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1.
大兴安岭北端漠河地区早古生代埃达克质岩特征及地质意义 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
笔者近期在大兴安岭北端漠河地区早古生代花岗岩的研究中发现了埃达克质岩,岩石类型主要为二长花岗岩及少量花岗闪长岩,岩石富K但相对略富钠（NaO/K2O＞1）,富SiO2;高Sr低Y、Yb,Sr/Y＞40;富集LREE,亏损重稀土元素,La/Yb＞20,Eu呈弱负异常或轻微正异常（δEu=0.71～1.1）.与典型的俯冲板片熔融形成的埃达克岩相比更为富硅和钾,属高钾钙碱性系列,具有低的Mg#（31.1～34.9）及不同于Ⅰ型埃达克岩的Nd、Sr同位素组成,属Ⅱ型埃达克质岩,推测形成于加厚的中基性下地壳的部分熔融.漠河早古生代埃达克岩的确认表明额尔古纳地块早古生代有过陆壳加厚过程,大陆发生过垂向的增生.同时在德尔布干成矿带中段的本区寻找与埃达克岩有关的斑岩型铜、金矿床是一个新的找矿方向. 相似文献
2.
冈底斯印支期造山事件:花岗岩类锆石U-Pb年代学和岩石成因证据 总被引：20，自引：0，他引：20
对冈底斯中部地区二云母花岗岩和花岗闪长岩进行了LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年、主量元素、微量元素和锆石Hf同位素组成的测定.结果表明,二云母花岗岩的岩浆结晶年龄为(205±1)Ma,岩石属于强过铝质花岗岩,A/CNK=1.16~1.20,K2O/Na2O=1.67~1.95.岩石富Rb、Th和U等元素,Eu/Eu*=0.29~0.41,(La/Yb)N=22.62~35.08.锆石εHf(t)=-12.4~-1.8.二云母花岗岩的岩浆产生于地壳中泥质岩类在无外来流体加入的情况下云母类矿物脱水反应所诱发的部分熔融作用,其岩石形成机制类似于喜马拉雅新生代淡色花岗岩.花岗闪长岩的岩浆结晶年龄为(202±1)Ma,岩石属于准铝质(A/CNK=0.96~0.98),K2O/Na2O=1.42~1.77,Eu/Eu*=0.54~0.65,(La/Yb)N=6.76~13.35.锆石εHf(t)=-8.2~-5.5.根据花岗闪长岩的地球化学特征和锆石Hf同位素组成,花岗闪长岩的岩浆来自于地壳中基性岩类的部分熔融.冈底斯印支晚期强过铝质花岗岩的确定,表明了冈底斯在印支晚期以前曾发生地壳的缩短与加厚作用,从而进一步明确了冈底斯印支早期的造山事件及冈底斯经历了多期造山作用的演化. 相似文献
3.
甘肃黑石山早古生代埃达克质岩的发现及其构造动力学意义 总被引：11，自引：6，他引：11
笔者近期在甘肃黑石山地区早古生代火成岩的研究中发现了埃达克质岩,埃达克质岩的岩石类型为奥长花岗岩、花岗闪长岩及花岗癍岩,侵入于北祁连东段的白银陆缘弧火山岩中。岩石具高Sr低Y,Sr／Y>40;富钠贫钾(Na2O／K2O>2), 富SiO,但含量变化不大;富集LREE,亏损重稀土元素,La／Yb>20,无Eu负异常或轻微正异常(δEu=1．0-1．19)。与典型的俯冲板块熔融的埃达克岩比较,黑石山埃达克质岩具有更高的SiO2含量和更低的MgO、Mg#(-46)、Cr(均11．6μg／g)、Ni(均 6．52μg／g),未显示出初始埃达克质熔体与地幔橄榄岩明显的交代过程,因而不大可能由俯冲板块直接熔融形成的;与中国东部燕山期高钾钙碱性埃达克岩相比,具有较高的Na2O(Na2O>4．0％;Na2O／K2O=1．97-2．59),但类似Cordilera Blanca岩基的(非板片熔融成因的埃达克质岩),推测形成于加厚的陆缘弧中基性下地壳的部分熔融。黑石山埃达克质岩的发现表明, 在早古生代晚期,北祁连东段经历了洋盆闭合、板块碰撞、陆缘弧地壳加厚、玄武质岩浆底侵作用及下地壳再造作用的构造演化过程。同时指出,在本区寻找与埃达克质岩有关的斑岩型铜、金矿可能是一个新的有希望的找矿方向。 相似文献
4.
王安镇岩体岩石地球化学特征及成因探讨 总被引：14，自引：14，他引：14
王安镇岩体是我国东部太行山-大兴安岭中生代构造岩浆带中规模最大、岩石类型最多的代表性岩体之一,该岩体由早期、主期和晚期三期岩石组成。本文通过对王安镇岩体三期岩石主量元素、稀土元素、微量元素和Sr、Nd、Pb同位素的系统研究,发现该岩体主期岩石(花岗闪长岩、二长花岗岩和少量石英闪长岩)具有与埃达克岩类似的独持的岩石地球化学特征:SiO_2≥56％,Al_2O_3≥15％,低Y(4.20～12.68μg/g)而高Sr(518～861μg/g)和Sr/Y值(60.19～178.10),LREE强烈富集(La/Yb)_N=34.06～76.91,HREE强烈亏损Yb=0.44～1.00,Sr、Eu无明显异常,高场强元素(如Nb,Hf和Ti)相对亏损,I_(Sr)值为0.7060,ε_(Nd)(t)均为负值(-16.29～-14.27),ε_(Sr)(t)均为正值(+23.7～+25.0),应属于埃达克质岩,但又与俯冲板片熔融形成的埃达克岩的地球化学组成明显不同,推测可能是由于晚中生代区域内热地幔物质是“蘑菇云”状上涌,使热侵蚀面抬升到地壳底部,导致玄武质下地壳在高压下发生部分熔融的产物。而早期和晚期岩石则属于非埃达克质岩,早期为基-中性岩石(角闪石岩、辉长岩和闪长岩),富Mg、Fe,LREE富集,Eu呈正异常,富集相容元素而亏损不相容元素,I_(Sr)=为0.7056,ε_(Nd)(t)=-16.72～-10.92,推测是华北地台岩石圈富集地幔部分熔融的产物, 相似文献
5.
文中研究了北祁连东段冷龙岭地区毛藏寺岩体和黄羊河岩体的年代学、地球化学和Sr-Nd同位素组成。毛藏寺岩体主要岩石类型为花岗闪长岩。锆石U-Pb定年获得花岗闪长岩岩浆结晶年龄为(424±4)Ma。花岗闪长岩具有高的Mg#(约55),K2O/Na2O=0.77～0.91,A/CNK=0.92～0.94,表明岩石属准铝质。在微量元素组成上,花岗闪长岩富集LILE、亏损HFSE,轻重稀土分异明显[(La/Yb)N=16.9～19.5],具有弱的Eu负异常(Eu/Eu*=0.75～0.83);花岗闪长岩具有ISr=0.706 3～0.706 5,εNd(t)=-1.5～-1.1,TDM=1.10～1.16Ga。这些地球化学特征和Sr-Nd同位素组成表明,花岗闪长岩岩浆源区为基性下地壳变玄武质岩石,但在成岩过程中有少量幔源物质的加入。黄羊河岩体主要由钾长花岗岩组成,其岩浆结晶年龄为(402±4)Ma。岩石富碱(K2O+Na2O=6.91‰～7.66%),K2O/Na2O>1,A/CNK=0.97～1.05。钾长花岗岩富集LILE及HFSE,轻重稀土元素分馏中等[(La/Yb)N=10.6～17.8],并具有明显的负Eu异常(Eu/Eu*=0.43～0.68),表明钾长花岗岩具有铝质A型花岗岩的地球化学特征。钾长花岗岩具有ISr=0.710 3～0.711 3,εNd(t)=-6.7～-6.0,TDM=1.46～1.55Ga,反映岩浆主要来自地壳中长英质物质的部分熔融。冷龙岭地区花岗岩类的岩石成因及其岩浆演化揭示了北祁连山造山带从加里东早期的挤压构造体制向加里东晚期的伸展构造体制的演化。这些花岗岩类形成于碰撞后构造背景,岩浆的产生可能与俯冲的北祁连洋板片的断离作用有密切联系。 相似文献
6.
俯冲陆壳部分熔融形成埃达克质岩浆 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
在岛弧背景，埃达克质岩浆形成于俯冲洋壳板片的部分熔融已得到共识，但在大陆碰撞背景，埃达克质岩浆是否形成于俯冲陆壳的部分熔融尚未有研究报导。对祁连山东南部关山花岗岩（229 Ma）的地球化学和岩石成因研究提供了俯冲陆壳部分熔融形成埃达克质岩浆的一个实例。关山花岗岩以高K（K2O=4.12%~5.16%，K2O/Na2O=0.97~1.64）、高Sr/Y比值（13.6~84.1）、低Y （6.8×10-6 ~15.7×10-6 ）和低HREE（eg. Yb=0.62×10-6~1.31×10-6）为特征，并具有强分异的稀土元素组成模式[（La/Yb）N=17.5~41.6]和演化的Sr-Nd同位素组成[初始87Sr/86Sr=0.70587~0.70714, εNd（t）=-10.9~-5.16, tDM=1.10~1.49 Ga]。这些地球化学特征表明关山花岗岩属于大陆型（C型）埃达克质岩石，而明显不同于俯冲洋壳板片或底侵玄武质下地壳部分熔融形成的埃达克岩。关山花岗岩Pb-Sr-Nd同位素组成与商丹断裂北侧的祁连山前寒武纪基底岩石、早古生代火山岩和花岗岩类存在显著差异，但类似于商丹断裂南侧秦岭早中生代花岗岩类的Pb-Sr-Nd同位素组成，由此认为具有埃达克质的关山花岗岩的岩浆来自于南部俯冲陆壳物质的部分熔融，并提出了大陆碰撞背景中埃达克质岩浆产生的一个新的地质模型。 相似文献
7.
松潘造山带马尔康强过铝质花岗岩的成因及其构造意义 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
松潘造山带广泛出露印支期后碰撞型花岗岩类,其中包括埃达克质花岗岩类、A型花岗岩和I型花岗岩,但目前人们对该区印支期强过铝质花岗岩尚未有深入的研究.松潘造山带马尔康花岗岩属于强过铝质花岗岩(A/CNK=1.10～1.20),其岩石类型主要为中粒二云母花岗岩和中细粒二云母花岗岩.利用LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年方法,获得中粒二云母花岗岩的岩浆结晶年龄为208±2Ma,中细粒二云母花岗岩的岩浆结晶年龄为200±2Ma.马尔康强过铝质花岗岩K2O/Na2O=1.13～1.75,富Rb、Th和U,贫Sr、Ba、Co和Ni等元素;稀土元素组成上显示存在强到中等的负Eu异常(Eu/Eu*=0.15～0.65);全岩初始87Sr/86Sr比值(ISr)为0.70712～0.71137,εNd(t)=-10.36～-8.43,锆石εHf(t)=-11.8～-1.1.地球化学和Sr-Nd-Hf同位素组成一致表明,它们的岩浆来自于地壳物质的部分熔融,其中中粒二云母花岗岩的源岩类型主要为地壳中的泥质岩类,而中细粒二云母花岗岩的源岩主要为地壳中的杂砂岩类.结合松潘带的地质背景、区域构造-岩浆事件及其岩浆岩的组合分析,印支期岩石圈... 相似文献
8.
北淮阳中生代adakite岩石地球化学特征及成因讨论 总被引：18，自引：9，他引：18
大别山造山带后缘的北淮阳带发育大面积的中生代岩浆岩.其中,晚侏罗世至早白垩世早期(150～130Ma)的岩体具有与adakite类似的地球化学特征,SiO2＞56%,高铝(SiO2＞70%时,A12O3≥15%)、高锶(Sr＞400μg/g)、钠质(Na2O3.34%～4.75%,Na2O/K2O＞1)、低Y和Yb(Y≤18μg/g),Sr/Y＞20～40,La/Yb＞20,Eu无明显异常,Sr正异常.Adakite岩石类型为(石英)闪长岩、二长闪长岩-花岗闪长岩-二长花岗岩-花岗岩.矿物成分以更长石、微斜长石或正长石、镁质黑云母、石英为主,副矿物为磁铁矿+榍石+锆石+磷灰石组合,岩石含富云质和闪长质包体,属Ⅰ型花岗岩类.而早白垩世晚期＜130Ma的岩体,属A型花岗岩,为非adakites花岗岩类.北淮阳adakites的形成可能与底侵到下地壳的玄武质岩石部分熔融有关,部分熔融比例在10%～＞20%,并且在岩浆演化中有AFC过程. 相似文献
9.
园包山晚古生代花岗岩位于内蒙古额济纳旗园包山一带,其岩体特征对红石山蛇绿岩带属性及北山北带的构造演化的重建具有重要意义。通过LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb同位素测年,确定园包山复式岩基中花岗闪长岩、二长花岗岩、奥长花岗岩的年龄分别为317.1±3.1、314.8±2.7和313.7±2.3 Ma,均属晚石炭世。岩石地球化学分析表明,园包山花岗岩高硅(SiO_2=67.77%～73.00%)、富钠(K_2O/Na_2O1),A/CNK=0.95～1.13,属偏铝到弱过铝质,富集大离子亲石元素(Rb、Ba、Th、K),亏损高场强元素(Ta、Nb、P、Ti),具有中等强度的负铕异常(δEu=0.46～0.65),呈现出岛弧环境的岩石地球化学特征。其中奥长花岗岩与花岗闪长岩、二长花岗岩又有所不同,岩石样品富硅,具非常弱的负铕异常(δEu=0.81～0.99),高Sr/Y和La/Yb,在Sr/Y-Y图上落入埃达克岩区域。上述特征差异暗示两者具有不同的源区。综合区域地质资料来看,晚石炭世早期研究区南侧红石山洋向北俯冲启动了这次大规模构造岩浆活动,形成了具岛弧性质的园包山花岗岩复式岩基,其中具埃达克质特征的奥长花岗岩来源于俯冲的洋板块的部分熔融,暗示红石山洋可能属较为年轻的热洋壳。 相似文献
10.
西藏冈底斯东部门巴地区晚白垩世埃达克质岩的岩石成因 总被引：8，自引：4，他引：4
本文首次报道了西藏冈底斯东部门巴地区晚白垩世花岗闪长岩的岩石学、锆石U-Pb定年和Hf同位素、全岩元素与Sr-Nd同位素地球化学数据。门巴花岗闪长岩锆石U-Pb定年结果为88.3Ma。花岗闪长岩的SiO2含量为66.4%～68.5%,K2O含量为3.1%～4.1%,A/CNK为0.90～0.99,属于高钾钙碱性准铝质岩石。岩石强烈富集轻稀土元素,(La/Yb)N为25.3～46.6,具弱的负Eu异常(δEu=0.83～0.91),高Sr(725×10-6～766×10-6)、高Sr/Y比值(Sr/Y=52.2～65.2),具有埃达克岩的特征,本文称之为门巴埃达克质岩石。门巴埃达克质岩石εNd(t)值为-4.1～-4.3,(87Sr/86Sr)t值为0.70671～0.70672。εHf(t)范围为-3.4～-1.2,Hf同位素地壳模式年龄为tCDM=1.2～1.4Ga。结合门巴埃达克质岩的主、微量元素、同位素以及含有闪长质包体等特征,判断门巴埃达克质岩石主要来源于古老下地壳物质的部分熔融,可能是来源于下地壳物质的熔体与幔源岩浆(如底侵的玄武岩浆)发生混合作用的结果。通过与在南冈底斯发现的埃达克岩的成因及地球动力学背景的对比,本文认为新特提斯洋洋脊俯冲作用不仅为镁铁质下地壳的熔融提供了能量,而且在岩浆形成演化过程中也起到了重要作用。 相似文献
11.
S. Viswanathan K. Surya Prakash Rao B. Mahabaleswar 《Journal of the Geological Society of India》2013,82(6):621-627
Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours. 相似文献
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奥地利安东帕有限公司 《岩矿测试》2009,28(3):306-306
最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提 相似文献
14.
E. M. Prasolov S. A. Sergeev B. V. Belyatsky E. S. Bogomolov K. A. Gruzdov I. N. Kapitonov R. Sh. Krymsky V. O. Khalenev 《Geochemistry International》2018,56(1):46-64
This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (3He/4He, 40Ar/36Ar, 34S/32S, 65Cu/63Cu, 62Ni/60Ni, 87Sr/86Sr, 143Nd/144Nd, 206–208Pb/204Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others. 相似文献
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Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance. 相似文献
17.
岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率 总被引：1，自引：3，他引：1
在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。 相似文献
18.
Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources. 相似文献
19.
滇东南锡、银、铅、锌多金属矿床主要分布在个旧、白牛厂、都龙3个矿区,而滇东南较大的3个花岗岩体又分别出露在3个矿区或附近.花岗岩体均形成于燕山晚期,岩石化学、矿物成分相似,富含锡、银、铅、锌、钨、铜等成矿元素.矿床主金属元素组合与岩体之间的距离由远而近出现由锡、钨、(铍、铌、钽)→锡、钨、(铁)、铜、铟→锡、铅、锌、银、铟、(锑)有规律的变化.花岗岩浆是成矿物质来源和成矿热源.岩浆侵入初期使上覆地层隆起产生背斜(凹陷部位成向斜);同时使地层产生一系列裂隙、压性断层或层间断裂;岩浆侵入晚期,这些断层再次活动,表现为张性,岩浆产生的含矿热液沿由其活动所造成的断裂迁移、充填、交代、沉淀而形成矿床. 相似文献
20.
Alexander E. C. Broberg J. S. Kehren A. R. Graziani M. M. Turri W. L. 《Environmental Geology》1993,22(4):353-361
Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×106 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m3 of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes. 相似文献