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1.
华北克拉通中生代下地壳置换：非造山过程的壳幔交换 总被引：25，自引：15，他引：25
华北克拉通内部前寒武纪麻粒岩地体和新生代火山岩的麻粒岩捕虏体的研究表明，前寒武纪下地壳与现今下地壳的是不同的。下地壳的主要置换发生在中生代。这表明，华北克拉通中生代的构造重大转折，不仅使得盆山格局发生了变化，而且下地壳和上地幔的组成和结构发生了变化。已发表的关于东部岩石圈减薄的机理有折沉作用、幔柱构造模式，均与造山带的演化相联系。本文注意到，华北克拉通最下部地壳的部分或大部都已被中代的下地壳置换，它们不仅发生在克拉通边部，而且发生在克拉通内部。因此华北克拉通中生代的下地壳被中生代的下地壳取代的作用，可称为华北克拉通中生代换底作用。中生代时期的华北拉通下可能存在有规模的地幔柱，强烈的壳幔交换是换底的作用的主要方式，热侵蚀和化学侵蚀的细节还不清楚。但可以推测这与造山带的演化没有直接关系，和造山带岩石圈根部的折沉作用有一般意义的底侵作用不同。 相似文献
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华北克拉通出露的前寒武纪麻粒岩地体和显生宙不同时期火山岩中的麻粒岩捕虏体是地质历史上不同时期下地壳的代表性样品,对它们的对比研究为华北克拉通下地壳的演化提供了重要制约。本文在前人工作基础上,主要从地体麻粒岩和不同时代火山岩中捕虏体麻粒岩的锆石年代学和Hf同位素组成特征角度,指出在华北克拉通岩石圈破坏过程中,不仅岩石圈地幔发生了减薄和改造,岩石圈地幔之上的下地壳也发生了不同程度的减薄和改造,这种改造存在区域上的差异,包括改造的时间、改造的程度等。下地壳的改造方式主要以幔源岩浆的底侵为主,古老地壳物质的重熔也是可能的一种方式。 相似文献
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关于华北克拉通燕山期岩石圈减薄的机制与过程的讨论:是拆沉,还是热侵蚀和化学交代? 总被引：37，自引：5，他引：37
关于华北克拉通燕山期岩石圈减薄作用,主要有两种模型:(1)岩石圈拆沉;(2)热侵蚀和/或化学交代。文中主要从岩浆活动与构造变形两个途径,通过(1)燕山带造山幕和结构要素组合以及造山过程的p-T-t轨迹;(2)收缩构造变形、火成岩构造组合和下地壳岩石捕虏体3个独立证据提出陆壳的构造加厚;(3)火成岩成因的壳幔相互作用模型和热模拟等,试图讨论华北地区克拉通有浮力的岩石圈如何转变为密度大的岩石圈,随之发生拆沉作用,而不是热侵蚀或化学交代机制使岩石圈地幔改造为EMI印记实现的减薄作用。大量对流的软流圈物质注入克拉通是诱发陆壳发生局部熔融所必需的条件。底侵玄武质岩浆的加热并弱化先前的冷和强的克拉通地壳,创造一个流变学条件,以使收缩构造变形和陆壳加厚成为可能。陆壳最下部和岩石圈地幔中形成的大量玄武质岩石,在构造加厚作用下,相转变为榴辉岩,致使原先有浮力的岩石圈转变为密度大的岩石圈,随之发生拆沉作用。 相似文献
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《吉林大学学报(地球科学版)》2015,(Z1)
<正>华北克拉通,特别是其东部在中生代发生了大规模的岩石圈破坏,这种破坏在浅层表现为大规模的构造变形、岩浆活动、盆地形成等;深部则表现为巨厚的岩石圈地幔丢失和地幔物理性质和化学组成的改变。近年来的深入研究表明,华北克拉通东部岩石圈破坏过程中,不仅岩石圈地幔发生了重大变化,下地壳也发生了巨大变化。通过对比研究中、新生代火山岩中的下地壳麻粒岩捕虏体和地表广泛分布的麻粒岩地体发现,中、新生时期的华北下地壳与前寒武纪以前的下地壳显著不同,中、新生代下地壳多具有较为年轻 相似文献
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华北克拉通东部中生代高Mg闪长岩——对岩石圈减薄机制的制约 总被引：18，自引：0，他引：18
在华北克拉通东部鲁西—徐淮地区,存在一套辉石闪长岩-二长闪长岩-花岗闪长岩组成的adakitic岩石。锆石SHRI MP和LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年结果表明它们形成于早白垩世(130~132Ma)。该类岩石具有较高的MgO含量(质量分数为1·46%~9·76%)、高的Mg#值(0·46~0·68)和高的Sr/Y值(主体介于30~52之间,个别高达410)。这些特征类似于由俯冲大洋板片部分熔融形成的adakitic岩石。然而,它们所表现出来的相对较高的87Sr/86Sr初始比值(0·7051~0·7077)和较低的εNd(t)值(-4·43~-15·92)则反映岩浆形成或演化过程中应有陆壳物质的参与。徐淮地区该类岩石中榴辉岩类捕虏体和石榴石捕虏晶的存在和鲁西辉石闪长岩中众多地幔橄榄岩捕虏体的发现,以及这些捕虏体中普遍发育富硅质交代作用,由此可以判定该类岩浆应起源于拆沉下部大陆地壳的部分熔融及其在上升过程中与地幔橄榄岩的反应,石榴石作为残留相。华北克拉通东部早白垩世adakitic岩石的存在以及榴辉岩类捕虏体的年代学表明,中生代早期曾存在一次重要的陆壳加厚过程,之后相继出现的加厚岩石圈的拆沉应是中生代岩石圈减薄的主导机制。 相似文献
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华北克拉通东部中生代岩石圈减薄的过程与机制:中生代火成岩和深源捕虏体证据 总被引：70，自引：10，他引：60
基于最新的同位素年代学资料 ,华北克拉通东部中生代的岩浆作用可划分成四个阶段 ,即晚三叠世 ( 2 0 5～ 2 2 5Ma)碱性岩浆作用 ;中晚侏罗世 ( 1 5 5～ 1 6 0Ma)花岗质岩浆作用 ;早白垩世 ( 1 1 2～ 1 32Ma)双峰式岩浆作用和晚白垩世 ( 92～ 73Ma)碱性玄武质岩浆作用。徐淮地区中生代侵入岩中榴辉岩捕虏体的发现及其地质年代学资料 ( 2 1 9Ma)表明 ,华北克拉通东部中生代早期曾发生过一次重要的陆壳加厚过程。俯冲板片的断离以及高压—超高压变质岩的快速折返和晚三叠世 ( 2 0 5～ 2 2 5Ma)的碱性岩浆作用的存在均暗示 ,华北克拉通中生代岩石圈减薄已经开始。拆沉作用则是引起中生代早期岩石圈减薄的主要机制。中、晚侏罗世 ( 1 5 5～ 1 6 0Ma)花岗质岩浆作用形成于造山期后的伸展环境 ,代表了中生代岩石圈减薄的继续和发展。早白垩世 ( 1 1 2～ 1 32Ma)双峰式岩浆作用表明中生代岩石圈减薄达到了峰期。而幔源纯橄岩捕虏体中富硅质熔体的交代作用和玄武岩的高87Sr/ 86Sr值、低ε(Nd ,t)值特征表明 ,软流圈对岩石圈底部的化学侵蚀可能是导致该阶段岩石圈减薄的主导机制。晚白垩世 ( 92～ 73Ma)碱性玄武质岩浆作用和“海洋型”地幔捕虏体的存在代表了等温面的下降和岩石圈地幔的增生 相似文献
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在构建东昆仑造山带晚古生代—早中生代地质-物理模型的基础上,利用FLAC软件模拟了幔源岩浆底侵后形成的榴辉岩岩石圈拆沉作用及动力学机制,结果表明,东昆仑造山带在幔源岩浆底侵后确实发生过岩石圈拆沉作用,昆北、昆中、昆南地区的拆沉量差异较大,并形成以橄榄岩、榴辉岩和中酸性麻粒岩为源区的岩浆活动;柴达木地区未发生拆沉作用,而是下沉,同时在高密度层(榴辉岩)的顶部存在较多的断裂。文章探讨了拆沉作用与大规模岩浆活动、盆地形成、C型埃达克岩的关系,认为镁铁质岩石的特殊性质是导致拆沉作用发生的直接动力,岩石圈拆沉之后的深部约束受拆沉的量及范围控制;论证了东昆仑造山带的岩石圈拆沉作用触发了柴达木盆地的形成,并形成一系列热液矿床。 相似文献
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辽西早白垩世义县组火山夺的起源及壳幔相互作用 总被引：11，自引：1，他引：11
对燕山造山带辽西早白垩世义县组火山岩的Nd,Sr,Pb同位素分析，作者认为义县组火山岩起源于岩石圈地幔的部分熔融，岩浆在上侵过程中发生了结晶分异和同化混染作用，即AFC过程。与新生代汉诺坝玄武岩中的中生代镁铁质麻粒岩捕虏体和太古代片麻岩对比研究，发现义县组火山岩与这些镁铁质麻粒岩捕虏体有许多地球化学相似之处，而与长英质麻粒岩捕虏体和太古代各种片麻岩差别较大。作者认为早白垩世燕山板内造山带发生了强烈的岩石圈伸展作用，辽西义县组火山岩和汉坝新生代玄武岩中的镁铁质麻粒岩捕虏体均为这一构造背景下的产物，它们属于幔源岩浆喷发与大规模玄武zh质岩浆底侵作用形成的“同质异相体”。 相似文献
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根据新提供的Pb同位素组成及岩石地球化学研究成果，本文进一步证实了位于北秦岭北界的明港地区发育的早中生代安山玄武质火山角砾岩岩筒所携带的下地壳捕虏体属于南秦岭。所恢复的南秦岭下地壳剖面自下而上为：底侵成因的变辉长岩-基性麻粒岩(其中含有榴辉岩及辉石岩的透镜体)-酸性麻粒岩。秦岭造山带总体的岩石因模型为：南秦岭(扬子块体)向北拆离俯冲，北秦岭地壳向华北仰冲，华北岩石因呈楔状插入秦岭造山带，拆离面约在中、下地壳之间。南秦岭俯冲岩片延伸的范围在平面上有可能达到400km。 相似文献
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华北克拉通中生代破坏前的岩石圈地幔与下地壳 总被引：23，自引：11，他引：12
华北克拉通是世界上最古老的克拉通之一,有 38亿年的古老陆壳存在,它经历了复杂的地质变迁,在太古宙末(约2500Ma)基本完成克拉通化,在古元古代(约1900~1850Ma)整体受到了高级变质作用,最终完成了克拉通化。它的东部在中生代发生了重大的构造机制的转变,克拉通基底发生了破坏、置换和再造。在太行山重力梯度带以西的华北克拉通受中生代构造转折的改造程度较低,它们的下地壳和岩石圈地幔结构,大致保持了华北克拉通破坏前的状态。前寒武纪麻粒岩地体代表了掀翻抬升到地表的古元古代下地壳,出露地表的时间大致在1850~1800Ma。中、新生代火山岩中的地幔和麻粒岩捕虏体代表了现代的岩石圈地幔和下地壳的岩石。岩石学、地球化学和地球物理的研究,推测华北克拉通西部的岩石圈厚约200km,地壳厚度约45km~50km,是在古元古代(约1.9Ga)时期终极克拉通化作用形成的,其厚度和结构与全球典型的元古宙克拉通岩石圈相同。而太行山重力梯度带以东的克拉通岩石圈地幔受到程度不等的交代、改造、置换和减薄,下地壳大规模重熔,地壳厚度也发生减薄,指示了强烈的壳幔解耦、物质交换和重新耦合的过程。 相似文献
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S. Viswanathan K. Surya Prakash Rao B. Mahabaleswar 《Journal of the Geological Society of India》2013,82(6):621-627
Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours. 相似文献
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奥地利安东帕有限公司 《岩矿测试》2009,28(3):306-306
最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提 相似文献
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E. M. Prasolov S. A. Sergeev B. V. Belyatsky E. S. Bogomolov K. A. Gruzdov I. N. Kapitonov R. Sh. Krymsky V. O. Khalenev 《Geochemistry International》2018,56(1):46-64
This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (3He/4He, 40Ar/36Ar, 34S/32S, 65Cu/63Cu, 62Ni/60Ni, 87Sr/86Sr, 143Nd/144Nd, 206–208Pb/204Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others. 相似文献
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Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance. 相似文献
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17.
岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率 总被引：1，自引：3，他引：1
在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。 相似文献
18.
Alexander E. C. Broberg J. S. Kehren A. R. Graziani M. M. Turri W. L. 《Environmental Geology》1993,22(4):353-361
Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×106 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m3 of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes. 相似文献
19.
滇东南锡、银、铅、锌多金属矿床主要分布在个旧、白牛厂、都龙3个矿区,而滇东南较大的3个花岗岩体又分别出露在3个矿区或附近.花岗岩体均形成于燕山晚期,岩石化学、矿物成分相似,富含锡、银、铅、锌、钨、铜等成矿元素.矿床主金属元素组合与岩体之间的距离由远而近出现由锡、钨、(铍、铌、钽)→锡、钨、(铁)、铜、铟→锡、铅、锌、银、铟、(锑)有规律的变化.花岗岩浆是成矿物质来源和成矿热源.岩浆侵入初期使上覆地层隆起产生背斜(凹陷部位成向斜);同时使地层产生一系列裂隙、压性断层或层间断裂;岩浆侵入晚期,这些断层再次活动,表现为张性,岩浆产生的含矿热液沿由其活动所造成的断裂迁移、充填、交代、沉淀而形成矿床. 相似文献
20.
Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources. 相似文献