元素。上述特征指示阳明山花岗岩是印支晚期同源岩浆多次脉动侵入的复式岩体并具有S型花岗岩的地球化学特征。锆石的εHf(t)值均为负值(集中在-12~-5之间),两阶段模式年龄(tDM2)主要集中在1.28~1.60Ga,推断是古老地壳部分熔融的产物。结合其形成年龄和区域构造背景,本文认为阳明山复式岩体是印支运动由挤压构造向伸展构造转换加厚地壳发生局部伸展-减薄的机制下,中元古代变质泥岩部分熔融形成,并经历了分离结晶作用,其形成温度850~875℃,压力约为7×108~10×108Pa,相当深度为26~30km。  相似文献   

7.
尹须伟  徐扬  杨坤光  邓新  魏运许  刘雨 《岩石学报》2021,36(7):2123-2152
识别并研究扬子板块古元古代的岩浆-变质-沉积事件,是探讨扬子板块古元古代构造演化的基础,也是重建该陆块在Columbia超大陆中位置的前提。新发现的金盆杂岩体为进一步揭示扬子板块古元古代岩浆事件和造山过程提供了新的制约信息。锆石U-Pb定年结果表明,金盆片麻状二长花岗岩、奥长花岗岩和基性岩脉的形成年龄分别为~2478Ma、~2049Ma和~19991Ma。奥长花岗岩具有高的SiO_2(71.62%~76.92%)、Na_2O (4.58%~6.47%)含量,低的K_2O (0.50%~1.06%)、FeO~T+MgO (0.81%~3.86%)、Y (5.34×10~(-6)~14.7×10~(-6))和 Yb (0.55×10~(-6)~1.07×10~(-6))含量,显示变化的 Sr/Y(10.9~28.5)和(La/Yb)。(4.7~21.6)比值和负的锆石ε_(Hf)(t)值(-13.1~-3.4)。这些特征表明,金盆奥长花岗岩可能为陆壳物质在加厚地壳源区部分熔融的产物,其类似TTG岩的地球化学特征主要受控于部分熔融过程中石榴石+角闪石在源区的残留。基性岩脉具有相对富集轻稀土和大离子亲石元素、亏损重稀土和高场强元素的微量元素配分模式,以及富集的Nd-Hf同位素组成(全岩ε_(Nd)(t)=-3.47~-2.47、锆石ε_(Hf)(t)=-11~-5.6)这样的弧型地球化学特征和富集的同位素组成是由地壳混染和富集地幔源区共同造成。高的Nb含量(11.4×10~(-6)~14.8×10~(-6))以及Nb/U (19.2~23.6)、Nb/La (0.53~0.65)和Nb/Th (3.71~4.67)比值指示其源区遭受了再循环沉积物熔体的交代。综合本文和前人的数据推测,扬子东、西陆块在2.15~2.0Ga不断汇聚,并可能在2.0~1.95 Ga沿着黄陵-钟祥一线拼贴,最终形成古元古代统一的基底,这一过程可能与全球Columbia超大陆的形成有关。  相似文献   

8.
内蒙古中部和林—凉城一带分布着大量石榴花岗岩,为强过铝(SP)花岗岩。通过对石榴花岗岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年代学研究,表明其形成年代在1923~1958 Ma,为古元古代。通过对其岩石地球化学特征的分析,表明其花岗岩的源区成分为杂砂岩,部分熔融温度较高,且具有后碰撞阶段岩浆活动的特征。结合区域地质特征,该石榴花岗岩应是古元古代早期发生碰撞的阴山微陆块与鄂尔多斯微陆块由汇聚向伸展过渡,并伴随有玄武岩浆的底侵,高温的玄武质岩浆使地壳下部的杂砂岩在相对高温条件下(大于875℃)发生部分熔融的产物。  相似文献   

9.
大干沟花岗岩体位于东昆仑金水口地区,其岩石类型主要为中粗粒正长花岗岩。该花岗岩的SiO_2含量为68.68%~71.12%,平均含量为69.84%;Al_2O_3含量为14.01%~15.40%,平均含量为14.82%;K_2O/Na_2O值高,为1.19~1.64,平均为1.40;铝饱和指数A/CNK值为0.98~1.02,平均为1.00,具有准铝质-弱过铝质花岗岩的特点。岩石稀土元素总量较高,LREE元素富集,具有明显的Eu负异常,相对原始地幔明显富集U、Th,亏损Ti、P、Nb、Ta等高场强元素和Ba、Sr等大离子亲石元素,具有A型花岗岩的特征。花岗岩εNd(t)0,为-5.6~-7.3,tDM=1.54~2.27 Ga,表明其物源可能主要为中元古代物质(金水口群),LA-ICP-MS锆石εHf(t)=-2.2~2.6,显著不同于地壳岩浆的Hf同位素组成,显示有地幔物质添加。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为392±2 Ma(MSWD=1.14)。结合区域构造演化和上述地球化学特征,认为大干沟岩体为早古生代造山后伸展阶段的产物,是东昆南地体与东昆北地体碰撞后地幔岩浆上涌及地壳熔融的结果。  相似文献   

10.
张超  吴新伟  刘正宏  张渝金  郭威  权京玉 《岩石学报》2018,34(10):3137-3152
松嫩地块位于中亚造山带东段,该陆块是否具有前寒武纪结晶基底以及基底的规模和性质一直存在争议。我们在龙江地区识别出~1.8Ga的岩石,揭示了松嫩地块西缘古元古代结晶基底的存在。本文对其进行了岩石地球化学、锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年代学和Hf同位素研究,为探讨松嫩地块西缘古元古代晚期构造演化提供了重要信息。研究结果表明,马山二长花岗岩中的锆石大多具有清晰的振荡生长环带,结合较高的Th/U比值(1.30~2.64),表明其为岩浆成因,岩浆锆石的~(207)Pb/~(206)Pb加权平均年龄为1808±14Ma,形成于古元古代晚期;马山二长花岗岩具有富硅(Si O_2=69.50%~75.11%)、碱(K_2O+Na_2O=5.30%~8.69%)和铁(Fe O~T=2.86%~4.53%),贫钙(Ca O=0.46%~1.87%)、镁(MgO=0.25%~0.93%)的特征。稀土总量较高(∑REE=357.2×10~(-6)~587.1×10~(-6)),具强轻稀土分异((La/Yb)_N为12.2~17.6)和负Eu异常(δEu为0.27~0.77)的"燕式"稀土分配模式。大离子亲石元素Rb、Ba等富集,亏损HFSEs(Nb、Ta、Ti)和P、Sr等元素。结合岩石的Zr+Nb+Ce+Y(772.1×10~(-6)~911.1×10~(-6))和10000×Ga/Al比值(2.41~3.17)较高,全岩锆石饱和温度为891~940℃,暗示其为A型花岗岩,具造山后A_2型花岗岩的特征。马山二长花岗岩锆石ε_(Hf)(t)值介于-9.2~-2.8之间,t_(DM2)=2992~3520Ma,与华北板块北缘~1.8Ga岩浆岩具有相似的锆石Hf模式年龄。上述结果表明,马山A型花岗岩起源于幔源岩浆底侵作用引起的中-新太古代地壳岩石的部分熔融,证明陆壳已转入伸展拉张构造环境,是Columbia超级大陆裂解事件在松嫩地块西缘的响应。综合资料发现,松嫩地块已经发现的新太古代-中元古代的岩浆事件在华北克拉通都有同期的构造地质事件响应,初步认为松嫩地块与华北克拉通具有一定的亲缘性。  相似文献   

11.
Most sulfide-rich magmatic Ni-Cu-(PGE) deposits form in dynamic magmatic systems by partial melting S-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren to weakly-mineralized immiscible Fe sulfide xenomelts into which Ni-Cu-Co-PGE partition from the magma. Some exceptionally-thick magmatic Cr deposits may form by partial melting oxide-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of the miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren Fe ± Ti oxide xenocrysts into which Cr-Mg-V ± Ti partition from the magma. The products of these processes are variably preserved as skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles, which play important to critical roles in ore genesis, transport, localization, and/or modification. Incorporation of barren xenoliths/autoliths may induce small amounts of sulfide/chromite to segregate, but incorporation of sulfide xenomelts or oxide xenocrysts with dynamic upgrading of metal tenors (PGE > Cu > Ni > Co and Cr > V > Ti, respectively) is required to make significant ore deposits. Silicate xenomelts are only rarely preserved, but will be variably depleted in chalcophile and ferrous metals. Less dense felsic xenoliths may aid upward sulfide transport by increasing the effective viscosity and decreasing the bulk density of the magma. Denser mafic or metamorphosed xenoliths may also increase the effective viscosity of the magma, but may aid downward sulfide transport by increasing the bulk density of the magma. Sulfide wets olivine, so olivine xenocrysts may act as filter beds to collect advected finely dispersed sulfide droplets, but other silicates and xenoliths may not be wetted by sulfides. Xenovolatiles may retard settling of – or in some cases float – dense sulfide droplets. Reactions of sulfide melts with felsic country rocks may generate Fe-rich skarns that may allow sulfide melts to fractionate to more extreme Cu-Ni-rich compositions. Xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles are more likely to be preserved in cooler basaltic magmas than in hotter komatiitic magmas, and are more likely to be preserved in less dynamic (less turbulent) systems/domain/phases than in more dynamic (more turbulent) systems/domains/phases. Massive to semi-massive Ni-Cu-PGE and Cr mineralization and xenoliths are often localized within footwall embayments, dilations/jogs in dikes, throats of magma conduits, and the horizontal segments of dike-chonolith and dike-sill complexes, which represent fluid dynamic traps for both ascending and descending sulfides/oxides. If skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and/or xenovolatiles are present, they provide important constraints on ore genesis and they are valuable exploration indicators, but they must be included in elemental and isotopic mass balance calculations.  相似文献   

12.
Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km2 and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world.  相似文献   

13.
This article advances critical geographies of youth through examining the spatiality implicit in the imagined futures of young women in rural India. Geographers and other scholars of youth have begun to pay more attention to the interplay between young people’s past, present, and imagined futures. Within this emerging body of scholarship the role of the family and peer group in influencing young people’s orientations toward the future remain underexamined. Drawing on eleven months of ethnographic fieldwork, my research focuses on a first generation of college-going young women from socioeconomically marginalized backgrounds in India’s westernmost state of Gujarat. I draw on the “possible selves” theoretical construct in order to deploy a flexible conceptual framework that links imagined post-educational trajectories with motivation to act in the present. In tracing the physical movement of these young women as they navigate and complete college, my analysis highlights the ways in which particular kinds of spaces and spatial arrangements facilitate and limit intra- and inter-generational contact, and the extent to which this affects young women’s conceptions of the future. I conclude by considering the wider implications of my research for ongoing debates surrounding youth transitions, relational geographies of age, and education in the Global South.  相似文献   

14.
The contents of As, Cd, Cu, Cr, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn have been determined in sediment and water samples from Valle de las Garzas estuary and Port Manzanillo (Colima, Mexico) using ICP-AES. The concentrations of these elements were used for a comparative study to determine the distribution of heavy metals and to evaluate which elements reflect natural or anthropogenic backgrounds. For this purpose, seven sampling points were selected: Four of them correspond to the lagoon, and three were situated in the port. Statistical analysis of the mineral content was assessed. Initially, data comparison was assessed by statistical tests for each variable. Principal component analysis was then applied considering the influence of all variables at the same time by obtaining the distribution of samples according to their scores in the principal component space. In this way, four studies were carried out: (1) study of sediments collected during the dry season; (2) study of sediments collected during the rainy season; (3) comparative study between sediments from rainy and dry season; and (4) study of water composition collected during rainy season. From the results of the performed analyses, it can be concluded that metals distribution pattern reflected natural and anthropogenic backgrounds (e.g., sediments from the lagoon, situated at the beginning of the rain channel, presented high contents of Zn and Cu, perhaps related to anthropogenic activities or the influence of igneous sediments).  相似文献   

15.
16.
《Chemical Geology》2007,236(1-2):13-26
We examined the coprecipitation behavior of Ti, Mo, Sn and Sb in Ca–Al–Mg fluorides under two different fluoride forming conditions: at < 70 °C in an ultrasonic bath (denoted as the ultrasonic method) and at 245 °C using a Teflon bomb (denoted as the bomb method). In the ultrasonic method, small amounts of Ti, Mo and Sn coprecipitation were observed with 100% Ca and 100% Mg fluorides. No coprecipitation of Ti, Mo, Sn and Sb in Ca–Al–Mg fluorides occurred when the sample was decomposed by the bomb method except for 100% Ca fluoride. Based on our coprecipitation observations, we have developed a simultaneous determination method for B, Ti, Zr, Nb, Mo, Sn, Sb, Hf and Ta by Q-pole type ICP-MS (ICP-QMS) and sector field type ICP-MS (ICP-SFMS). 9–50 mg of samples with Zr–Mo–Sn–Sb–Hf spikes were decomposed by HF using the bomb method and the ultrasonic method with B spike. The sample was then evaporated and re-dissolved into 0.5 mol l 1 HF, followed by the removal of fluorides by centrifuging. B, Zr, Mo, Sn, Sb and Hf were measured by ID method. Nb and Ta were measured by the ID-internal standardization method, based on Nb/Mo and Ta/Mo ratios using ICP-QMS, for which pseudo-FI was developed and applied. When 100% recovery yields of Zr and Hf are expected, Nb/Zr and Ta/Hf ratios may also be used. Ti was determined by the ID-internal standardization method, based on the Ti/Nb ratio from ICP-SFMS. Only 0.053 ml sample solution was required for measurement of all 9 elements. Dilution factors of ≤ 340 were aspirated without matrix effects. To demonstrate the applicability of our method, 4 carbonaceous chondrites (Ivuna, Orgueil, Cold Bokkeveld and Allende) as well as GSJ and USGS silicate reference materials of basalts, andesites and peridotites were analyzed. Our analytical results are consistent with previous studies, and the mean reproducibility of each element is 1.0–4.6% for basalts and andesites, and 6.7–11% for peridotites except for TiO2.  相似文献   

17.
Partition coefficients of Hf,Zr, and REE between zircon,apatite, and liquid   总被引:25,自引:2,他引:25  
Concentration ratios of Hf, Zr, and REE between zircon, apatite, and liquid were determined for three igneous compositions: two andesites and a diorite. The concentration ratios of these elements between zircon and corresponding liquid can approximate the partition coefficient. Although the concentration ratios between apatite and andesite groundmass can be considered as partition coefficients, those for the apatite in the diorite may deviate from the partition coefficients. The HREE partition coefficients between zircon and liquid are very large (100 for Er to 500 for Lu), and the Hf partition coefficient is even larger. The REE partition coefficients between apatite and liquid are convex upward, and large (D=10–100), whereas the Hf and Zr partition coefficients are less than 1. The large differences between partition coefficients of Lu and Hf for zircon-liquid and for apatite-liquid are confirmed. These partition coefficients are useful for petrogenetic models involving zircon and apatite.  相似文献   

18.
Models have become so fashionable that many scientists and engineers cannot imagine working without them. The predominant use of computer codes to execute model calculations has blurred the distinction between code and model. The recent controversy regarding model validation has brought into question what we mean by a ‘model’ and by ‘validation.’ It has become apparent that the usual meaning of validation may be common in engineering practice and seems useful in legal practice but it is contrary to scientific practice and brings into question our understanding of science and how it can best be applied to such problems as hazardous waste characterization, remediation, and aqueous geochemistry in general. This review summarizes arguments against using the phrase model validation and examines efforts to validate models for high-level radioactive waste management and for permitting and monitoring open-pit mines. Part of the controversy comes from a misunderstanding of ‘prediction’ and the need to distinguish logical from temporal prediction. Another problem stems from the difference in the engineering approach contrasted with the scientific approach. The reductionist influence on the way we approach environmental investigations also limits our ability to model the interconnected nature of reality. Guidelines are proposed to improve our perceptions and proper utilization of models. Use of the word ‘validation’ is strongly discouraged when discussing model reliability.  相似文献   

19.
The shape of sedimentary particles may carry important information on their history. Current approaches to shape classification (e.g. the Zingg or the Sneed and Folk system) rely on shape indices derived from the measurement of the three principal axes of the approximating tri-axial ellipsoid. While these systems have undoubtedly proved to be useful tools, their application inevitably requires tedious and ambiguous measurements, also classification involves the introduction of arbitrarily chosen constants. Here we propose an alternative classification system based on the (integer) number of static equilibria. The latter are points of the surface where the pebble is at rest on a horizontal, frictionless support. As opposed to the Zingg system, our method relies on counting rather than measuring. We show that equilibria typically exist on two well-separated (micro and macro) scales. Equilibria can be readily counted by simple hand experiments, i.e. the new classification scheme is practically applicable. Based on statistical results from two different locations we demonstrate that pebbles are well mixed with respect to the new classes, i.e. the new classification is reliable and stable in that sense. We also show that the Zingg statistics can be extracted from the new statistics; however, substantial additional information is also available. From the practical point of view, E-classification is substantially faster than the Zingg method.  相似文献   

20.
Pools,riffles, and channelization   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
The addition of regularly spaced deeps (pools) and shallows (riffles) that provide a variety of flow conditions, areal sorting of stream-bed material, cover for wildlife, and a positive aesthetic experience, may be desirable in many channel projects. Such designs will reduce adverse environmental impacts of stream channel modifications. Analysis of variance for pool-to-pool spacing data suggests that there is no significant difference with respect to channel width between pools that form in natural streams and those in streams affected by a variety of human uses. Short of channelization, which changes the channel width, pools and riffles, within limits, are not particularly sensitive to environmental stress. Experiments in Gum Branch near Charlotte, North Carolina, support the hypothesis that channel form and process evolve in harmony and that manipulation of cross-channel morphology can influence the development of desired channel processes. Planned manipulation of its channel form induced Gum Branch to develop as desired. Morphologic stability consisting of incipient point bars, pools, and riffles was maintained over a period of high magnitude flood events, only to be degraded later by a wave of sediment derived from upstream construction and stream-bank failures. Thus, environmentally desirable channel morphology in urban streams cannot remain stable if changes in the sediment load or storm-water runoff exceed the limits of the stream's ability to make internal adjustments while maintaining morphologic stability.  相似文献   

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