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1.
超声探测技术在天然气水合物模拟实验中的应用   总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9  
为了解不同介质中天然气水合物的声学特性,在特制的高压反应釜中分别进行了纯水、松散沉积物和岩心中甲烷水合物的生成和分解的模拟实验,同时应用超声技术进行了探测。在纯水-甲烷体系中,声波速度的变化主要受温度的制约,水中生成的絮状水合物并没有使声波速度发生明显变化;在纯水-松散沉积物-甲烷体系中,声波速度和系统主频的变化灵敏地反映出体系内水合物的生成和分解;在纯水-岩心-甲烷体系中,随着水合物的生成,纵波速度、横波速度以及纵波幅度均增大,这说明纵波和横波的速度随着孔隙度的减小而增大,而纵波幅度的衰减则随着孔隙度的减小而减小。实验结果显示,超声探测是天然气水合物模拟实验中的一项有效的探测技术。  相似文献   

2.
水合物分解阵面是水合物 开采现场监测关注重点之一,其传播速率与水合物开采效率密切相关,但是目前松散沉积物中水合物降压分解阵面演化数据积累明显不足。进行了松散沉积物中水合物降压分解阵面演化实验 ,采用时域反射技术测量了水合物饱和度随时间的变化,分析了水合物分解阵面的传播规律;提出了轴对称水合物降压分解数学模型并进行了适用性验证,通过敏感性分析探讨了影响因素对 水合物分解阵面演化过程的影响关系。基于室内实验和数值模拟认为:(1)水合物降压分解阵面传播距离与其传播时间平方根呈近似线性关系;(2)水合物降压分解阵面传播速率随其传播距离 的增加而迅速减小;(3)水合物降压分解阵面传播速率随着绝对渗透率基准值、气体饱和度初始值和环境温度的增加而增大,随着水合物饱和度初始值、下降指数和出口压力的增加而减小。  相似文献   

3.
沉积物中天然气水合物减压分解实验   总被引:3,自引:2,他引:1  
基于自行研发的天然气水合物开采实验装置,进行了沉积物中甲烷水合物减压分解实验研究,并用时域反射技术(TDR)实时监测水合物分解过程中其饱和度的变化。实验采用粒径为0.18~0.35 mm的干砂,003%的十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)水溶液和高纯甲烷气体。实验结果表明:水合物减压分解过程中不同层位的温度与水合物饱和度存在差异,体现了一定沉积环境下水合物的分解规律,位于沉积物上层与外侧的水合物先分解;TDR技术测量水合物饱和度时,压力迅速降低不会对TDR波形产生影响,TDR曲线变化仅由水合物分解引起;水合物分解时TDR技术测得其饱和度变化规律与根据分解气体总量计算的结果一致,说明该技术可以准确实时监测水合物饱和度变化。  相似文献   

4.
我国在海洋和冻土区都已发现天然气水合物资源区并成功获取实物样品。含水合物沉积物的热导率是估算水合物资源量、设计合理开采方案的关键性数据之一。受水合物稳定条件和测量技术的限制,水合物热导率测定尚不完善。本文通过自主研制的天然气水合物热物理参数测量系统,开展了海洋沉积物中天然气水合物热导率与饱和度测量研究。实验使用取自南海神狐海域的沉积物作为反应介质,在压力7.8 MPa、温度2℃的条件下合成甲烷水合物,并利用热脉冲探针与时域反射技术联合测量的方式获得沉积物中水合物形成过程的热导率和饱和度等实验数据。结果表明,当水合物饱和度从0增加至49%时,体系热导率出现了先升高后降低的变化趋势。分析发现体系热导率随水合物饱和度的变化特征与水合物在沉积物中的填充方式有关,在实验选用的南海沉积物中,水合物优先选择在颗粒孔隙间成核生长,并最终与沉积物颗粒胶结共存。  相似文献   

5.
掌握影响天然气水合物(简称水合物)在海底沉积物中形成的因素对其能源和气候环境效应的评估有重要的意义。水合物的含量与沉积物颗粒的粒径紧密相关,水合物多产出于粗砂中。以人工样品为主的实验研究表明,由于孔隙半径产生的毛细管抑制压力,多孔介质的颗粒越细,孔隙越小,一定条件下稳定温度越低(或压力越高)。沉积物颗粒的比表面积与水合物饱和度呈现很高的相关性,比粒径更有优势。利用比表面积可以定量地表示粒径和孔隙大小之间的关系,量化分析孔隙大小对水合物形成的影响。此外,我国南海神狐海域水合物尽管赋存在细粒沉积物中,却具有较高的饱和度,这可能与南海沉积物中富含丰富的有孔虫壳体有关,通过微观层面的观察发现,这些古生物壳体不仅充当了沉积物中的粗砂部分,而且其多孔结构也使沉积孔隙空间增加,从而为水合物富集提供了有利的生长环境和便利的赋存空间。Klauda等的模型假定多孔介质孔径尺寸的概率密度分布函数为正态分布,新的相平衡模型包含了尺寸效应。颜荣涛等把有效孔隙半径和水合物饱和度联系起来,从而将水合物饱和度引入相平衡模型中。分形模型将分形参数与孔隙度建立了关系,但并没有与温压条件等进一步联系起来,对水合物形成和分解的影响还需做进一步的推导和实验。  相似文献   

6.
张小玲  夏飞  杜修力  许成顺 《岩土力学》2019,40(11):4229-4239
天然气水合物是一种新型的清洁能源,具有广阔的应用前景。但在水合物开采过程中温压条件的改变会引起水合物的分解,导致含水合物沉积物胶结强度的丧失;同时,沉积物在加载过程中由于其内部微裂纹、缺陷逐渐扩展以及土颗粒间的水合物逐渐破碎也会引发含水合物沉积物的损伤,而以往对于水合物分解过程中多场耦合模型的研究忽略了沉积物结构损伤演化过程及其对耦合过程的影响。因此,基于连续损伤理论,在损伤统计本构模型中引入三参数的Weibull分布和残余强度修正系数,建立起考虑损伤阈值和残余强度影响的含水合物沉积物损伤统计本构模型;进而将本构模型嵌入到水合物分解过程的多场耦合模型中,建立了考虑含水合物沉积物损伤的温度-应力-渗流-化学(THMC)多场耦合数学模型;基于该模型讨论了含水合物沉积物结构损伤对水合物分解过程中沉积物储层的变形、压力、温度等因素的影响规律。通过计算分析发现:含水合物沉积物结构损伤对水合物分解的多场耦合过程具有显著影响,并且随着分解时间的增加,其影响逐渐增大。  相似文献   

7.
邢兰昌  陈强  刘昌岭 《岩矿测试》2015,34(6):704-711
含水合物沉积物的电学性质极为复杂且影响因素众多,目前所采用的电阻率参数尚不能充分刻画含水合物沉积物的电学特性。本文提出应用电化学阻抗谱法对四氢呋喃水合物的生成和分解过程进行测试,采用等效电路模型拟合阻抗谱,通过分析等效电路元件参数的变化规律研究水合物生成和分解过程的阻抗谱特征。研究发现:1四氢呋喃水溶液测试体系的电化学阻抗谱可用传荷与扩散共同控制的电极过程的等效电路进行拟合;2在降温、水合物生成前和生成后的过程中,电荷传递电阻和韦伯阻抗能够显著地反映以上三个过程的转换;3升温过程中各电路元件参数总体变化趋势与降温过程相反。研究表明电化学阻抗谱测试法是研究水合物的电学性质及其生成和分解过程动力学机理的一种有效方法,等效电路元件参数能够从不同的角度揭示水合物生成和分解过程的内在信息。  相似文献   

8.
为研究联合法开采天然气水合物,在水合物三维实验开采模拟平台中利用双水平井进行降压联合注温水开采水合物实验,得到温度和压力分布、产气、产水、三相饱和度变化与开采方法的传热特性。整个开采过程可以分为自由气释放阶段、静置阶段、降压开采阶段和注热开采阶段。研究结果表明在自由气释放阶段和静置阶段有二次水合物生成。在注热阶段,水合物在降压和注热的协同作用下进行分解。反应釜中的水合物最终被完全分解,并且本研究的能效比高于前人利用垂直井进行降压联合热吞吐分解水合物的能效比,表明利用双水平井进行降压联合注温水是一种有效的分解水合物的方法。  相似文献   

9.
X射线衍射法在天然气水合物研究中的应用   总被引:4,自引:2,他引:2       下载免费PDF全文
刘昌岭  孟庆国 《岩矿测试》2014,33(4):468-479
天然气水合物是一种由气体分子(包括烃类和CO2、H2S等非烃类气体)和水分子在高压低温环境中形成的笼型水合物,主要有Ⅰ型(立方晶体结构)、Ⅱ型(菱形晶体结构)和H型(六方晶体结构)三种晶体结构。研究水合物的结构特征及变化规律,对于认识水合物形成机理、微观动力学、相态转化及水合物样品鉴定等具有重要意义。X射线衍射(XRD)是一种利用X射线照射晶体(或某些非晶态物质)时产生的衍射来研究晶体内部结构(即内部原子排布)的分析技术。该技术应用于天然气水合物研究,不仅能准确获取水合物的结构类型及晶格参数等重要信息,还能观测水合物生成分解的微观动力学过程。本文阐述了XRD技术应用于水合物结构特征研究、水合物生成/分解动力学过程原位观测以及野外水合物样品鉴定等方面的研究进展。已知结构Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型水合物立方晶体的边长分别约为12.0×10-10m和17.3×10-10m,而结构H型水合物六方晶体a轴和c轴的边长分别约为12.2×10-10m和10.0×10-10m,因此,通过XRD技术准确测量水合物晶体的晶格参数,即可判定水合物晶体的结构类型,该技术在国外已应用于海洋和冻土区钻获的天然气水合物样品鉴定并获得结构信息。此外,通过测定不同条件下生成的水合物晶体参数的变化,可研究水合物的结构转换及其影响规律,研究表明混合气体的组成、客体分子体积及直径大小、温度等都对水合物晶体参数及结构产生影响。通过在高压环境下的XRD原位技术,可测定水合物的生成与分解过程中衍射峰的变化,研究水合物生成/分解动力学过程,研究表明水合物生成/分解主要分两个阶段,即在气液(固)表面的快速生成/分解过程及气体分子在液(固)体内部的扩散过程,后一个阶段控制着反应速度。目前,国外在水合物研究中应用XRD技术已相对成熟,而我国才刚刚起步。本文认为,将XRD技术应用到天然气水合物的研究中,可解决水合物的结构类型鉴别及晶格参数测量等基本的科学问题,而且XRD技术与核磁共振、红外光谱、X-CT等分析技术的联用,尚有很大的发展空间,将为天然气水合物相关的理论研究提供强有力的技术支撑。  相似文献   

10.
四氢呋喃水合物沉积物静动力学性质试验研究   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
利用研制的天然气水合物沉积物合成与力学性质测试一体化试验设备,以粉细砂土和蒙古砂土作为沉积物骨架,对四氢呋喃(THF)水合物沉积物进行了静动三轴试验,获得了水合物分解前后沉积物样品的应力-应变关系、强度和液化特性,对两种骨架的水合物沉积物的性质进行了对比,同时将水合物分解后的沉积物与对应的饱和土的动三轴试验结果进行了对比。结果表明:水合物沉积物均表现为塑性破坏;围压越大,水合物沉积物强度越高;水合物分解导致沉积物的强度大幅降低;水合物分解后沉积物液化所需的时间较饱和水沉积物缩短  相似文献   

11.
海底天然气水合物分解与甲烷归宿研究进展   总被引:5,自引:1,他引:5  
综述了近年来天然气水合物分解与甲烷归宿等方面的研究成果。天然气水合物的汇聚与地质构造或地层圈闭有关,其溶解受物质转换控制,分解则受热转换控制。水合物释放甲烷的运移方式包括分散式、中心式和大规模排放式。缺氧氧化和耗氧氧化是甲烷在海洋环境中的2种主要转化方式。天然气水合物释放甲烷的最终归宿主要为:①重新形成天然气水合物;②形成化能自养生物群落和沉淀出碳酸盐沉积;③与氧发生氧化后转变为CO2;④直接排放进入到大气中。沉积物中的微构造、化能自养生物群落、自生碳酸盐矿物及其碳氧同位素组成是水合物释放事件的指纹记录。  相似文献   

12.
天然气水合物是一种新型的洁净能源。甲烷天然气水合物是储量最丰富的一种类型,常出现在深海中或极地大陆上,其生成的过程中会发生同位素的分馏效应。通过实验室模拟水合物生成的过程,利用天然海水与甲烷或二氧化碳气体反应,以及更接近实际生成环境的甲烷-海水-沉积物动态聚散实验,对甲烷水合物和二氧化碳水合物生成前后δ13C值进行测定,研究水合物生成过程中δ13C的变化情况。实验证明,水合物反应中碳同位素分馏是存在的,其变化程度明显小于氧同位素和氢同位素。甲烷水合物碳同位素的分馏系数αC的值为1000 3~1000 9。二氧化碳水合物生成反应后气相的碳、氧同位素变轻,重同位素趋向于进入水合物中,二氧化碳水合物碳同位素的分馏系数αC的值为1000 7~1001 2。海水中溶解的CO2气体在甲烷水合物形成过程中会被水合物捕获,从而使得δ13CDIC值变小,重的碳同位素趋于进入水合物中,而较轻的碳同位素留在海水中。但由于海水中含有的溶解CO2气体有限,经过多轮水合物动态聚散后δ13CDIC值的变化幅度会越来越小。  相似文献   

13.
天然气水合物研究中的几个重要问题   总被引:20,自引:0,他引:20  
综述了当前关于天然气水合物研究中的几个重要问题,提出了今后的主要研究方向,全球大约有10^19g碳以天然气水合物的形式储存在沉积物中,大约是其它所有化石燃料沉积物形式储存量的2倍多,因此,天然气水合物被认为是21世纪具有商业开发无景的潜在的战略资源,天然气水合物是一种亚稳态物质,极易受到温度和压力条件的影响,海底天然气水合物的分解将会影响沉积物的物理化学性质(如剪切强度和流变性等),地球物理性质(如地震波速和电导性),以及地球化学性质(如孔隙流体成分)的明显变化,导致诸如海底滑塌等地质灾害的发生,天然气水合物的分解会产生导致“温室效应”的甲烷气体,该气体进入大气圈中会引起全球气候和环境的变化。  相似文献   

14.
In the present study, we have developed a numerical method which can simulate the dynamic behaviour of a seabed ground during gas production from methane hydrate‐bearing sediments. The proposed method can describe the chemo‐thermo‐mechanical‐seismic coupled behaviours, such as phase changes from hydrates to water and gas, temperature changes and ground deformation related to the flow of pore fluids during earthquakes. In the first part of the present study, the governing equations for the proposed method and its discretization are presented. Then, numerical analyses are performed for hydrate‐bearing sediments in order to investigate the dynamic behaviour during gas production. The geological conditions and the material parameters are determined using the data of the seabed ground at Daini‐Atsumi knoll, Eastern Nankai Trough, Japan, where the first offshore production test of methane hydrates was conducted. A predicted earthquake at the site is used in the analyses. Regarding the seismic response to the earthquake which occur during gas production process, the wave profiles of horizontal acceleration and horizontal velocity were not extensively affected by the gas production. Hydrate dissociation behaviour is sensitive to changes in the pore pressure during earthquakes. Methane hydrate dissociation temporarily became active in some areas because of the main motion of the earthquake, then methane hydrate dissociation brought about an increase in the average pressure of the fluids during the earthquake. And, it was this increase in average pore pressure that finally caused the methane hydrate dissociation to cease during the earthquake. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

15.
Methane hydrate‐bearing sediments exist throughout the world in continental margins and in Arctic permafrost. Hydrates are ice‐like compounds when dissociate due to temperature rise or reduction in fluid pressure, release gas. Because of the mechanical property changes caused by dissociation in which the loads supported by the hydrates are transferred to soil grains, these sediments may become unstable. To quantify the risk of ground instability triggered by dissociation, which may happen during operation to extract methane gas or from climate changes, a reliable predictive model is indispensable. Even though many models have been proposed, a detailed validation of the ability to model dissociation impact is still needed. This study investigated the adequacy of an spatially mobilized plane constitutive model and a modeling framework using laboratory‐induced dissociation tests under shear from literature. Using laboratory‐imposed temperature and pressure changes and the resulting hydrate saturation changes as input, this study was able to capture the geomechanical responses and determine the stability state of methane hydrate‐bearing sediments as observed. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

16.
多孔介质中甲烷水合物相变过程模拟实验研究   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
天然气水合物相变过程不仅对沉积层温度场产生影响,也会改变沉积层介电常数等物理性质,深入研究水合物相变过程对周围环境的影响对今后水合物资源开发利用以及水合物地质灾害控制评估等方面都有重要的意义。通过使用专门设计的水合物模拟实验装置,综合采用二维温度梯度和时域反射等方法对甲烷水合物生成及分解过程进行监测。结果显示:水合物合成过程中甲烷水合物合成受气源和过冷度等因素影响,当气源充足时,水合物优先在过冷度大的区域合成,否则水合物优先在气源充足的区域合成;水合物相变过程引起周围多孔介质介电常数发生改变,并可据此计算沉积层中水合物饱和度;水合物稳定性受热刺激影响明显,含水合物多孔介质传热效率与热源距离成二次函数的衰减规律。  相似文献   

17.
Natural gas hydrates have been hailed as a new and promising unconventional alternative energy, especially as fossil fuels approach depletion, energy consumption soars, and fossil fuel prices rise, owing to their extensive distribution, abundance, and high fuel efficiency. Gas hydrate reservoirs are similar to a storage cupboard in the global carbon cycle, containing most of the world’s methane and accounting for a third of Earth’s mobile organic carbon. We investigated gas hydrate stability zone burial depths from the viewpoint of conditions associated with stable existence of gas hydrates, such as temperature, pressure, and heat flow, based on related data collected by the global drilling programs. Hydrate-related areas are estimated using various biological, geochemical and geophysical tools. Based on a series of previous investigations, we cover the history and status of gas hydrate exploration in the USA, Japan, South Korea, India, Germany, the polar areas, and China. Then, we review the current techniques for hydrate exploration in a global scale. Additionally, we briefly review existing techniques for recovering methane from gas hydrates, including thermal stimulation, depressurization, chemical injection, and CH4–CO2 exchange, as well as corresponding global field trials in Russia, Japan, United States, Canada and China. In particular, unlike diagenetic gas hydrates in coarse sandy sediments in Japan and gravel sediments in the United States and Canada, most gas hydrates in the northern South China Sea are non-diagenetic and exist in fine-grained sediments with a vein-like morphology. Therefore, especially in terms of the offshore production test in gas hydrate reservoirs in the Shenhu area in the north slope of the South China Sea, Chinese scientists have proposed two unprecedented techniques that have been verified during the field trials: solid fluidization and formation fluid extraction. Herein, we introduce the two production techniques, as well as the so-called “four-in-one” environmental monitoring system employed during the Shenhu production test. Methane is not currently commercially produced from gas hydrates anywhere in the world; therefore, the objective of field trials is to prove whether existing techniques could be applied as feasible and economic production methods for gas hydrates in deep-water sediments and permafrost zones. Before achieving commercial methane recovery from gas hydrates, it should be necessary to measure the geologic properties of gas hydrate reservoirs to optimize and improve existing production techniques. Herein, we propose horizontal wells, multilateral wells, and cluster wells improved by the vertical and individual wells applied during existing field trials. It is noteworthy that relatively pure gas hydrates occur in seafloor mounds, within near-surface sediments, and in gas migration conduits. Their extensive distribution, high saturation, and easy access mean that these types of gas hydrate may attract considerable attention from academia and industry in the future. Herein, we also review the occurrence and development of concentrated shallow hydrate accumulations and briefly introduce exploration and production techniques. In the closing section, we discuss future research needs, key issues, and major challenges related to gas hydrate exploration and production. We believe this review article provides insight on past, present, and future gas hydrate exploration and production to provide guidelines and stimulate new work into the field of gas hydrates.  相似文献   

18.
We report and discuss molecular and isotopic properties of hydrate-bound gases from 55 samples and void gases from 494 samples collected during Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Leg 204 at Hydrate Ridge offshore Oregon. Gas hydrates appear to crystallize in sediments from two end-member gas sources (deep allochthonous and in situ) as mixtures of different proportions. In an area of high gas flux at the Southern Summit of the ridge (Sites 1248-1250), shallow (0-40 m below the seafloor [mbsf]) gas hydrates are composed of mainly allochthonous mixed microbial and thermogenic methane and a small portion of thermogenic C2+ gases, which migrated vertically and laterally from as deep as 2- to 2.5-km depths. In contrast, deep (50-105 mbsf) gas hydrates at the Southern Summit (Sites 1248 and 1250) and on the flanks of the ridge (Sites 1244-1247) crystallize mainly from microbial methane and ethane generated dominantly in situ. A small contribution of allochthonous gas may also be present at sites where geologic and tectonic settings favor focused vertical gas migration from greater depth (e.g., Sites 1244 and 1245). Non-hydrocarbon gases such as CO2 and H2S are not abundant in sampled hydrates. The new gas geochemical data are inconsistent with earlier models suggesting that seafloor gas hydrates at Hydrate Ridge formed from gas derived from decomposition of deeper and older gas hydrates. Gas hydrate formation at the Southern Summit is explained by a model in which gas migrated from deep sediments, and perhaps was trapped by a gas hydrate seal at the base of the gas hydrate stability zone (GHSZ). Free gas migrated into the GHSZ when the overpressure in gas column exceeded sealing capacity of overlaying sediments, and precipitated as gas hydrate mainly within shallow sediments. The mushroom-like 3D shape of gas hydrate accumulation at the summit is possibly defined by the gas diffusion aureole surrounding the main migration conduit, the decrease of gas solubility in shallow sediment, and refocusing of gas by carbonate and gas hydrate seals near the seafloor to the crest of the local anticline structure.  相似文献   

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