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在过去的20多年中,有学者将暴露于地表,地貌学称之为壶穴的所有臼状地形统称为"冰臼",且作为古冰川作用的证据。事实上,他们宣传的"冰臼"是流水或差异风化形成的壶穴,而非古冰川所成。在众多论著中,以韩同林先生《发现冰臼》造成的混乱为最。从冰川学的角度来看,冰川运动、消融等理论并不支持"冰臼"是由冰川作用所成的观点,其主要错误之处有三:①在冰川学中,"Moulin"一词指的是冰川表面热融形成的负地形,所涉及是冰川冰,而非冰川的下覆岩床;②此书借用早已放弃的冰水穿洞假说来论述"冰臼群"的形成过程,在常态运动的冰川上是行不通的;③书中冰融水形成的圆柱状滚流假说更与事实不符。这几点足以说明"冰臼成因说"是不能成立的,仅是一种错误的推测而已。 相似文献
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针对施雅风院士新提出的壶穴之"负球状风化"说,笔者特撰文与施老商榷。笔者认为:壶穴的形成并不受花岗岩中节理的控制,也与风化作用无关,不能用"负球状风化"来解释。壶穴是高速旋转水流侵蚀的结果,在中国东部花岗岩山脊上发现的壶穴是第四纪冰川融水侵蚀的标志。近年来观察到的格陵兰冰上湖泊的突然排泄为壶穴的冰川融水成因说提供了重要的证据。壶穴成因争论的本质是中国东部是否曾经发育过第四纪冰川,建议第四纪学界关注中国东部第四纪冰川的其他地貌标志。韩同林研究员的"冰臼论"促进了中国东部第四纪冰川地貌的再研究,应当给予积极评价。 相似文献
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华北山地多成因壶穴初步研究——对华北山地“冰臼”等“冰川地貌”的讨论 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
华北山地"距今二、三百万年"的"冰臼"绝大部分位于第四纪河谷内,"距今1～2万年"的"冰川壶穴"位于全新世河谷内,与华北山地地貌演化相矛盾;所谓的"冰川地貌"组合不是真正的地貌组合,而是不同时代、不同成因地貌的混合,因此,华北山地不存在冰臼。所谓的"冰臼"是不同时代、多种成因的壶穴——距今2.50Ma前后的河蚀壶穴,距今10～20ka的雪蚀壶穴,距今10ka以来的溶蚀穴、溶蚀—河蚀壶穴、风化—风蚀壶穴、现代壶穴和水潭。 相似文献
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韩同林的“冰臼论”是对花岗岩类岩石“负球状风化”的误解 总被引：5，自引：2，他引：3
韩同林著《发现冰臼》英文书名Moulin Discovered,将花岗岩类地区大量出现与节理有关的小型臼状地形统称为冰臼,即Moulin,并指为古冰盖的遗迹,以之反推所有臼状地形区均是两、三百万年前全球泛大冰盖所遗留的地质现象。笔者假韩著中丰富图片与记述,对照文献研究,认为冰川区罕见,只有死冰区可能存在的冰臼不可能生成上述臼状地形。这种空间尺度为厘米级至米级的臼状地形,应是花岗岩类地区与节理有关的负球状风化(Negative spheroidal weathering)与风、水协力作用的结果。少量臼底堆积热释光测年证明,这一过程是冰期后即不超过10ka的时段里进行的。韩同林大力宣传其错误的冰臼论,影响读者盲目相信过于夸大的第四纪冰川分布范围,并导致旅游部门广泛布置第四纪冰川景点,对社会舆论和旅游文化产生了不良误导作用。 相似文献
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甲青干河河床中遍布有无数大小不等、形态各异、完整度不一的壶穴。曾有学者提出该河床地貌类型系喀斯特河谷"冰臼",而非"壶穴",是第四纪冰川活动形成的。本文从河床基岩岩性、地质构造、水流特征及溶蚀作用等因素,分析了平塘县甲青壶穴群的形成条件,提出了3种形成壶穴的流水运动模式:瀑布模式、阶状跌水模式和急流漩涡模式,并对壶穴的形成及演化过程进行了分析讨论,认为甲青壶穴群是现代河流流水侵蚀和溶蚀作用的产物,与第四纪冰川无关。 相似文献
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华北山地“距今二、三百万年”的“冰臼”绝大部分位于第四纪河谷内,“距今1～2万年”的“冰川壶穴”位于全新世河谷内,与华北山地地貌演化相矛盾;所谓的“冰川地貌”组合不是真正的地貌组合,而是不同时代、不同成因地貌的混合,因此,华北山地不存在冰臼.所谓的“冰臼”是不同时代、多种成因的壶穴——距今2.50Ma前后的河蚀壶穴,距今10～ 20 ka的雪蚀壶穴,距今10ka以来的溶蚀穴、溶蚀—河蚀壶穴、风化—风蚀壶穴、现代壶穴和水潭. 相似文献
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壶穴差异风化或风蚀作用成因质疑 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
过去十年来发表了一系列关于中国东部第四纪冰川地貌的文章,而关于壶穴成因的争论也通过各种媒介报道出来。笔者等建议壶穴仅仅用于表示快速旋转水流在基岩表面形成的近圆筒形的凹坑,以口小肚大底平为典型形态特征,而冰川融水冲蚀形成的壶穴则叫做冰川壶穴。近年来,有些研究者将中国东部花岗岩山脊上的壶穴与差异风化和风蚀作用联系起来。笔者等分析了风化作用和风蚀作用的特点,明确指出：风化作用和风蚀作用并非壶穴形成的原因,唯一可能的成因是快速的河水或冰川融水的旋转水流。因此,在中国南方河床上发现的壶穴既可能是河流流水形成的,也可能是第四纪山谷冰川融水造成的;而中国北方花岗岩山脊上的壶穴只能是曾经覆盖其上的第四纪冰帽在冰川退缩期之冰川融水形成的。所以,花岗岩山脊上的壶穴为冰川壶穴（即冰臼）,可以看作第四纪冰帽的标志。根据中国东部壶穴的分布特征推断：中国东部之北方在第四纪末次冰盛期至少曾经存在着许多冰帽甚至大陆冰川,而其南部边缘至少已经达到山东蒙山以南。 相似文献
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河北省丰宁地区及内蒙赤峰一带发现的“冰臼群”,引起了“冰川”和“风成”说两种成因观点的争论。笔者就其一些具体现象提出质疑商讨,并提出了另外成因的看法。 相似文献
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广州地区现有众多森林公园如火炉山、凤凰山、帽峰山森林公园,其中花岗岩广泛发育,是很好的地质遗迹,并且区域内花岗岩普遍发生了球状风化.通过对火炉山森林公园内花岗岩球状风化体的地质考察与分析,总结了一系列花岗岩球状风化的特征,简要阐述了球状风化体的形成机制,并认为它们是兼具科学和美学价值的地质景观,值得进一步保护和开发. 相似文献
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What determines the geometry of spheroidal weathering patterns? Spheroidal weathering rings appear to arise from the leaching of fresh rock, rather than from reprecipitation of dissolved minerals diffusing out of weathered rock. In previous work the authors developed a mathematical model to explain the geometry of spheroidal weathering structures, and showed how some of the features of weathering patterns, otherwise difficult to explain, were natural consequences of the model. In describing the geometrical aspect of these shapes, we hope to understand how natural forces acted upon the unweathered rock and why and under what conditions spheroidal weathering structures were formed. In this paper we review the main features of our model and examine and discuss twinning of spheroidal weathering structures, concluding that the structures were formed during a distinct period in the past. Twinning is an apparent anomaly in that its natural occurrence, as part of the weathering process, cannot be explained by our model without additional ad hoc assumptions. Careful examination of twins reveals an explanation which does not require revision of the model. 相似文献
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珠江三角洲地区上更新统与全新统之间广泛发育1层杂色黏土,其成因多认为主要是由上更新统沉积物在末次冰盛期暴露于地表风化而成。对取自珠江三角洲3条钻孔（PRD09、PRD16和PRD17）的岩心样品分析表明,受风化作用的影响,其稀土元素含量和分异特征发生了较明显的变化。杂色黏土层的稀土总量大大低于下伏沉积物,而在邻近风化层的下伏沉积物中稀土元素却表现为明显富集,尤其是重稀土元素的富集。风化作用强度较大的PRD09孔和PRD17孔下伏沉积物中的稀土富集程度高于风化作用强度相对较小的PRD16孔。珠江三角洲在末次冰盛期时普遍发育的酸性介质条件,促进了风化层的稀土元素发生溶解和迁移。在风化过程中,由于轻、重稀土元素具有不同的溶解迁移能力和吸附能力,导致杂色黏土层的REE指标值（LREE/HREE、(La/Gd)N和(La/Yb)N）高于下伏沉积物。风化过程对Ce、Eu异常有一定的影响,但不十分明显,杂色黏土层的Ce、Eu异常值仅略低于下伏沉积物。 相似文献
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A mathematical model is developed to explain the geometrical patterns of spheroidal weathering. The model is then analyzed, and results of computer simulations for the weathering of spherical and ellipsoidal surfaces are presented. Ellipsoids weather initially into ellipsoids of greater or lesser eccentricity, depending on boundary conditions, and finally into spheres. This is in qualitative agreement with the geometry of observed weathering patterns. Some of these features would be difficult to explain by a diffusion model. The weathering of rectangles also is simulated, and they weather into ellipses or circles. These are also in qualitative agreement with observed weathering patterns. 相似文献
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本文通过对龙门山南段青衣江阶地的研究, 尝试以常量元素所体现的风化特征, 来解决阶地对比的问题, 并取得了一定的进展。通过主量元素的分析, 发现CIA指标、 A-CN-K三角模型等, 在区分不同年龄的阶地有很好的效果, 而且沉积物砾石之间的基质颜色也一定程度地反映了新老关系。结合流域内更古老洪积扇的研究, 发现河流阶地在距今200ka内化学风化速度较稳定, 但更老的地貌面风化呈现非线性。另外, 在本文研究的600ka时间尺度内, 阶地风化速度与全球气候变化相关, 体现为冰期风化速度慢, 间冰期风化速度快, 并具一定的滞后效应。 相似文献
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The mechanical breakdown of rock by physical weathering exerts a significant control on chemical weathering rates because it produces surface area. During periods of icehouse conditions on Earth, the grinding of rock by glacial processes should lead to faster chemical weathering of the continents, perhaps particularly during periods of pronounced climatic variability, like the Quaternary. Evidence is reviewed here for both high and cyclical chemical weathering rates during the Quaternary, and the implications for both marine geochemical budgets and climate-chemical weathering feedbacks are discussed. 相似文献
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Odette Conchon 《Quaternary Research》1978,9(1):41-53
Fluvial, glacial, and colluvial deposits in Corsica have been studied in terms of their distribution, soils, sedimentology (arrangement, shape analysis, size analysis, petrography, and weathering of pebbles; size distribution, shape analysis, and mineralogy of matrix), and relationships to marine sediments. A relative chronology is based on the topographic and stratigraphic relationships between the sediments, and to a large extent on their degree of weathering. The intensity and the type of pebble weathering suggest a possible correlation of the older alluvial units with the Alpine Quaternary succession. Quaternary paleoclimates in Corsica alternated between glacial and interglacial. During glacial stages, when glaciers developed in the high mountains and formed tongues in the valleys, periglacial climates characterized the low altitude zone. Tectonic movements occurred in Corsica during the Quaternary, probably until the Middle Würm. 相似文献
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Janet S. Wright 《Sedimentary Geology》2007,202(3):337-351
Quartz silt is a widespread detrital sediment with large aeolian (loess) and alluvial silt deposits forming important components of many contemporary landscapes. Despite research findings which indicate that a range of opportunities exist for the comminution of quartz into silt particles within a wide variety of geomorphic environments (e.g. glacial grinding, fluvial comminution, aeolian abrasion, frost weathering, salt weathering, insolation weathering and deep weathering), the ‘glacial-aeolian’ hypothesis has traditionally been favoured as the most likely explanation for loess formation and loess is seen as primarily a Quaternary phenomenon. As a consequence there has been a tendency to underestimate sediment inputs into loess systems by geomorphological processes operating within pre-Quaternary environments. In particular, earth scientists may have considerably underestimated the role of weathering in global silt generation, as there are now many references to the existence of a patchy but widespread distribution of pre-Quaternary weathering profiles across the glacial and periglacial landscapes of the Northern Hemisphere (e.g. North America, British Isles, north and central Europe), landscapes within which many of the classical loess deposits are located. These observations suggest that weathering profiles may have covered large tracts of the Northern Hemisphere land surface prior to the Quaternary glaciations. This, in turn, may have important implications for quartz silt generation as: (1) experimental studies indicate that many weathering processes are capable of generating significant quantities of silt-sized debris, and (2) particle characteristics displayed by saprolitic material that has developed on quartz rich crystalline source rocks often include significant quantities of either silt-sized material, or quartz grains that are weakened by weathering derived microfractures. Thus, weathering profiles may represent ‘mines’ of actual and potential quartz silt, available for release into sedimentary systems when these profiles are subsequently reworked by geomorphological processes such as glacial, fluvial and aeolian erosion. 相似文献
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Role of late glacial to mid-Holocene climate in catchment weathering in the central Tibetan Plateau 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The lightness (L*) and concentrations of Rb, Sr and organic carbon (Corg) have been measured in the age-constrained lake sediment cores recovered from Co Ngoin in the central Tibetan Plateau. Dissolved Sr flux is a dominant control on the variation of Rb/Sr ratios in the sediments. Variations in color and geochemical proxies of Co Ngoin sediments display a continuous history of late glacial to mid-Holocene chemical versus physical weathering intensity in response to past climatic changes between approximately 13,500 and 4500 cal yr B.P. A lower chemical weathering under a late glacial climate was followed by a higher weathering during the Holocene Optimum. Weathering intensity in the central Tibetan Plateau catchment also responds to well-known climatic events, such as the Younger Dryas (YD), and possibly the Holocene Event 5 (HE-5). Although there are differences in time or duration of the climatic events, many of the well-known late glacial to mid-Holocene events occurred in high-elevation Co Ngoin where atmospheric circulation might play a hemispherical role in climatic forcing. The sediment hiatus since c. 4200 14C yr B.P. in the Co Ngoin indicates a period of desiccation that was probably associated with a sharp decrease in summer monsoon strength. Our lascustrine results not only imply catchment weathering variations in response to late glacial to mid-Holocene climatic conditions in the central plateau, but also provide further evidence for global connections between regional climates. 相似文献
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The snowball Earth hypothesis describes episodes of Neoproterozoic global glaciations, when ice sheets reached sea‐level, the ocean froze to great depth and biota were decimated, accompanied by a complete shutdown of the hydrological cycle. Recent studies of sedimentary successions and Earth systems modelling, however, have brought the hypothesis under considerable debate. The Squantum ‘Tillite’ (Boston Basin, USA), is one of the best constrained snowball Earth successions with respect to age and palaeogeography, and it is suitable to test the hypothesis for the Gaskiers glaciation. The approach used here was to assess the palaeoenvironmental conditions at the type locality of the Squantum Member through an analysis of sedimentary facies and weathering regime (chemical index of alteration). The stratigraphic succession with a total thickness of ca 330 m documents both glacial and non‐glacial depositional environments with a cool‐temperate glacial to temperate non‐glacial climate weathering regime. The base of the succession is composed of thin diamictites and mudstones that carry evidence of sedimentation from floating glacial ice, interbedded with inner shelf sandstones and mudstones. Thicker diamictites interbedded with thin sandstones mark the onset of gravity flow activity, followed by graded sandstones documenting channellized mass gravity flow events. An upward decrease in terrigenous supply is evident, culminating in deep‐water mudstones with a non‐glacial chemical weathering signal. Renewed terrigenous supply and iceberg sedimentation is evident at the top of the succession, beyond which exposure is lost. The glacially influenced sedimentary facies at Squantum Head are more consistent with meltwater dominated alpine glaciation or small local ice caps. The chemical index of alteration values of 61 to 75 for the non‐volcanic rocks requires significant exposure of land surfaces to allow chemical weathering. Therefore, extreme snowball Earth conditions with a complete shutdown of the hydrological cycle do not seem to apply to the Gaskiers glaciation. 相似文献