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1.
Soumen Sarkar 《Sedimentary Geology》1981,29(4):241-282
The late Proterozoic, intertidal Lower Bhander Sandstone (Bhander Group, Vindhyan Supergroup) developed around Maihar, central India, is characterized by alternations of sandstone and shale in different scales and shows profuse ripple marks of widely varying morphology. Visual examination of their external morphology led to the identification of wave ripple, current ripple and others of intermediate character.Standard deviation and average of ripple spacing and height of symmetrical and assymmetrical ripples show genetically significant differences analogous to those obtained by Harms (1969) for wave- and current-generated ripples. Different dimensionless parameters, e.g., R.I., R.S.I., S.I., etc., processed separately for the two types of ripples, show a wide variation in their range which encompasses the total spectrum of values stipulated for wave and current ripples. However, the frequency of any particular genetic type of ripple differs widely when analysed in terms of different dimensionless parameters. Several scatter plots, prepared after Tanner (1967) also indicate the presence of various genetic types of ripples, but there are ripples for which results remain inconclusive. Furthermore, scatter plots involving the vertical form index (ripple length/ripple height) and median grain size of a few asymmetrical ripples, following Reineck and Wunderlich (1968a), led to the discrimination between current ripple and wave ripple and the distinction is grossly consistent with the results obtained by other means.Ripple spacing, ripple index and grain-size data of a few representative samples of ripples of possible wave origin, analysed after Tanner (1971) and Allen (1979) indicate that they were generated in a shallow basin with restricted fetch.Internally, the ripples, irrespective of their symmetry, are often characterized by unidirectional bundles of foresets consisting of rhythmically alternating sand and mud laminae. The sets of cross-laminae may be complexly organized with planar or curved erosional boundaries separating them. In many instances internal structures typical of wave ripples are also noted.Inconsistencies, however, exist between the results obtained by application of different criteria in interpretation of these ripple marks. The limitations in applicability of 相似文献
2.
This study was conducted to relate the cross-shore distribution of longshore sediment transport and grain size characteristics to cross-shore and longshore current velocities on a sandy low-energy beach in a non-tidal embayment of the Baltic Sea. Simultaneous measurements of current velocities and amount of sand caught in streamer traps were made on 31 sampling runs on 6 d in April 1999 at three fixed sites including the swash zone on the upper foreshore, the lower foreshore, and the crest of the most landward of four bars. Spilling waves broke frequently on the bar but rarely on the lower foreshore, even during onshore wind speeds up to 11.0 m s−1. Waves always broke as plunging waves at the step at the base of the upper foreshore and were converted directly into swash. The greatest longshore current velocities in the swash occurred when wind speeds and water levels were greatest, but wind direction was nearly directly onshore. Longshore velocities were greater in the swash zone than at other sites except when relatively strong winds blew nearly parallel to the shoreline, causing a pronounced wind-induced current at the other two sites. Calculated longshore shear stress and rate of sediment trapped were highly correlated on the bar (r=0.90), less highly correlated in the swash zone, and least highly correlated (r=0.66) on the lower foreshore. Mean trapping rates in the swash were 14.6 times greater than on the lower foreshore and 7.2 times greater than on the bar. Greater trapping rates in the swash are attributed to the greater turbulence mobilizing sediments in the uprush and backwash. Little of the finer-grained sediment on the offshore sites was reworked under low energy conditions. The study reveals the dominance of swash transport on steep, reflective, low-energy beaches where wave energy dissipation takes place over small distances on the upper foreshore. 相似文献
3.
河南泌阳凹陷含碱段的浅水蒸发环境 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2
本文通过对泌阳凹陷含碱段岩心的研究,描述了含碱段地层的细-粉砂岩、油页岩、白云岩和重碳钠盐岩四种岩石类型,详细描述了发育在含碱地层中的波状层理、冲刷构造、层面波痕和干裂等沉积构造以及白云岩的内碎屑结构。对这些岩石类型、沉积构造、沉积韵律和岩相分布进行了分析,得出了与前人不同的结论:核二段底部含碱段沉积时是蒸发的浅水环境,碱矿层是在极浅水的盆地中心湖区--干盐湖环境中沉积的。 相似文献
4.
ASOKKUMAR BHATTACHARYA 《Sedimentology》1992,39(3):513-516
Obstacle marks, formed around non-permanent tools, commonly occur on the beach faces of Lower Long Sand Island and Sagar Island, two tidal islands in the Ganga River estuary, India. The marine globose algae, Valonia sp., which bloom profusely in the waters of the Bay of Bengal during winter, are deposited on beach faces after being carried by wave swash, and then act as impermeable obstacles in the path of wave backwash. This creates around the globose algal bodies U-shaped or crescentic marks 2–3 cm in width with arms 1–3 cm in length. The globose vesicles are soon broken up by external forces or by forces of surface tension, leaving crescentic marks around a circular filamentous impression. The crescents always open toward the direction of wave backwash. These structures may prove useful not only for interpreting the palaeoslope and palaeocurrent directions but also for recognizing the palaeoecology. 相似文献
5.
西秦岭上三叠统浊积岩系中波痕的主要特征及其成因探讨 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
西秦岭上三叠统为一套半深海环境中形成的陆源碎屑浊积岩系，于该该积岩系中发现了大量的波痕。本文详细研究了这些波痕的形态特征及其与鲍马尾序和浊积岩相组合的关系。研究结果表明这些波痕是浊流演化过程中转化而来的牵引流作用于底部床沙形成的。 相似文献
6.
青海湖是研究湖泊滩坝的有利区域。通过对青海湖现代滩坝的实地考察和精细解剖,对滩坝的沉积特征、形成机制、沉积序列、沉积模式、识别标志等方面进行了系统研究。青海湖滩坝发育3种岩相,即块状砾质砂岩相、块状砾岩相和递变砂砾岩相。结合岩相分布和现代湖岸水动力观测,将青海湖波浪带划分为对称浪带、歪浪带、破浪带和冲洗浪带,并据此建立了青海湖滩坝沉积模式。提出滩坝相较于河口坝的4点关键识别标志:(1)岩性底界面接触关系差异,滩坝与下伏半深湖泥质沉积总是突变接触,有明显的突变面,而河口坝则是渐变接触;(2)滩坝垂向上发育典型的“ABC”序列,沉积物自底至顶呈细-粗-细的变化;(3)滩坝普遍发育冲洗层理,以及向陆倾斜的漫越层,而河口坝主要发育槽状交错层理;(4)砂体走向差异,滩坝砂体走向总体平行于湖岸,而河口坝砂体走向总体垂直于湖岸。 相似文献
7.
浙西皖南晚奥陶世复理石的沉积环境,兼谈鲍马层序应用问题 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：3
本文研究的复理石具有多种类型的递变层理,有大量波痕,尤其是干涉波痕及浪成波痕发育,古水流方向有双向性,有多级别韵律发育等,说明这一复理石是由波浪、底流、潮流等多种水动力作用叠加而形成的,其沉积环境属浅海直至潮坪。 相似文献
8.
Jens Bruun-Petersen Prof. Dr. Wolfgang E. Krumbein 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1975,64(1):126-143
Outcrops of the “Volpriehausen”- and “Detfurth-series” of the “Mittlerer Buntsandstein” (Lower Triassic) at Helgoland have been examined on sedimentary structures. Measurements of ripple marks were done. The analysis of the measured ripple marks and calculation of some characteristic parameters indicate that almost all ripples are oscillation ripples and allow no indication of flow directions. The size of the ripplemarks gives no direct indications of water depth. Mud-cracks, calcareous thin layers probably produced by algare mats and the occurence of evaporitic halite and gypsum deposits give better indications on water depth. The degree of asymmetry of the ripple marks may have some paleogeographic meaning and possibly indicates the Ringköbing-Fünen-ridge as a coastal area at the time of deposition. 相似文献
9.
PHILIP A. ALLEN 《Sedimentology》1981,28(3):369-379
The most common wave-generated structures in the nearshore lacustrine sediments of the south-east Shetland basin are cosets of undulatory and unidirectional ripple cross-lamination. The undulatory lamination was produced at relatively high oscillatory flow strengths by accretion of rolling grain (post-vortex) ripples, and the unidirectional cross-sets were formed by the migration of vortex (orbital) ripples at lower strengths. Unidirectional solitary lenses were generated under moderate but discontinuous wave activity on a partly sand-starved substrate. Some lenses were reworked during periods of more prolonged wave activity. The Inman-Komar plot of near-bottom orbital diameter versus ripple spacing (λ= 0.80d0 for small d0, or λ= 0.65d0 as modified by Miller & Komar) may only be used in estimating ancient wave conditions for vortex ripples with low Vertical Form Indices and small wavelengths. This laboratory based relationship (minimum d0 conditions) is utilized in this study since wave periods in lakes are small. The estimation of ancient wave conditions suggests that the ripples were produced in water depths of up to 10 m and in most cases less than 5 m. The formative waves possessed periods of up to 3.4 sec and suggest that the lake was relatively small, perhaps of the order of 20 km wide. 相似文献
10.
Satish J. Patel Jehova L. Darngawn Jaquilin K. Joseph Apurva D. Shitole 《Journal of the Geological Society of India》2018,92(4):419-426
Chorar Island exposes ～109 m thick middle Jurassic (Bathonian-Callovian) succession in the eastern most part of the Kachchh Basin, Patan District, Gujarat and is divided into two, Khadir and Gadhada formations. It mainly comprises of mixed siliciclastic-carbonate sediments and limestones; the shales dominate the lower part of the succession while the top of the succession is marked by ferruginous sandstone which also forms the vast, prominent peripheral zone of the Chorar dome. The field and laboratory analysis of the succession reveals nine lithofacies which includes ferruginous sandstone, cross bedded white sandstone, micritic sandstone, allochemic sandstone, sandy micrite, mudstone, sandy allochemic limestone, coralline limestone and shale. The mix siliciclastic-carbonate sediments and ferruginous facies are fossiliferous in nature and display sedimentary structures, like ripple marks, cross- and planar- lamination with biogenic sedimentary structures. Coralline limestone facies comprise of large size (>1m diameter) corals, which are diagenetically modified severely and have lost its original internal structures. The sediment characteristics and associated bioclasts indicates low to moderate wave and current energy in shoreface-offshore subsequently changing to wave dominated shoreface during the deposition of the middle Jurassic sediments of the Chorar Island. 相似文献
11.
鄂尔多斯盆地南部延长组长8-长6油层组沉积相为曲流河三角洲-半深湖、深湖,重力流沉积发育。以前认为这些重力流沉积物是浊流沉积。本文通过对旬邑地区延长组岩心、测井资料的研究,认为研究区长8-长6油层组发育砂质碎屑流沉积。岩心中常见大段块状砂岩、面状碎屑组构、顶底突变接触、漂砾、底部剪切带及滑塌变形构造等,相应测井曲线特征以箱型为主。砂质碎屑流为风暴诱因,可见丰富的风暴沉积特征,如侵蚀构造、底模、浪成沙纹层理、波痕、生物逃逸迹等。研究区理想的风暴沉积单元由下向上可概括为:块状层理段(A);滞留沉积段(B);平行层理段(C);丘状交错层理或浪成沙纹层理段(D);泥页岩段(E)。根据岩心风暴沉积特征总结出风暴岩的3个垂向沉积序列组合。砂质碎屑流及风暴作用的研究对于研究区油气勘探及古地理、古气候研究具有重要意义。 相似文献
12.
龙门山地区早—中泥盆世碳酸盐岩和碎屑岩组成的混合沉积相富含大量海相遗迹化石,可识别居住迹、进食迹、觅食迹、爬行迹和停息迹5大类14属,包括居住迹:Skolithos;进食迹:Chondrites、Phycodes、Planolites、Rhizocorallium、Thalassinoides和Zoophycos;觅食迹:Cylindrichnus以及Palaeophycus;爬行迹:Cruziana和Monomorphichnus;停息迹:Asterichnus、Lockeia和Rusophycus等,这些遗迹化石分属于4个遗迹化石组合,反映了不同沉积环境,分别为:(1)Skolithos—Thalassinoides遗迹组合,沉积于高能砂质环境中,为水动力较强的无障壁滨岸前滨;(2)Rusophycus—Phycodes遗迹化石组合反映了水动力较弱的近滨环境;(3)Chondrites—Palaeophycus遗迹化石组合反映了贫氧、水动力条件较弱的近滨下部环境;(4)Zoophycos—Palaeophycus遗迹化石组合反映的环境为正常浪基面以下,风暴浪基面以上的风暴沉积环境,据此建立了龙门山地区早—中泥盆世混积相遗迹化石生活环境分布模式。龙门山地区早—中泥盆世发现的3种类型Zoophycos遗迹化石,与腕足介壳富集层、波痕、丘状和洼状交错层理等反映浅水环境的沉积特征共存,表明泥盆纪Zoophycos形成于浅水环境。 相似文献
13.
The origins and sedimentary features of grainfall-, avalanche-, and ripple-produced strata have been studied experimentally in a wind sedimentation tunnel. Rate of deposition, wind velocity and wind duration have been shown to control specific sedimentary features of these types of strata. Grainfall-produced strata were deposited on a horizontal surface, and surfaces sloping up to the angle of initial yield for dry sand (about 34°). Thickness of a grainfall-produced stratum depended upon rate of deposition and duration of a specific wind event. Grainfall-produced strata were both non-graded and graded. Graded strata were produced by changes in wind velocity which controlled size of sand in transport and flying distances of individual grains. Distinctive features of grainfall-produced strata are: (a) gradual thinning, or tapering downwind (e.g. down the simulated slipface and across the simulated interdune; (b) extreme variability of thickness from less than 1 mm (wind gusts of a few seconds) to 10 cm or more (sustained gusts). Aeolian avalanche-produced strata were formed when grainfall-produced strata steepened above the angle of initial yield and sheared downslope. A rapid transition in sedimentary features from top to bottom of the slipface characterized avalanche-produced strata of the slump degeneration type in dry sand derived from grainfall deposition. Fadeout laminae formed near the top of the simulated slipface and about 1 m farther down the slipface were flame structures and drag folds. Near the base of the slipface, the avalanche truncated and then overrode grainfall-produced deposits. Distinctive features of avalanche-produced strata for a 2.5 m long slipface are the deformation structures, a thickness of 1 or 2 cm, sandflow toes, and steep dip (34°). Each avalanche-produced stratum was roughly tabular in cross-section parallel to wind direction, with gradual pinchout upslope. Aeolian ripple-produced strata were deposited on horizontal surfaces, and surfaces sloping to as much as 28°. Thickness of a ripple-produced stratum depended upon rate of deposition, morphology of the ripple, and rate of ripple migration. A maximum thickness of several centimetres was observed for a single ripple-produced stratum. Shape and attitude of ripple foresets was controlled by ripple morphology. Distinctive features of aeolian ripple-produced strata are: (a) presence of ripple foresets; (b) abrupt changes in thickness of a stratum or pinchout over downwind distances of a few centimetres; (c) low average foreset-to-diastem angle (10–15°); (d) low ripple-climb angle (<10°). 相似文献
14.
Muhammad Zaheer Muhammad Sabir Khan Muhammad Saleem Mughal Noman Abbasi 《Arabian Journal of Geosciences》2017,10(23):514
The clastic sediments of the Murree Formation of Miocene age are exposed in Jhelum valley areas of Azad Jammu and Kashmir Pakistan. Field observations revealed the cyclic deposition in the Murree Formation. The sandstone, siltstone, and shale constitute a single cycle within the formation. This single unit is divided into five different lithofacies which constitute the Bouma sequence in the Murree Formation. The Murree Formation shows faulted contacts with Panjal Formation and Nagri Formation in the study area. The modal mineralogy data obtained from the petrography of sandstone indicates that sandstone is litharenite and lithic greywacke. The mineralogical and textural data suggests that sandstone is compositionally mature and poorly to moderately sorted. The dominantly angular to sub angular quartz grains show nearness of the source area. Fractured and sutured quartz grain reveals tectonodiagentic changes that occurred in Murree Formation. The sandstone experienced diagenetic changes. The pressure solution and cementation reduced the primary porosity of sandstone. However, alteration of feldspar and fractures in grains have produced secondary porosity. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) of the shale samples indicates that shale of the Murree Formation is argillaceous and dominated by illite clay mineral. The illite crystallinity values indicate very low grade metamorphism of Murree Formation in core of Hazara Kashmir Syntaxis. The petrographic data suggests that the provenance of sandstone is recycled orogen. Quartz is of igneous and metamorphic origin. Feldspar (albite and microcline) composition suggests its derivation from acidic igneous rocks. The rock fragments of volcanics, slate, phyllite, and schist suggest igneous and metamorphic provenance. The petrographic data suggests that at the time of deposition of Murree Formation, igneous and low grade metamorphic rocks were exposed. However, presence of some clasts of carbonates indicates that sedimentary rocks were also exposed in the source region. The quartz content and clay minerals in the shale revealed that source region was igneous and metamorphic rocks. Cyclic deposition, lithofacies, and various sedimentary structures like cross bedding, ripple marks, and calcite concretions suggest that deposition of Murree Formation occurred in fluviatile environment by meandering river system having decreasing turbidity current. 相似文献
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16.
Abstract New and previously published models of wet aeolian system evolution form a spectrum of types that may be explained in terms of aeolian dune dynamics, rate of water table rise and/or periodicity of interdune flooding. This is illustrated with an example from the Mid‐Triassic (Anisian) Helsby Sandstone Formation, Cheshire, UK. Lenses of damp and wet interdune strata exhibit an intertonguing, transitional relationship with the toe‐sets of overlying aeolian dune units. This signifies dune migration that was contemporaneous with water table‐controlled accumulation in adjacent interdunes. Downwind changes in the geometry and facies of the interdune units indicate periodic expansion and contraction of the interdunes in response to changes in the elevation of the groundwater table and episodic flooding, during which accumulation of dune strata continued relatively uninterrupted. This contrasts with other models for accumulation in wet aeolian systems where interdune flooding is associated with a cessation in aeolian bedform climbing and the formation of a bypass or erosional supersurface. Architectural panels document the detailed stratigraphy in orientations both parallel and perpendicular to aeolian transport direction, enabling a quantitative three‐dimensional reconstruction of genetically related aeolian dune and interdune elements. Sets of aeolian dune strata are composed of grainflow and translatent wind‐ripple strata and are divided by a hierarchy of bounding surfaces originating from oblique migration of superimposed dunes over slipfaceless, sinuous‐crested parent bedforms, together with lee‐slope reactivation under non‐equilibrium flow conditions. Silty‐mudstone and sandstone interdune units are characterized by wind ripple‐, wavy‐ and subaqueous wave ripple‐laminae, desiccation cracks, mud flakes, raindrop imprints, load casts, flutes, intraformational rip‐up clasts and vertebrate and invertebrate footprint impressions and trackways. These units result from accumulation on a substrate that varied from dry‐ through damp‐ to wet‐surface conditions. Interdune ponds were flooded by either fluvial incursions or rises in groundwater table and were periodically subject to gradual desiccation and reflooding. Red silty‐mudstone beds of subaqueous origin pass laterally into horizontally laminated wind‐ripple beds indicating a progressive transition from wet‐ through damp‐ to dry‐surface conditions within a single interdune. 相似文献
17.
黄河济南以下河段某些异常地质作用及几种典型沉积构造研究 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
黄河自 1972年发生首次断流以来,以后 2 6年间,发生断流年数就有 19年,近年则愈演愈裂。由此引发了一系列特殊的地质作用,我们称之为异常地质作用,如汛期高含沙河水骤涨骤落,致使下游河床淤积严重,且不断抬高、展宽,并向二级悬河发育;床底不稳、河道迁移频繁,心滩、边滩上水道发育;而断流期则风的作用明显,风蚀地貌发育。水风地质作用混合,相克相伴,构成了黄河三角洲极为复杂的地质景观。又因黄河以沉积细粒物质为主,在多种因素的综合控制下,其沉积物层面或层内发育的沉积构造具有独特性,如变形层理、泥沙钟乳、液化 (泄水 )构造、气胀构造、植物划痕构造、特殊波痕及特殊流痕等,是典型的沉积构造。正确识别和分析黄河断流后的异常地质作用及由其形成的沉积构造对古河流相分析有重要参考意义. 相似文献
18.
本文详细论述了赣西北前寒武系首次发现的深水牵引流内波内潮汐沉积特征的沉积构造、岩石组合和沉积序列。沉积构造主要发育双向和单向交错层理、曲线型和干涉波痕及波状、脉状、透镜状层理;常产于深水重力流之上或与之共生。岩石粒度结构特征为明显的牵引流性质。共划分出双向交错层理砂岩组合,单向交错层理砂岩组合,薄层砂岩——板岩组合和波状、脉状、透镜状细砂岩——粉砂岩——板岩组合;可识别出双向递变、单向递变和对偶层递变序列。在综合研究和分析的基础上,进一步阐述了内波内潮汐沉积与浊流沉积的异同点和相互关系以及内波内潮汐沉积的保存条件、沉积环境和控制机理。深水牵引流内波内潮汐沉积学特征的系统研究,对正确阐明沉积盆地的大地构造背景及形成演化具有重要意义。 相似文献
19.
T. A. L. TEYSSEN 《Sedimentology》1984,31(2):195-211
The oolitic ironstones of the Minette were deposited during Toarcian/Aalenian times in a nearshore environment of the Paris Basin. The sedimentary sequence comprises up to 13 coarsening upward depositional cycles. The development of the cycles and different facies types are described. The iron ooids accumulated in a subtidal environment under the effects of tidal currents. Sand waves, which form an important part of the Minette sediments, were deposited under both time-velocity symmetrical and time-velocity asymmetrical tides. From the study of their internal structures the time-velocity patterns of the currents, current speeds (up to 0±9m s?1) and net transport rates have been estimated (29 g m?1 s?1 in the case of large-scale sand waves controlled by time-velocity symmetrical tides). Sand wave heights and calculated near-bed current speeds suggest a mesotidal regime. Sedimentary facies include large-scale and waves, subtidal shoals with channels and an offshore muddy shelf. Conclusions as to bathymetry are drawn from ichnofaunal associations and from the study of wave ripple marks. Finally a depositional model of the Minette iron formation is proposed which may be applicable to other oolitic ironstones. 相似文献
20.
STÉPHANE POCHAT JEAN VAN DEN DRIESSCHE VALÉRIE MOUTON FRANÇOIS GUILLOCHEAU 《Sedimentology》2005,52(4):809-825
Lacustrine environments are an excellent indicator of continental palaeoclimate. In particular, the sedimentary record of waves in lakes may be used to constrain atmospheric palaeocirculation. Wave ripples have been identified in a Permian lacustrine basin (the Salagou Formation, 260–250 Ma, Lodève Basin) located in the southern French Massif Central, part of the western European Hercynian mountain chain. Wave ripple patterns are interpreted with regards to hydrodynamics and water palaeodepth. It is shown that, in the case of the Salagou Formation, wave ripple orientations were controlled by the direction of the prevailing palaeowind. The Late Permian wind blew from between north and 20° east of north, possibly over several millions of years and certainly throughout the period of deposition of about 2000 m of strata in the Lodève Basin. Permian lacustrine sedimentation is widespread and well preserved on the Earth's surface and so wave ripple data may help constrain numerical modelling of the Earth's past climates, especially with regards to Permian times outside of desert regions. 相似文献