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1.
干旱地区内陆河流域水文问题的研究实践与展望 总被引：13，自引：0，他引：13
过去，干旱地区内陆河流域水文研究主要偏重于山区水文，注重山区来水及径流分析，而很少涉及灌区问题和生态问题，对绿洲水文和荒漠水文的研究十分缺乏。以新疆为例，通过对干旱地区河流的基本特征和水文机理的分析研究，从径流形成、水资源开发利用、生态环境保护三位一体，即从全流域水文循环的角度出发，提出了以山区水文、绿洲水文、荒漠生态水文为三大构成要素的干旱地区内陆河流域水文系统的新概念，并基于干旱地区内陆河流域水文问题的研究实践，提出了各自领域的研究内容和方向，进一步拓宽了水文问题的研究领域，对水文学科的研究与发展提出了新的思路，注入了新的内容。 相似文献
2.
土壤水是联系地表水与地下水的纽带,在水资源的形成、转化及消耗过程中有重要作用,与农业、水文、环境等领域都有密切联系。所以土壤水研究越来越引起人们的重视,有了长足的进步。目前,土壤水研究走向多学科的交叉,如水热盐的耦合运移,冻结土壤中水分的运移,土壤-植物-大气连续体中的水热运移等。土壤水运动机理研究也更加深入,如优先流、土壤水参数的测定及确定、土壤水参数的空间变异性等。土壤水研究的数值模拟方法也有一些突破,如有限解析法、特征有限元法、交替方向有限元法等。土壤水研究的应用也更加广泛,如用于水资源评价、土壤水分与作物的关系、水环境评价等。 相似文献
3.
《水文地质工程地质》2008,35(5)
首届“寒区水资源及其可持续利用”学术研讨会于7月26日在哈尔滨召开。来自各有关方面的120余名代表参加了会议。会议围绕“寒区水资源及其可持续利用”——寒区地下水资源与环境、寒区水文模拟理论与技术、寒区生态环境与水资源开发等主题展开学术讨论。 相似文献
4.
由水利部水文司主持召开的“全国水利系统水质动态监测经验交流会”于1991年10月11～13日在安徽省芜湖市召开。来自全国15个省、市自治区水利厅(局)水文(水资源)总站(局)和4个流域机构水文局、水资源保护局、水环境监测中心等单位共58位代表参加了会议。水利部水资源司、水调中心和中国水利报社也派员参加了经验交流会。会议期间,安徽省水文总站和河南省水利厅水资源办公室介绍了开展水质动态监测的经验;江苏省徐州水文分站介绍了积极参与城市水资源管理、保 相似文献
5.
6.
说明了水资源研究的两大方向,重点就气候变化对水资源影响的研究,提出了建议:1、利用遥感技术完善水资源评价工作;2、研究各流域年径流变化与气候因子间的统计关系;3、进一步弄清我国水循环图象及其在欧亚大陆整个水循环中的作用和相互联系;4、研究气候变化对大气水转换成地表水及土壤水过程中的作用;5、建立大气环流模型与水文模型相耦合的系统并联合进行数值模拟试验。 相似文献
7.
为研究安徽泗县水资源优化配置问题,基于2018年现状年相关统计数据,揭示泗县供用水总量及水资源配置状况,对规划年水平年2025年、2030年水资源供需平衡进行分析,在此基础上提出未来泗县水资源优化配置方案。结果认为：泗县现状水资源配置中存在地下水依赖程度较高、地表水资源未能充分存储利用、城区生活用水存在水量与水质风险等问题。通过对规划水平年不同水文年型供需水平衡分析,2025年50%水文年型泗县可实现水资源供需平衡;75%水文年型会出现缺水,缺水量1 586万m3,缺水率为6.93%;95%水文年型缺水问题较为突出,缺水量达6 414万m3,缺水率为24.63%。2030年,50%水文年型和75%水文年型泗县基本可实现水资源供需平衡;95%水文年型(严重干旱年)泗县缺水总量为3 987万m3,缺水率为14.56%。未来泗县水资源优化配置中,应参考县域水资源供需平衡分析成果,针对区域水资源开发利用中存在问题,通过“蓄引提调结合、大中小微并举、外调水与当地水联合”,构建当地水与外调水、地表水与地下水、常规水与中水等相结合的水... 相似文献
8.
“国际水文计划”(IHP)是“联合国教科文组织”(UNESCO)下的国际学术团体之一。它的前身是“国际水文十年计划”(IHD),成立于1965年;1975年被更名为“国际水文计划”,更注重水文的中、长期研究。该组织根据各成员国的要求,基本上每五年制定一个研究计划,主要内容是围绕“环境变化中水文学的研究和可持续开发及水资源管理。这些年来它一直致力于水科学领域内的研究、培训和教育活动,促进和协调了世界范围内水资源研究方面的发展和国际合作,并取得了 相似文献
9.
1新疆地下水资源的基本概况新疆是内陆干旱地区,具有“荒漠绿洲、灌溉农业”型生态环境和社会经济体系,水利在新疆国民经济和社会发展中占有突出地位,它不仅是绿洲生态的命脉,也是新疆国民经济的命脉。1984年进行的水资源评价中,新疆地表水资源793亿m3,河川径流总量884亿 相似文献
10.
中国西部流域水循环研究进展与展望 总被引：35，自引：5，他引：35
由于中国西部水文循环的地区特性、生态系统的脆弱性和社会经济发展对水资源需求的增加,使得中国西部开发面临十分现实和严峻的水资源问题。从中国西部流域水循环的特点及存在的问题出发,探讨了中国西部流域水循环研究基础科学问题。同时,对21世纪中国西部流域水循环科学问题的研究进行了展望。核心的方面是：自然变化和人类活动影响的西北干旱地区水资源演变规律是什么？在西部生态环境建设中如何估算生态需水量？西北干旱地区的水资源究竟能够承载多大规模的社会经济发展需求？如何合理分配与调控水资源,最大限度地发挥其潜力,促进该地区社会经济的可持续发展？ 相似文献
11.
干旱区陆面过程和大气边界层研究进展 总被引：8，自引：2，他引：6
干旱区陆面过程和大气边界层不仅与气候、生态、水资源密切相关,而且影响我国气候格局和东亚大气环流,是一个十分重要的研究领域,近20多年已取得了比较系统的研究进展.从干旱区陆面热力和水分过程特征、干旱区大气边界层结构特征、干旱区陆面过程参数及其参数化公式、非均匀下垫面大气边界层理论、干旱城市大气边界层特征与污染机理等方面归纳总结了干旱区陆面过程和大气边界层领域取得的部分研究进展.并且,认为科学试验的代表性、复杂下垫面的影响、尺度转化、地表能量不平衡、极端天气过程的相互作用、水分过程的复杂性等问题是干旱区陆面过程和大气边界层研究领域的突出问题和未来研究重点. 相似文献
12.
The water resource and its change of mountainous area are very important to the oasis economic system and ecosystem in the arid areas of northwest China. Accurately understanding the water transfer and circulation process among vegetation, soil, and atmosphere over different hydrological units in mountainous areas such as snow and ice, cold desert, forest and grassland is the basic scientific issue of water research in cold and arid regions, which is also the basis of water resource delicacy management and regulation. There are many research results on the hydrological function of different land covers in mountain areas, basin hydrological processes, however, there are only very limited studies on the water internal recycle at basin scale. The quantitative study on the mechanism of water internal recycle is still at the starting stage, which faces many challenges. The key project “Study on water internal recycle processes and mechanism in typical mountain areas of inland basins, Northwest China” funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China will select the Aksu River and Shule River Basin, which have better observation basis, as study area. The internal mechanism of moisture transfer and exchange process of different land cover and atmosphere, the internal mechanism of water cycle in the basin, and water transfer paths in atmosphere will be studied through enhancing runoff plot experiments on different land cover, analyzing the mechanism of water vapor transfer and exchange between different land covers in the watershed by isotope tracing on the water vapor flux of vegetation water, soil moisture and atmospheric moisture, improving the algorithms of remote sensing inversion and ground verification on land surface evapotranspiration on different land cover, and analyzing the water vapor flux from reanalysis data, and the coupling modeling of regional climate model and land surface process model. At last, the effect of different land cover in hydrological process of mountain area, and the impact of land cover on downstream oasis will be systematically analyzed. 相似文献
13.
虚拟水理论方法与西北4省(区)虚拟水实证研究 总被引：50，自引：0，他引：50
虚拟水是水资源管理研究中的新概念,是指生产商品和服务所需要的水资源数量;虚拟水战略是指缺水国家或地区通过贸易的方式从富水国家或地区购买水密集型产品(粮食)来获得本地水和粮食的安全。引入了虚拟水的概念,简要介绍了当前国际虚拟水研究进展和计算方法。同时结合西北地区的实际情况和资料的可获得性,计算了2000年新疆、青海、甘肃、陕西4省（区）居民消费的虚拟水数量和人均虚拟水消费情况,并分析了虚拟水战略对西北地区解决水资源短缺问题的政策涵义,最后分析了虚拟水战略的优劣,并提出了西北地区应用虚拟水战略的前景和有关措施. 相似文献
14.
From an analysis of the current water resources and their development and utilization in arid north-west China, the authors
conclude the extent of channelled water accounts for only 56.0% of the total, exploitable surface-water resources of arid
north-west China. The utilization ratio of canal systems is 42%, and farmland use is 0.8. When the ground and surface waters
of river basins in the region are comprehensively developed, the channelled water will reach its climax, accounting for 80%
of the total, exploitable surface-water resources, which would constitute a 91% increase over current levels in surface-water
resource development. In the future, the utilization ratio of canal system as well as the utilization ratio of farmland water
will reach 0.9 with the help of scientific and technological advancements. The channelled water is the same as the comprehensive
development and utilization stages, but the total water use will be increased by 247×108 m3, and will reach 756.8×108 m3, accounting for 88.2% of the total, exploitable surface-water resources in arid north-west China. Also, the authors suggest
that the scientific and technological measures to increase the water-use ratio include improving management, strengthening
protection of water resources and the environment, and increasing studies of water saving techniques.
Received: 11 January 1999 · Accepted: 6 July 1999 相似文献
15.
基于膜下滴灌特有的"膜中"、"膜间"、"膜边"、"膜外"微区环境,利用2011—2013年田间对比试验方法获取的5 960个数据,运用柯布-道格拉斯模型,构建膜下滴灌环境土壤层次、灌水定额、土壤水分、气温、蒸发综合因素与土壤水盐关系及影响效应分析模型.结果表明,在气候干旱、蒸发强烈灌区,地膜覆盖与滴灌结合的地表介面灌溉形式下,土壤水盐具有水平方向由"膜中"向"膜边"地表裸露区定向迁移,垂直方向土壤水盐则由下向上层运移且趋于"膜外"边界积累的趋势,尤其是气温与蒸发因素交互作用,推进膜下滴灌土壤水盐在地膜覆盖与土壤裸露区域空间运移,研究结果进一步揭示了膜下滴灌"土壤水盐定向迁移"形成机理,为膜下滴灌土壤水盐地表排放模式应用提供了依据. 相似文献
16.
虚拟水是凝结在产品和服务过程中所需要的水资源数量。从水资源利用角度,实物贸易即虚拟水贸易。干旱缺水地区可以通过虚拟水贸易形式来缓解水资源短缺问题。运用投入产出方法,并以宁夏为例,计算了2002年宁夏虚拟水输出量和社会经济系统对水资源的消费利用状况,分析了宁夏采用虚拟水战略进行更大尺度的水资源配置所面临的问题、困难,突破了干旱地区解决水资源短缺问题仅局限于本流域实体水资源利用的思路,从系统的角度出发,为干旱区“节流”提供了新的对策建议。 相似文献
17.
Soil water conservation is essential to the sustainability of sandy farming. In this paper, long-term observation of soil water, dry soil thickness and soil chemical changes are evaluated at eight locations in sandy soil. This paper subdivides the sandy lands and deserts of China into three climate zones: arid (hyperarid and extremely arid), semiarid, and humid (subhumid and subtropical humid), with respect to the bioclimatic zone, aridity, soil water content, and soil chemical characteristics. The water movement conditions, and chemical variations in each zone are analyzed. The paper also estimates the spatial and temporal correlation function of arid soil thickness and soil moisture. Sandy soils organic matter content, CaCO3 content, soluble salts content are investigated. Afforestation and selection of tree species in different sandy areas are suggested to regulate sandy land soil moisture. Sandy land in China can be divided into the four sand stabilization regions according to the shifting sand conditions and the techniques advanced: regions I, II, III, and IV. These results have important implications for remote sensing of soil moisture and soil organic carbon, and soil moisture parameterization in climate models. 相似文献
18.
《China Geology》2021,4(3):410-420
Quantitative assessment of the impact of groundwater depletion on phreatophytes in (hyper-) arid regions is key to sustainable groundwater management. However, a parsimonious model for predicting the response of phreatophytes to a decrease of the water table is lacking. A variable saturated flow model, HYDRUS-1D, was used to numerically assess the influences of depth to the water table (DWT) and mean annual precipitation (MAP) on transpiration of groundwater-dependent vegetation in (hyper-) arid regions of northwest China. An exponential relationship is found for the normalized transpiration (a ratio of transpiration at a certain DWT to transpiration at 1 m depth, Ta*) with increasing DWT, while a positive linear relationship is identified between Ta* and annual precipitation. Sensitivity analysis shows that the model is insensitive to parameters, such as saturated soil hydraulic conductivity and water stress parameters, indicated by an insignificant variation (less than 20% in most cases) under ± 50% changes of these parameters. Based on these two relationships, a universal model has been developed to predict the response of phreatophyte transpiration to groundwater drawdown for (hyper-) arid regions using MAP only. The estimated Ta* from the model is reasonable by comparing with published measured values.© 2021 China Geology Editorial Office. 相似文献
19.
西北干旱区地下水生态功能评价指标体系构建与应用 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
西北干旱区降水稀少、蒸发强烈,水资源紧缺,自然湖泊湿地、天然植被绿洲和土壤盐渍化程度对地下水生态水位具有强烈依赖性,因此,西北干旱区地下水生态功能评价指标体系构建成为一个重要课题.本文基于对干旱区不同类型生态状况与地下水位埋深之间关系的机制研究,构建了以浅层地下水埋藏状况为核心要素的"西北干旱区地下水生态功能评价指标体系",它由地下水对自然湿地景观维持性、天然植被绿洲维持性、农田土地质量维持性及其隶属的6项要素指标构成;在石羊河流域中、下游平原区应用结果表明,该套指标体系可为西北干旱区地下水功能评价提供参考,同时还表征石羊河流域中、下游平原区地下水生态功能脆弱,生态功能较弱和弱的分布范围占示范应用区总面积的87.86％,地下水生态功能强、较强分布范围仅占5.07％.由此可见,进一步提高西北干旱区地下水生态功能保护能力刻不容缓. 相似文献
20.
Soil moisture potential and water content in the unsaturated zone within the arid Ejina Oasis in Northwest China 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
X. Zhou L. Wan B. Fang W. B. Cao S. J. Wu F. S. Hu W. D. Feng 《Environmental Geology》2004,46(6-7):831-839
Three soil profiles were selected in the Ejina Oasis, northwest China, to determine water content profiles and evolution of soil moisture potentials in the unsaturated zone within the arid area. The total soil moisture potentials have been monitored for about 3 months in 2001 at different depths in the soil profiles. The occurrence and movement of water in the unsaturated zone was analyzed using the zero flux plane (ZFP) method. It is shown that convergent ZFPs and divergent ZFPs may occur at depths between 0.5 and 3.0 m, and that the depth of the ZFPs was controlled by the root zone of plants growing on the land surface. Profiles of the total soil moisture potentials were observed to be coincident with those of the water contents at the three experimental sites. The total soil moisture potential showed a slight increasing trend and the ZFPs tend to vanish from summer to winter as the water extraction by roots decreased. Evapotranspiration through vegetation has an important bearing on the water content and the total potential in the unsaturated zone. 相似文献