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1.
In this paper we study a one-dimensional model for oil recovery by steamdrive. This model consists of two parts: a (global)
interface model and a (local) steam condensation/capillary diffusion model. In the interface model a steam condensation front
(SCF) is present as an internal boundary between the hot steam zone (containing water, oil and steam) and the cold liquid
zone (containing only water and oil). Disregarding capillary pressure away from the SCF, a 2× 2 hyperbolic system arises for
the water and steam saturation. This system cannot be solved uniquely without additional conditions at the SCF. To find such
conditions we blow up the SCF and consider a parabolic transition model, including capillary diffusion. We study in detail
the existence conditions for traveling wave solutions. These conditions provide the missing matching conditions at the SCF
in the hyperbolic limit. We show that different transition models yield different matching conditions, and thus different
solutions of the interface model. We also give a relatively straightforward approximation and investigate its validity for
certain ranges of model parameters.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
2.
A solution for the transition zone isosats in two-phase primary drainage in the presence of gravity 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Primary drainage in a water-wet saturated medium in the absence of capillarity is typically a combination of shock (discontinuous) and rarefaction (continuous) waves. Using nonlinear relative permeability functions for the host fluid and the invading fluid leads to the existence of a shock wave front, and the degree of nonlinearity of the relative permeability functions has an inverse relationship with the size of the shock wave (i.e., difference of saturation between upstream and downstream of the shock wave), whereas for linear relative permeability functions, the shock wave size approaches 0. Injection of a lower-viscosity immiscible phase such as gas or solvent into a water-wet porous medium in the presence of large capillary pressure leads to development of an extended and growing saturation transition zone that follows the discontinuous shock wave front. In this article, a semianalytical solution for the position of equisaturation contours (isosats) in the transition zone in the presence of gravity is obtained for a set of linearized relative permeability functions. The capillary (diffusive) and buoyancy terms are neglected, and the generalized convective equation for mass conservation is obtained. The set of equations is then reduced to a one-dimensional steady-state differential equation through forcing the isosat formulation to obey mass conservation. This scheme allows the isosat distribution to be solved, and the case of injection into an axisymmetric geometry for a confined planar configuration is solved and presented. A finite element model was developed to demonstrate the reasonable agreement between analytical and numerical solutions. 相似文献
3.
In this paper, we present a numerical model for simulating two-phase (oil–water and air–water) incompressible and immiscible flow in porous media. The mathematical model which is based on a fractional flow formulation is formed of two nonlinear partial differential equations: a mean pressure equation and a water saturation equation. These two equations can be solved in a sequential manner. Two numerical methods are used to discretize the equations of the two-phase flow model: mixed hybrid finite elements are used to treat the pressure equation, h-based Richards' equation and the diffusion term in the saturation equation, the advection term in the saturation equation is treated with the discontinuous finite elements. We propose a better way to calculate the nonlinear coefficients contained in our equations on each element of the discretized domain. In heterogeneous porous media, the saturation becomes discontinuous at the interface between two porous media. We show in this paper how to use the capillary pressure–saturation relationship in order to handle the saturation jump in the mixed hybrid finite element method. The two-phase flow simulator is verified against analytical solutions for some flow problems treated by other authors. 相似文献
4.
针对中国浅层及中深层稠油油藏,利用数值模拟研究方法,研究了不同稠油油藏的蒸汽驱开发规律和蒸汽驱中后期的剩余油分布特征,明确了稠油油藏蒸汽驱中后期的提高采收率方式。研究结果表明:浅层稠油油藏与中深层稠油油藏蒸汽驱的开发规律基本一致。驱替阶段生产效果好、产量高且稳定、油汽比高、含水率低;蒸汽突破后的开发阶段也是蒸汽驱开发的重要阶段,但是该阶段油汽比明显低于驱替阶段,表明该阶段蒸汽热效率明显降低。不同稠油油藏的剩余油分布特征类似,均表现出明显的垂向动用差异特征,即油层上部动用程度高,剩余油饱和度低,油层下部动用程度低,剩余油饱和度高,下部油层是剩余油挖潜的主要对象。从下到上逐层上返开发和多介质辅助是提高蒸汽驱中后期采收率的有效方式。研究结果对同类油藏开发具有重要意义。 相似文献
5.
Xavier Raynaud Knut-Andreas Lie Halvor Møll Nilsen Atgeirr Rasmussen 《Computational Geosciences》2016,20(3):495-507
Polymer injection is a widespread strategy in enhanced oil recovery. Polymer increases the water viscosity and creates a more favorable mobility ratio between the injected water and the displaced oil. The computational cost of simulating polymer injection can be significantly reduced if one splits the governing system of two-phase equations into a pressure equation and a set of saturation/component equations and use a Gauss–Seidel algorithm with optimal cell ordering to solve the nonlinear systems arising from an implicit discretization of the saturation/component equations. This approach relies on a robust single-cell solver that computes the saturation and polymer concentration of a cell, given the total flux and the saturation and polymer concentration of the neighboring cells. In this paper, we consider a relatively comprehensive polymer model used in an industry-standard simulator, and show that, in the case of a discretization using a two-point flux approximation, the single-cell problem always admits a solution that is also unique. 相似文献
6.
H. Hajinezhad Ali R. Soheili Mohammad R. Rasaei F. Toutounian 《Computational Geosciences》2018,22(6):1433-1444
In this paper, the numerical methods for solving the problem of steam injection in the heavy oil reservoirs are presented. We consider a 3-dimensional model of 3-phase flow, oil, water, and steam, with the effect of 3-phase relative permeability. Interphase mass transfer of water and steam is considered; oil is assumed nonvolatile. We apply the simultaneous solution approach to solve the corresponding nonlinear discretized partial differential equation in the fully implicit form. The convergence of finite difference scheme is proved by the Rosinger theorem. The heuristic Jacobian-Free-Newton-Krylov (HJFNK) method is proposed for solving the system of algebraic equations. The result of this proposed numerical method is well compared with some experimental results. Our numerical results show that the first iteration of the full approximation scheme (FAS) provides a good initial guess for the Newton method. Therefore, we propose a new hybrid-FAS-HJFNK method while there is no steam in the reservoir. The numerical results show that the hybrid-FAS-HJFNK method converges faster than the HJFNK method. 相似文献
7.
通过建立二维物理模型,研究非饱和层状非均质多孔介质中轻非水相液体LNAPLs(Light Non-a-queous Phase Liquids)的入渗机制与变化特征,建立LNAPLs运移与分布的锋面扩展模型,探讨入渗阶段油流锋面扩展速率的变化规律。结果发现:模型中砂土的渗透系数、孔隙度及油的相对渗透系数对LNAPLs运移的锋面扩展速率影响较大,而油的饱和度与压头变化对其影响较小。当LNAPLs由中砂进入细砂与细砂倾斜透镜体时,砂的渗透系数、孔隙度及油的相对渗透系数减小,这种介质结构面的突变改变了LNAPLs锋面扩展速率,其在中砂中锋面扩展速率快而在细砂与细砂倾斜透镜体中锋面扩展速率慢。此外,当LNAPLs进入干湿界面后,由于毛细作用的增强与含水量的加大,其横向比垂向运移的平均锋面扩展速率大。 相似文献
8.
Capillary geochemistry in non-saturated zone of soils. Water content and geochemical signatures 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The unsaturated zone (UZ) retains aqueous solutions against gravity by capillary forces. This suction state corresponds to a decreasing internal pressure of the water, which modifies its thermodynamic properties. Accordingly, the speciation of solutes and the solubility of solids and gases in such capillary solutions change. The volumetric capillary water content of the soil at high suction can be calculated extrapolating the water retention curves (WRC) with the Rossi–Nimmo model. Interestingly, several tens of liters per cubic meter of soil can be thus suctioned, a sufficiently large volume to support that: (1) capillary water is not restricted to nanosized pores, which means it disobeys the Young–Laplace law and is metastable with respect to vapor (superheating); and (2) the geochemistry of capillary solutions might significantly influence the subsurface mass transfer. Two field situations are here interpreted using the capillary thermodynamic properties: (1) the trapping of sand grains during the growth of desert roses (gypsum), and (2) the development of abnormal paragenetic sequences in some saprolites.The capillary approach is extended to the soil solids, so that the micro-mineralogy can be explicitly (though sketchily) integrated in the calculations. The key conclusion is that capillarity changes the saturation indexes (and so the reaction rates) at given solution composition, in a way consistent with the field observations. This perspective amounts to geochemically distinguishing the capillary and percolating solutions, which is interestingly analogous to the immobile and mobile water distinction already often integrated in UZ flow models. 相似文献
9.
Todd Arbogast Mika Juntunen Jamie Pool Mary F. Wheeler 《Computational Geosciences》2013,17(6):1055-1078
We consider the slightly compressible two-phase flow problem in a porous medium with capillary pressure. The problem is solved using the implicit pressure, explicit saturation (IMPES) method, and the convergence is accelerated with iterative coupling of the equations. We use discontinuous Galerkin to discretize both the pressure and saturation equations. We apply two improvements, which are projecting the flux to the mass conservative H(div)-space and penalizing the jump in capillary pressure in the saturation equation. We also discuss the need and use of slope limiters and the choice of primary variables in discretization. The methods are verified with two- and three-dimensional numerical examples. The results show that the modifications stabilize the method and improve the solution. 相似文献
10.
《International Journal of Mineral Processing》2005,76(3):193-203
Steam centrifugation is a mechanical thermal process that decreases the pore liquid in the porous medium by the help of centrifugal pressure and the pressure of injected steam. The steam is used in centrifuges to overcome the capillary forces, which retain the liquid in the lower area of the porous system. Both external forces affect the pore liquid in a different manner. This may lead to a different velocity of the liquid flow and the steam front, resulting in two different states of operation. The steam intrudes the pore and condenses until the bulk is locally heated on boiling temperature. The liquid flow in the porous system can be modeled as a plug flow in a single capillary. The steam intrudes a porous system, which is already partially de-watered, if the acceleration of the pore liquid due to the centrifugal force is more rapid than the penetration velocity of the steam. In this case the pressure difference cannot affect the mechanical de-watering. The pore liquid runs ahead of the condensation front and both processes operate independently.It is intended that the pressurized steam directly acts on the pore liquid and hence interacts with the centrifugal pressure. In this case both external forces are employed to accelerate the liquid in the capillary system and to reduce it to a greater extent. Therefore the relation between steam pressure and centrifugal pressure has to exceed a characteristic value. Then the steam has access to finer pores and finally overcomes the capillary forces.The aim of the experimental and theoretical work is to find the optimal state of operation. Both front velocities can be measured and compared to each other. Furthermore these results are compared to calculations, which can predict the optimal process parameter. With the help of this optimization the steam centrifugation leads to a lower moisture content and operates more economical than a conventional process. 相似文献
11.
我国海上稠油资源比较丰富,但由于受到海上条件等因素限制,聚合物驱成为提高海上稠油采收率的主要方法.因此深化聚合物溶液驱稠油微观渗流机理对于进一步提高采收率具有十分重要的意义.目前关于粘弹性聚合物渗流机理的理论研究主要局限于弹性聚合物溶液的单相流体在微观孔道内流动特征研究,而针对粘弹性聚合物、油两相流体渗流机理的研究甚少,特别是针对稠油聚合物驱的相关研究未见报道.为此,借助于计算方法较为成熟的OpenFOAM开源平台开展了聚合物驱稠油两相流体渗流机理的研究;以收缩孔道为微观物理模型,建立了粘弹性聚合物溶液、普通稠油两相渗流连续性方程、运动方程及本构方程,并采用VOF（volume of fluid）界面追踪方法建立两相界面相方程;以OpenFOAM开源平台为基础,开发了粘弹性流体、幂律流体两相流体求解器;绘制了不同弹性聚合物溶液在微观孔道内驱油的饱和度分布、速度分布及应力分布特征.结果表明,相对于水驱,纯粘性聚合物溶液前缘突破时间慢,波及面积大,驱油效率高.相比于同等粘度的纯粘性聚合物溶液,粘弹性聚合物的弹性有助于挖潜凸角内的残余油,聚合物溶液的弹性越大,稠油驱油效率越高.随着聚合物溶液弹性的增强,第一法向应力增大,当聚合物溶液进入到孔道突变处时,其弹性发挥的作用最大,法向应力的值最大.研究结果可为矿场实施聚合物驱设计、筛选聚合物溶液提供重要的理论支持. 相似文献
12.
正冻土水热迁移的移动泵模型 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
通过引入脉冲函数将流量边界条件转化为源（汇）项,冻结锋面处的假想泵从未冻土中抽吸水分并储存在冻结锋面附近的狭窄区域.将水分扩散方程在整体求解域上等效分解为两个方程,避免了处理移动冻融边界的难题.在一个分解方程中引入汇项以表达未冻区水分的流出,在另一个分解方程中引入相同大小的源项以表达冻土中水分的聚集.将移动泵模型相关场方程和变量输入COMSOL Multiphysics模拟软件的数学模块中,对一个封闭系统非饱和土冻结过程中水分和温度的变化过程进行了数值模拟,将模拟结果与前人试验和模拟结果进行了对比. 相似文献
13.
Savithru Jayasinghe David L. Darmofal Marshall C. Galbraith Nicholas K. Burgess Steven R. Allmaras 《Computational Geosciences》2018,22(2):527-542
This paper analyzes the adjoint equations and boundary conditions for porous media flow models, specifically the Buckley-Leverett equation, and the compressible two-phase flow equations in mass conservation form. An adjoint analysis of a general scalar hyperbolic conservation law whose primal solutions include a shock jump is initially presented, and the results are later specialized to the Buckley-Leverett equation. The non-convexity of the Buckley-Leverett flux function results in adjoint characteristics that are parallel to the shock front upstream of the shock and emerge from the shock front downstream of the shock. Thus, in contrast to the behavior of Burgers’ equation where the adjoint is continuous at a shock, the Buckley-Leverett adjoint, in general, contains a discontinuous jump across the shock. Discrete adjoint solutions from space-time discontinuous Galerkin finite element approximations of the Buckley-Leverett equation are shown to be consistent with the derived closed-form analytical solutions. Furthermore, a general result relating the adjoint equations for different (though equivalent) primal equations is used to relate the two-phase flow adjoints to the Buckley-Leverett adjoint. Adjoint solutions from space-time discontinuous Galerkin finite element approximations of the two-phase flow equations are observed to obey this relationship. 相似文献
14.
Most practical reservoir simulation studies are performed using the so-called black oil model, in which the phase behavior
is represented using solubilities and formation volume factors. We extend the multiscale finite-volume (MSFV) method to deal
with nonlinear immiscible three-phase compressible flow in the presence of gravity and capillary forces (i.e., black oil model).
Consistent with the MSFV framework, flow and transport are treated separately and differently using a sequential implicit
algorithm. A multiscale operator splitting strategy is used to solve the overall mass balance (i.e., the pressure equation).
The black-oil pressure equation, which is nonlinear and parabolic, is decomposed into three parts. The first is a homo geneous
elliptic equation, for which the original MSFV method is used to compute the dual basis functions and the coarse-scale transmissibilities.
The second equation accounts for gravity and capillary effects; the third equation accounts for mass accumulation and sources/
sinks (wells). With the basis functions of the elliptic part, the coarse-scale operator can be assembled. The gravity/capillary
pressure part is made up of an elliptic part and a correction term, which is computed using solutions of gravity-driven local
problems. A particular solution represents accumulation and wells. The reconstructed fine-scale pressure is used to compute
the fine-scale phase fluxes, which are then used to solve the nonlinear saturation equations. For this purpose, a Schwarz
iterative scheme is used on the primal coarse grid. The framework is demonstrated using challenging black-oil examples of
nonlinear compressible multiphase flow in strongly heterogeneous formations. 相似文献
15.
非饱和带水气二相渗流动力学模型 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
非饱和带地下水运动实质上是一个水气二相渗流过程。本文以多相渗流理论为基础,从水气二相渗流的连续性方程和达西定律出发,推导了非饱和带水气二相渗流的耦合动力学模型,讨论了模型的IMPES和全隐式联立求解方法的原理和步骤,认为IMPES求解方法由于达西系数项的处理,饱和度的计算均采用显式,因此该解法具有稳定性差、精度低且要求计算时间步长小的局限性;而全隐式联立求解方法是联立求解气相、水相方程,同时求出压力和饱和度值,因此压力和饱和度值都是隐式求出,具有较高精度,且无条件稳定,应是今后模型求解的重点研究内容 相似文献
16.
The hydro-mechanical behaviour of a clay-based buffer material for nuclear waste disposal has been investigated in a laboratory program. In this program, the main focus was on the influence of confinement on water uptake and swelling pressure during suction decrease. The laboratory program and some of the results are presented by Dueck [Dueck, A., 2006. Laboratory results from hydro-mechanical tests on a water unsaturated bentonite. submitted for publication.].
The results from the laboratory tests were used to find a relationship between water content, void ratio, swelling pressure and suction. Two equations for swelling pressure represent the outline of the model.
In the first equation, the swelling pressure developed during water uptake is normalised by a pressure corresponding to the swelling pressure at saturation. This is done in order to be independent of void ratio. A relationship between the normalised swelling pressure and the degree of saturation is suggested.
The second equation describes a relationship between the swelling pressure, the water content and the actual suction (or relative humidity). The equation is based on a thermodynamic relationship and includes the retention curve (i.e. water content vs. suction under free swelling conditions).
The model can be used for a state where two of the four variables; water content, void ratio, swelling pressure and suction are known and can thus be useful to evaluate field measurements and model late stages of the wetting process. An example of an application is given. The equations are mainly based on results from tests with increasing degrees of saturation under constant void ratio but are also suggested for use with increasing void ratio. 相似文献
17.
This paper points out two numerical problems linked to the resolution of compositional multiphase flow models for porous media
with the finite‐volume technique. In particular, we consider fluid mixtures featuring fast mass transfers between the phases,
hence stiff. In this context, we show how the computation of mass exchange kinetics can be expensive and that erroneous saturation
front locations arise. A numerical splitting method is developed which is proven to be stable with advection‐type time steps,
whatever the stiffness of the mass transfer. The erroneous front location problem is illustrated and shown to be intrinsically
linked to the numerical diffusion. If we assume that the fluids are in thermodynamical equilibrium, we find that spurious
solutions can be avoided by deriving and solving a new uncoupled hyperbolic equation for the saturation.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
18.
用油水相对渗透率确定镇泾油田长6储层的产液情况 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
油水相对渗透率可以精确刻划出油、水二相流体在孔喉中的流动情况,通过阿尔奇方程准确求取储层的含水饱和度,建立适合镇泾油田的束缚水饱和度计算模型,并运用"岩心刻度测井"的方法,通过回归法,用实测油、水相对渗透率曲线求取琼斯方程中的区域参数,最终建立适合本区的油水相对渗透率经验公式。结果表明,用测井数据可以进行油、水相对渗透率的计算,并且完全满足评价储集层的产液情况。由此建立的油水相对渗透率解释模型,可以进行镇泾油田长6储层的油、水层的划分,并对油、水分异不彻底的储层进行测井评价,有着重要的参考价值。 相似文献
19.
蒸汽注射法是一种新近发展起来并对包气带非水相液体（NAPLs）污染修复具有较好应用前景的修复方法。为了探讨热蒸汽在非饱和多孔介质中的运移特征和蒸汽注射技术修复氯苯污染土壤的效果,本文通过一维模拟柱分别开展了热蒸汽在多孔介质中的迁移规律实验和蒸汽注射修复氯苯实验。研究表明：模拟柱中给定点处温度随时间变化可分为环境温度段、升温段和饱和蒸汽温度段3个阶段,随着温度锋面向下迁移,其迁移速度逐渐减小;模拟柱中的压力分布在蒸汽覆盖区域且空间分布呈线性规律,给定点处的压力随时间先增加后趋于平稳;实验结束后测得的水饱和度随蒸汽迁移距离的增加逐渐增加。在注入蒸汽质量流量为0.3 kg/h和氯苯初始质量分数为56.8 mg/kg的条件下,热蒸汽修复细砂中氯苯3.5 h后去除率达98.0%。模拟柱底部因蒸汽冷凝水达到饱和而产生出流液,出流10 min时出流液中氯苯最大质量浓度达到152.98 mg/L,70 min后出流液中氯苯质量浓度低于7.00 mg/L;介质中氯苯质量分数随距离的增加而增加,最大残留量为0.36 mg/kg。蒸汽注射法有效地改善了SVE（土壤气相抽提）法"拖尾"现象。 相似文献
20.
We develop a Riemann solver for transport problems including geochemistry related to oil recovery. The example considered here concerns one-dimensional incompressible flow in porous media and the transport for several chemical components, namely H2O, H+, OH?, CO2, \(\text {CO}_{3}^{2-}\), \(\text {HCO}_{3}^{-}\), and decane; they are in chemical equilibrium in the aqueous and oleic phases, leading to mass transfer of CO2 between the oleic and aqueous phases. In our ionic model, we employ equations with zero diffusion coefficients. We do so because it is well known that for upscaled equations, the convection terms dominate the diffusion terms. The Riemann solution for this model can therefore be applied for upscaled transport processes in enhanced oil recovery involving geochemical aspects. In our example, we formulate the conservation equations of hydrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, and decane, in which we substitute regression expressions that are obtained by geochemical software. This can be readily done because Gibbs phase rule together with charge balance shows that all compositions can be rewritten in terms of a single composition, which we choose to be the hydrogen ion concentration (p H). In our example, we use the initial and boundary conditions for the carbonated aqueous phase injection in an oil reservoir containing connate water with some carbon dioxide. We compare the Riemann solution with a numerical solution, which includes capillary and diffusion effects. The significant new contribution is the effective Riemann solver we developed to obtain solutions for oil recovery problems including geochemistry and a variable total Darcy velocity, a situation in which fractional flow theory does not readily apply. We thus obtain an accurate solution for a carbonated waterflood, which elucidates some mechanisms of low salinity carbonated waterflooding. 相似文献