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1.
中国淡水湖泊沉积物地球化学背景与环境质量基准建立的思考 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用中国150余个淡水湖泊表层沉积物和深层沉积物的地球化学数据,采用中位数绝对中位差的方法统计获得了中国主要淡水湖泊沉积物的As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb、Zn、TN、TP、TOC及pH的地球化学背景值,为我国湖泊沉积物环境质量基准的建立和湖泊生态环境质量监管提供了重要依据。统计结果表明,我国表层湖泊沉积物中的As、Cd、Hg等重金属元素以及TP、TOC等发生了显著富集,显示出强烈的人类活动对湖泊沉积物环境质量的改变。在探讨国外环境质量基准值对我国淡水湖泊沉积物环境质量评价适应性的基础上,提出直接采用国外相关标准还不能客观评价我国湖泊沉积物的污染程度和生态风险,应充分考虑我国湖泊沉积物的地球化学背景,建立适应我国情况的沉积物环境质量基准。 相似文献
2.
依据对辽东湾北部表层沉积物样品化验结果，分析了工作区浅海铅元素分布特征，并探讨其环境生态效应.结果表明：辽东湾北部浅海沉积物中铅含量13.9×10-6~344×10-6，平均含量28.4×10-6.存在形态主要为残渣态、铁锰氧化态和碳酸盐结合态.分布特点为西高东低，异常突出并且集中分布于锦州湾西南部.异常源主要为锌厂排污，及其他工业生产的污水、烟尘排放所致.该异常区的环境质量属三类及超三类沉积物，面积约12 km2，占研究区总面积的0.36%.通过与生物效应数据库法导出的沉积物质量基准值（ERL/ERM和TEL/PEL）的比较，锦州湾有3件样品铅的潜在生物毒性较大，不利生物效应可能频繁发生. 相似文献
3.
依据对辽东湾北部表层沉积物样品化验结果,分析了工作区浅海铅元素分布特征,并探讨其环境生态效应.结果表明：辽东湾北部浅海沉积物中铅含量13.9×10-6~344×10-6,平均含量28.4×10-6.存在形态主要为残渣态、铁锰氧化态和碳酸盐结合态.分布特点为西高东低,异常突出并且集中分布于锦州湾西南部.异常源主要为锌厂排污,及其他工业生产的污水、烟尘排放所致.该异常区的环境质量属三类及超三类沉积物,面积约12 km2,占研究区总面积的0.36%.通过与生物效应数据库法导出的沉积物质量基准值（ERL/ERM和TEL/PEL）的比较,锦州湾有3件样品铅的潜在生物毒性较大,不利生物效应可能频繁发生. 相似文献
4.
《吉林大学学报(地球科学版)》2015,(Z1)
<正>沉积物作为水环境的主要组成部分,其质量评价对水环境的生态风险评价和管理至关重要。生物测试直观地显示沉积物是否具有毒性效应,而且有多种效应终点的选择,比如非专一性的致死性、生长抑制生物标志物等。相对大量开展的沉积物急性毒性研究,对痕量污染物可能引起的水生生物的慢性毒性的研究相对较少。然而,在相对污染较低的淡水湖泊与河道中,应用慢性毒性测试更具有现实意义。例如,前期实验结果表明,淡水湖泊沉积物对摇蚊幼虫的急性毒性测试结果与参考位点无显著性差异。因此,评价该类沉积物对底栖生物的毒性效应,尤其是长期的低剂量的污染物暴露后所引起的生物效应,需进行慢性毒 相似文献
5.
6.
湖泊沉积物中重金属的环境地球化学 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
概要地回顾了近年来国内外湖泊沉积物中重金属环境污染方面的研究成果。介绍了湖相沉积物重金属研究的主要内容、方法和可能的发展方向。认为就重金属成因方面应加强区分其主要来源是岩石和矿物风化的碎屑产物、大气降尘、人类活动等的研究；重金属污染方面更应重视污染物质的生物有效性、迁移转化机理和重金属“二次污染”的研究；研究手段上，注重运用同住素示踪与定年技术来研究重金属的来源和污染历史，应用高分辨率沉积物钻心研究环境的变迁。最后提出加强多学科的综合研究，建立中国湖泊基准数据库，为探讨湖泊湿地的可持续发展提供依据。 相似文献
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8.
长江口吴淞-浏河滨岸带沉积物AVS和SEM含量的空间分布特征 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
对长江口吴淞-浏河滨岸带37个站位沉积物中酸可挥发性硫化物（AVS）和同时可提取态重金属（SEM）含量及其空间分布特征进行了研究。结果表明,SEM在37个站位沉积物中浓度范围为0．20～1．37μmol／g,平均值为0．74μmol／g;AVS的浓度范围为0．20—0．80μmol／g,平均值为0．23μmol／g;沉积物中AVS含量与总有机碳（TOC）和含水率呈显著正相关关系,而SEM分别与TOC和含水率呈显著正相关关系,与沉积物中值粒径呈显著负相关关系。依据SEM／AVS比值评价方法以及美国EPA（SEM—AVS）差值评价方法对沉积物中重金属的生物有效性的判断表明,除了B2站点无显著生物毒性外,吴淞-浏河滨岸带沉积物中重金属对水生生物均处于中等毒性水平。 相似文献
9.
内陆水体(湖泊、水库、沼泽、河流)和河口海洋等底部,广泛且连续分布着沉积物质,在其形成过程中受自然和人类活动影响,具有与污染物有关的环境意义和特征.中国区域差异大,环境问题较为突出,经过近几十年来围绕沉积物环境和污染控制开展的研究,我国相关成果不断涌现.首先介绍了国际上有关沉积物环境的若干里程碑性研究,回顾了前70年我国沉积物研究的发展历程.然后侧重于与人为活动有关的环境污染,分别从沉积物环境和污染控制修复两个方面,总结和归纳了近20年来中国在沉积物水环境中的作用及效应、污染物在沉积物-水界面环境行为与影响因素、沉积物生态风险与质量基准、污染沉积物的原位修复、污染沉积物疏浚及异位处置利用等方面的主要研究进展,评述了其中一些研究成果的联系和差异.最后对我国沉积物环境研究中存在的问题进行了分析,提出关于多学科交叉、复合污染、新兴/非传统污染物、质量基准、治理技术创新等几个亟需和深入开展研究的科学和技术问题,给出了解决的思路和途径,并进行了展望. 相似文献
10.
太湖入湖河道沉积物中生物利用磷和营养水平分析 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
为了解太湖入湖河道的营养状况,研究了太湖西部河流沉积物生物利用磷的组成与分布。研究结果显示,北部沉积物中营养元素较高,南部较低;沉积物中生物利用磷的含量次序为藻类可利用磷(AAP)>NaHCO3提取磷(OLP)>水溶性磷(WSP)>易解吸磷(RDP),其中AAP是重要的生物利用磷,AAP的比例越高,富营养化程度越高。AAP与营养元素的相关性在不同区域河道有所不同,北部河道与总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)相关性较好,中部和南部河道与沉积物有机质总量(TOM)相关性较好。沉积物的生物利用磷受不同污染源影响较大。对比河道沉积物与湖泊沉积物的特征,发现湖泊沉积物中生物利用磷(BAP)/总磷(TP)、藻类可利用磷(AAP)/总磷(TP)都高于河道沉积物,表明湖泊沉积物中的磷更容易被植物吸收。 相似文献
11.
Instream, overbank and cut riverbank exposures along the East Branch of the Finniss River downstream of Rum Jungle Mine, Northern Territory have been analysed for their total metal concentrations using instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA). Concentration values for the < 62.5 μm and bulk sample fractions are compared to Australian sediment quality guidelines values (ANZECC/ARMCANZ, 2000). The results reveal that channel and overbank environments are contaminated with heavy metals, with many samples exceeding the low and high sediment guidelines values. The < 62.5 μm fraction is consistently more contaminated than bulk samples as are instream environments compared to adjacent overbank environments. Metal concentrations are strongly correlated to sediment pH and Fe values, suggesting that these variables are significant in controlling the spatial distribution of sediment-associated metals. The strong positive correlation between sediment-associated metals and Fe is probably related to the process of metal sequestration by Fe (and Mn) oxyhydroxides. The spatial distribution of sediment-associated metals downstream of the Rum Jungle Mine site does not display a simple distance–metal concentration decay pattern. It is suggested that the non-uniform spatial distribution of sediment-associated metals is a function of local, reach-scale variations in channel geometry and geomorphology, which control sediment storage and transfer patterns. In cut riverbank exposures the vertical of metals distribution is non-uniform and probably reflects differential metal mobility. Despite rehabilitation of the mine site in the 1980s, the elevated sediment-associated metal concentrations that remain within the East Branch of the Finniss River system are likely to render the system contaminated for the foreseeable future and limit the potential for the full recovery of aquatic and terrestrial flora and fauna. 相似文献
12.
Metal pollution assessment and multivariate analysis in sediment of Anzali international wetland 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
Anzali international wetland located in southwestern Caspian Sea coast is one of the most important wetlands of Iran from environmental and ecological points of view. Metal concentrations (Cu, Zn, Cr, Fe, Mn, Pb, Ni, Cd, and Li) in 41 surface sediment samples from Anzali wetland were determined. Assessment of ecological risk of sediment samples as well as their degree of contamination revealed considerable ecological risk and moderate degree of contamination in eastern part of the study area. Multivariate statistical analyses were used to identify metal content relationship and their origin. Higher enrichment factors of Cd, Pb, and Zn exhibited probable effects on human activities. Based on sediment quality guidelines (SQGs), moderate potential toxicity levels of sediment samples were identified. A new sediment quality index named sediment toxicity degree was developed based on the results of the multivariate statistical analysis to assess metal toxicity in surface sediments of aquatic systems. Results showed higher sensitivity of the new index (STd) to assess toxic effect of heavy metals on sediments and better capability to differentiate zones with different levels of risk within the study area than that of some other indices such as SQG-Q. 相似文献
13.
A. V. Arakel 《Australian Journal of Earth Sciences》2013,60(4):335-369
Sediment at the sediment‐water interface of natural and man‐made waterways forms an integral part of the ecosystem because it is affected by a continuous flux of physical, chemical and biological components between the sediment, interstitial water and the overlying water column. Aquatic sediments contain records of past and present urban and rural runoff, chemical discharges and spills. In recent years sediment quality has received increasing attention following identification of the role of sediment as both a sink for pollutants and as a contaminant source with potential impacts on the quality of receiving waters. Research has indicated that the processes leading to remobilization of contaminated sediments in upstream reaches of a waterway may, through time, exert a significant influence on water quality in the downstream reaches. This, together with the cumulative effects due to contaminant input from point and non‐point source discharges, have dramatic effects on water quality and thus on ecosystem structure and functioning. The problems associated with elevated concentrations of many hazardous organic and inorganic compounds have resulted in the establishment of aquatic sediment quality criteria and management guidelines in many overseas countries, with the objectives being the reduction and elimination of adverse environmental effects and human health risks associated with contaminated sediments. Whereas more than 70% of the Australian population is clustered around the coastal waterways, little is known about the role of sediments as a repository of environmental pollutants and/or as a source of adverse impacts on water quality and the health of our rivers. The paucity of knowledge on the quality of aquatic sediment highlights the need for the development of coherent guidelines for sediment quality assessment and management of contaminated sites, which are consistent with Australian environmental conditions and land use features. A comparative evaluation of sediment quality information from eight coastal rivers along the east coast of Australia, presented in this paper, indicates the possibility for establishing a framework for regional sediment quality assessment. This may be achievable by using textural and compositional attributes of bottom sediments in depositional areas to develop databases on the loading and concentration trends of nutrients and contaminants. Regional variability in sediment quality determinants are shown to reflect the influence of catchment hydrology, lithology and land use on nutrient and contaminant concentration trends. Locally, the loading and partitioning behaviour of sediment‐bound contaminants is largely controlled by the nature and the extent of interactions occurring at the sediment‐water interface within individual depositional units. The concept of ‘Sediment Effect Zone’ is introduced to provide a compartmental approach to the characterization of aquatic sediments and depositional environments in different hydrologic zones. This approach offers a rational basis for follow‐up chemical and biological assessments to establish sediment quality standards and management guidelines. Because of the complex influences of environmental, methodological and statistical factors on defining the sediment variability, the need for implementing proper quality control measures from early stages of design of a sediment quality assessment program is highlighted. 相似文献
14.
To use bioassessments to help diagnose or identify the specific environmental stressors affecting estuaries, we need a better
understanding of the relationships among sediment chemistry guidelines, ambient toxicity tests, and community metrics. However,
this relationship is not simple because metrics generally assess the responses at the community level of biological organization
whereas sediment guidelines and ambient toxicity tests generally assess or are based on the responses at the organism level.
The relationship may be further complicated by the influence of other chemical and physical variables that affect the bioavailability
and toxicity of chemical contaminants in the environment. Between 1990 and 1993, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
(USEPA) conducted an Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP) survey of estuarine sites in the Virginian Province
of the eastern United States. The surveys collected data on benthic assemblages, physical and chemical habitat characteristics,
and sediment chemistry and toxicity. We characterized these estuarine sites as affected by sediment contamination based on
the exceedence of sediment guidelines or on ambient sediment toxicity tests (i.e., 10-day Ampelisca abdita survival). Then, benthic invertebrate metrics were compared among affected and unaffected sites to identify metrics sensitive
to the contamination. A number of benthic invertebrate metrics differed between groups of sites segregated using the organism-level
measures whereas other metrics did not. The difference among metrics appears to depend on the sensitivity of the individual
metrics to the stressor gradient represented by metals or persistent organic toxics in sediments because the insensitive metrics
do not effectively quantify the changes in the benthic invertebrate assemblage associated with these stressors. The significant
relationships suggest that a relationship exists between the organism-level effects assessed by chemistry or ambient toxicity
tests and the community-level effects assessed by community metrics and that the organism-level effects are predictive, to
some extent, of community-level effects. 相似文献
15.
Stormwater contamination of urban estuaries. 1. Predicting the build-up of heavy metals in sediments
Many coastal cities are situated around estuaries, which act as traps for urban-derived contamination. To investigate urban development options, to help manage the urbanization process, and to set priorities for retrofitting urban stormwater controls, a model was developed to predict the build-up of contaminants (Pb, Zn, and Cu) in the sediments of sheltered estuaries. This model broadly integrates processes occurring in the estuary and predicts the distribution of sediment-associated contaminants throughout the estuary. It is based on yields of suspended sediment and contaminants from developing and mature catchments and is applicable to shallow, sheltered estuaries and harbors that have accumulated fine sediments. The information required to develop and run the model, and the sensitivity of the model to variation in its parameters, is described in detail. 相似文献
16.
Sydney Harbour is surrounded by a large capital city of about four million people and its highly urbanised (86%) catchment supports a substantial industrial base and an extensive transport infrastructure. Large commercial and naval ports occupy the waterway and the harbour is an important recreational area. Surficial sediment in Sydney Harbour contains high concentrations of PCBs, HCB, total chlordane, total DDT, aldrin, dieldrin, heptachlor and heptachlor‐epoxide, but low concentrations of lindane. PCBs, total chlordane, and to a lesser extent dieldrin, are most elevated in sediment in creeks on the southern shores of the harbour suggesting sources within older, highly urbanised/industrialised catchments of western‐central Sydney. There are high concentrations of total DDT and HCB in sediments of the upper harbour and Homebush Bay suggesting that chemical industries on the shores of the estuary in this area are sources of these contaminants. Although no sediment quality guidelines apply in Australia, empirically derived biological effects criteria suggest that sediment over extensive areas of Sydney Harbour may have an adverse impact on biota. Especially of concern are sediments containing high concentrations of chlordane and DDT. 相似文献
17.
An evaluation of trace metal distribution, enrichment factors and risk in sediments of a coastal lagoon (Ria de Aveiro, Portugal) 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
M. Ramiro Pastorinho Trevor C. Telfer António J. A. Nogueira Amadeu M. V. M. Soares James F. Ranville 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2012,67(7):2043-2052
This paper describes a sediment survey undertaken to unravel patterns of distribution and dispersion of trace metals in an Iberian Peninsula northwestern coastal lagoon (Ria de Aveiro). Cadmium, lead, chromium, copper and zinc were analyzed in bottom sediments. Geochemical normalization is performed and two different regression models for each metal versus aluminum are tested and compared using the respective enrichment factors (EF), an estimation of the relative importance of anthropogenic contributions to the studied sediments. Mean sediment quality guideline quotients (mSQGQ) are used to evaluate sediment quality and associated potential risk to biota with effects range low as empirical sediment quality guideline (SQG) in the basis for mSQGQ calculation. Additionally, the geoaccumulation index is calculated to compare studied sediment levels to global baseline levels. The application of SQGs revealed insufficient characterization capability, especially when contrasted to EF calculated from the regression methods. These pointed a mildly enriched system with localized ??hot spot?? areas. Therefore, it can be considered that bottom sediments in the Ria de Aveiro system are in their majority unpolluted, zinc being the only metal of concern, presenting enrichment in all four main channels. The major rivers outlets (Caster, Antu?, and Vouga) constitute point sources, thus presenting potential risk for biota. Yet, the strong tidal influence creates a damping effect by efficiently redistributing sediment bound metals. 相似文献
18.
Amir Karimian Torghabeh Nuno Pimentel Ashkan Jahandari Guangli Wang 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2018,77(19):700
This study concerns the mineralogy, spatial distribution and sources of nine heavy metals in surface sediments of the Maharlou saline lake, close to the Shiraz metropolis in southern Iran. The sources for these sediments were studied by comparing the mineralogy and the distribution of heavy metals, using multivariate statistical analysis (correlation analysis and principal component analysis). The geochemical indices, including geo-accumulation index (Igeo), contamination factor (CF) and pollution load index (PLI), were used to assess the degree of heavy metal contamination in surface sediments. Sediment quality guidelines (SQGs) have also been applied to assess its toxicity. The XRD analysis shows that the main minerals of the surface sediments are aragonite, calcite, halite and quartz, with small amounts of montmorillonite, dolomite and sepiolite. The total heavy metal contents in surface sediments decrease in order of Sr?>?Ni?>?Cr?>?Zn?>?Cu?>?Co?>?Pb?>?As >?Cd and the average concentrations of Sr, Ni and As exceeded more than 10, 5 and 3 times, respectively, by comparing with the normalized upper continental crust (UCC) values. The results of pollution indices (Igeo, CF and PLI) revealed that strontium (Sr), nickel (Ni) and arsenic (As) were significantly enriched in those sediments. Based on the sediment quality guidelines (SQGs), Ni would infrequently cause toxicity. Multivariate statistical analysis indicated that the Ni, Co and Cr came mainly from natural geological background sources, while Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn were derived from urban effluents (especially traffic emissions) and As originated from agriculture activities. Significant relationships of Sr with S, CaO and MgO in sediments suggest that Sr was derived from carbonate- and gypsum-bearing catchment source host rocks. 相似文献
19.
S. N. Bramha A. K. Mohanty K. K. Satpathy K. V. Kanagasabapathy S. Panigrahi M. K. Samantara M. V. R. Prasad 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2014,72(11):4463-4472
Socioeconomic developments and industrialization exert tremendous impact on beaches which is often neglected. Heavy metal (Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb) contents were estimated in the intertidal region from Kalpakkam to Mamallapuram (20 km), southeast coast of India covering seven locations. To evaluate the level of contamination of these metals; enrichment factor (EF), geoaccumulation index (I geo), contamination factor (CF), pollution load index (PLI) and modified degree of contamination (mCd) were applied. The results were also compared with the sediment quality guidelines (SQGs) to find out the eco-toxicity level. Metal contents in the beach sediment were observed in the order: Fe > Al > Mn > Cr > Cu > Ni > Zn > Pb > Co > Cd. Grain size distribution showed medium to coarse nature of the sediment. Significant positive correlation was found among the metals indicating their common source of input. Based on EF, minor enrichment of Mn and Zn and moderately severe to severe enrichment of Cr, Cu, Pb and Cd were observed which was further confirmed by I geo and CF values. Moreover, Mamallapuram showed a very high CF value for Cd (>6) indicating very high contamination accountable to anthropogenic sources. PLI and mCd in all the stations indicated unpolluted nature except M1 where the values pointed moderate degree of contamination. As per the SQGs, Ni and Cr values exceeded the probable effect limit value implying that these metals can have adverse impacts. None of the metals exceeded the effect range median indicating that the beach sediment is not very toxic. 相似文献
20.
《Applied Geochemistry》2003,18(2):195-220
Samples of fine-grained channel bed sediment and overbank floodplain deposits were collected along the main channels of the Rivers Aire (and its main tributary, the River Calder) and Swale, in Yorkshire, UK, in order to investigate downstream changes in the storage and deposition of heavy metals (Cr, Cu, Pb, Zn), total P and the sum of selected PCB congeners, and to estimate the total storage of these contaminants within the main channels and floodplains of these river systems. Downstream trends in the contaminant content of the <63 μm fraction of channel bed and floodplain sediment in the study rivers are controlled mainly by the location of the main sources of the contaminants, which varies between rivers. In the Rivers Aire and Calder, the contaminant content of the <63 μm fraction of channel bed and floodplain sediment generally increases in a downstream direction, reflecting the location of the main urban and industrialized areas in the middle and lower parts of the basin. In the River Swale, the concentrations of most of the contaminants examined are approximately constant along the length of the river, due to the relatively unpolluted nature of this river. However, the Pb and Zn content of fine channel bed sediment decreases downstream, due to the location of historic metal mines in the headwaters of this river, and the effect of downstream dilution with uncontaminated sediment. The magnitude and spatial variation of contaminant storage and deposition on channel beds and floodplains are also controlled by the amount of <63 μm sediment stored on the channel bed and deposited on the floodplain during overbank events. Consequently, contaminant deposition and storage are strongly influenced by the surface area of the floodplain and channel bed. Contaminant storage on the channel beds of the study rivers is, therefore, generally greatest in the middle and lower reaches of the rivers, since channel width increases downstream. Comparisons of the estimates of total storage of specific contaminants on the channel beds of the main channel systems of the study rivers with the annual contaminant flux at the catchment outlets indicate that channel storage represents <3% of the outlet flux and is, therefore, of limited importance in regulating that flux. Similar comparisons between the annual deposition flux of specific contaminants to the floodplains of the study rivers and the annual contaminant flux at the catchment outlet, emphasise the potential importance of floodplain deposition as a conveyance loss. In the case of the River Aire the floodplain deposition flux is equivalent to between ca. 2% (PCBs) and 36% (Pb) of the outlet flux. With the exception of PCBs, for which the value is ≌0, the equivalent values for the River Swale range between 18% (P) and 95% (Pb). The study emphasises that knowledge of the fine-grained sediment delivery system operating in a river basin is an essential prerequisite for understanding the transport and storage of sediment-associated contaminants in river systems and that conveyance losses associated with floodplain deposition exert an important control on downstream contaminant fluxes and the fate of such contaminants. 相似文献