首页 | 本学科首页   官方微博 | 高级检索  
相似文献
 共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 133 毫秒
1.
为了定量化揭示金矿污染区人群头发中重金属元素的累积状况及其对人群健康的危害,在小秦岭金矿带某环境污染区走访调查村民的健康状况,采集分析了20位村民头发中的Hg、Pb、Cd、As、Cr、Cu的含量,与未污染的对照区村民头发中重金属元素的含量作比对分析.结果显示,职业暴露或低水平长期接触导致污染区人群头发中重金属元素的舍量显著增高,直接从事提金活动的人群头发中的重金属元素含量明显高于低水平暴露人群,头发中重金属元素的含量较好地指示了人群健康的状况.研究成果为政府加大矿山环境污染防治的力度提供了科学依据.  相似文献   

2.
小秦岭金矿带某污染区村民头发中重金属元素的含量   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
为了定量化揭示污染区人群头发中重金属元素的累积状况及其对人群健康的危害,在小秦岭金矿带某环境污染区走访调查村民的健康状况,采集分析了20位村民头发中的Hg、Pb、Cd、As、Cr、Cu的含量,与未污染的对照区村民头发重金属元素的含量作比对分析。结果显示,职业暴露或低水平长期接触导致污染区人群头发中重金属元素的含量显著增高,直接从事提金活动的人群头发中的重金属元素含量明显高于低水平暴露人群,头发中重金属元素的含量较好地指示了人群健康的状况。研究成果为政府加大矿山环境污染防治的力度提供了科学依据。  相似文献   

3.
某金矿污染区人群头发重金属累积及其变化   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
矿业活动区环境重金属污染对人群健康的危害是人们关注的重大环境问题。以2009年某金矿区水土环境重金属污染区内的A村村民头发为研究对象,同时以环境相对清洁的B村人群头发中重金属含量为对比值。研究结果表明,污染区不同年龄段人群头发中的重金属平均含量具有一定的统计学意义,不同性别、不同年龄段人群头发中,Hg、Pb、Cd平均含量分别是对照区人发中的7.81倍、6.75倍和4.20倍。总体而言,污染区人发中重金属含量仍在持续累积。人发中高含量的重金属与人体健康存在较好的相关性,金矿区环境污染对人群健康危害严重。  相似文献   

4.
小秦岭金矿区小麦和玉米重金属的健康风险评价   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
重金属污染引发的农产品质量安全问题已成为全社会关注的焦点。为了解小秦岭金矿开发引起的重金属污染风险,采集了同点位的农田土壤、小麦和玉米籽粒样品,测定了其中Hg、Pb、Cd、Cr、As、Cu和Zn的含量及其在土壤中的形态;采用指数法和RAC风险评价法分析了土壤重金属的污染风险,采用转移因子和目标风险指数法评价了小麦、玉米籽粒中重金属的健康风险。结果表明:小秦岭金矿区土壤中Hg、Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn含量受矿业活动影响强度大,在土壤中累积明显;土壤中Hg、Cd、Pb、Cu总量超过了国家限值,呈现污染;Cd、Hg、Cu具有潜在生态风险。小麦和玉米籽粒中Pb以及玉米籽粒中的Cd的平均含量高于国家标准,呈现一定程度的污染;部分小麦样品中的Hg、Cd和部分玉米样品中的Cd超过WHO/FAO安全限值,小麦和玉米籽粒中度Pb平均含量超过欧盟安全标准,说明具有潜在的健康风险。重金属的转移因子表明Cd、Zn及Cu比其他重金属更容易从土壤转移到小麦和玉米籽粒中;通过小麦对重金属的摄入量略高于玉米,远低于WHO/FAO推荐剂量;目标风险指数评价表明,只消费小麦或玉米基本不产生健康风险,但同时消费矿区生长的小麦和玉米具有较高的Pb健康风险。  相似文献   

5.
以小秦岭金矿区农田土壤和小麦为研究对象,依据国家土壤环境质量标准、食品安全标准和邻区对照值,以单因子污染指数法和内梅罗综合指数法评价土壤、小麦重金属的累积污染现状,采用MapGIS6.7和地统计法研究了土壤和小麦重金属的空间分布和污染程度的差异。结果表明,金矿开发造成土壤Hg、Pb、Cd、Cu的明显累积和污染,累积倍数分别为18.97、8.67、4.50、4.03,污染倍数为4.48、3.50、3.46、3.13,而Cr、As和Zn累积不明显,也不是研究区的特征污染元素。区内小麦Hg、Pb、Cd受到了比较明显的人为影响,小麦中Hg、Cu、Cd出现了累积现象,但仅有Pb达到了污染水平(超标倍数2.01);土壤Cu、Zn的各种形态及其总量与小麦中含量显著或极显著相关,土壤Hg、As的部分形态、总量与小麦中的含量显著、极显著相关,碳酸盐态Cr与小麦Cr显著负相关。土壤与小麦重金属之间的差异说明评判农田土壤重金属污染的危害需要结合作物效应进行关联分析和进一步的风险评估,并综合考虑区域土壤、植物、大气、灌水等因素的影响。  相似文献   

6.
小秦岭金矿带农田土壤重金属的时空变异趋势及其意义   总被引:3,自引:1,他引:2  
柯海玲  李贤  徐友宁  张江华 《地质通报》2014,33(8):1196-1204
研究农田土壤重金属累积的时空变异特征及定量化预测变异趋势,是探讨土壤重金属地球化学累积效应及预警方法的关键。收集整理小秦岭金矿区以往调研资料和陆续的动态监测数据,对比分析了近28年来研究区农田土壤重金属特征污染物Hg、Pb、Cd、Cu的时空变异特征和扩散速率,并利用年均增长量和总变化率2个参数,定量计算了研究区土壤Hg、Pb、Cd、Cu的累积速率,探讨其环境意义。分析表明,1985年至今研究区农田土壤重金属Hg、Pb、Cd含量平均值持续增长,Cu有所波动,但总体也呈增长趋势。在区域分布上,Hg、Pb、Cd基本以双桥河流域为浓集中心,随着时间的推移,污染范围均逐渐扩大,且向下游有加重的趋势,Cu和Pb的污染范围虽然也在扩大,但极重污染区正在减小甚至消失。  相似文献   

7.
陕西潼关金矿区太峪河底泥重金属元素的含量及污染评价   总被引:3,自引:1,他引:2  
徐友宁  张江华 《地质通报》2008,27(8):1263-1671
通过对潼关金矿区太峪河和太峪水库底泥中重金属元素总量的调查,探讨了金矿开发活动中重金属元素对河流底泥的污染程度。研究结果表明,除As外,河流底泥中重金属元素的含量与尾矿渣中重金属元素的含量变化一致,表明其主要来源于尾矿渣,但又明显高于尾矿渣。在同一地点河流底泥中重金属元素的含量平均高出河水中的1048.61~666030.08倍,呈显著富集。以邻近地区不受工矿活动影响的河流底泥重金属元素的含量均值作为评价参比值,太峪河底泥受到了Hg、Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn元素的极度污染,单项污染超标倍数及综合污染指数法评价结果表明,Hg、Pb、Cd平均污染超标倍数达366.90、217.42和149.97,是底泥中最主要的污染元素。河流底泥重金属元素的综合污染指数高达278.97,表明河流的复合污染亦呈极度状态。太峪河底泥受重金属元素极度污染的现实提示,矿区的环境防治工作已刻不容缓。  相似文献   

8.
为了解潼关金矿矿区早期粗放式的矿业活动对矿区周边农田土壤的重金属污染状况的影响以及对暴露人群的不良健康效应的评价,采用地质调查工程选取了矿区附近6块农田土壤为研究对象,通过X射线荧光光谱分析法测定了68个土壤样本中Cd、Hg、As、Pb、Cr、Cu、Ni、Zn等8种土壤重金属含量,采用地累积指数法、潜在生态危害指数法和健康风险评估模型分别评价该区土壤重金属污染程度、潜在生态风险和人体健康风险。结果表明,该区农田土壤中Cd、Hg、Pb、Cu、Ni、Zn 6种重金属平均值高于潼关县土壤背景值,呈现不同程度的积累;Pb、Hg、Cd的土壤积累含量不仅超出了土壤重金属污染对农产品质量存在安全风险的最低限值农用地土壤污染风险筛选值,还分别以41.2%、72.1%、14.7%的超标率超出了土壤重金属污染对农产品质量存在安全风险的最高限值农用地土壤污染风险管制值;研究区土壤重金属污染评价显示,土壤中Hg、Cd、Pb总体污染程度最重,Cu、Zn总体呈现轻—重污染,Ni、Cr、As总体呈现无污染状态。生态风险评价显示,Hg、Cd、Pb为主要生态危害元素,Hg为极强风险,Cd和Pb为强风险。人体健康风险表明,研究区重金属对儿童的非致癌风险显著,Pb、Hg为主要非致癌因子;致癌风险均在合理范围,Cd致癌风险最大,手-口摄入为最主要的暴露途经,儿童更易受到重金属污染威胁。  相似文献   

9.
土壤重金属元素污染的潜在生态危害程度及空间分布是土壤污染防治的前提和基础。为揭示土壤中重金属元素的潜在生态危害程度,在前期土壤污染调查评价的基础上,采用Hakanson的潜在生态危害指数,以研究区西邻无工矿影响的农田土壤重金属元素含量均值作为参比值,对矿区农田土壤进行了重金属元素污染的潜在生态环境危害评价。结果表明,Hg是农田土壤中潜在生态危害最严重的元素,其次是Cd和Pb。Hg、Pb、Cd对土壤污染危害的贡献率之和达97.41%,仅Hg的贡献率就达84.37%。多个重金属元素潜在生态危害很强、极强的土壤样品占样品总数的49.62%,影响面积达74.54%。从西北向东南,土壤重金属元素潜在生态危害程度激增,这种空间分布与目前金矿选冶的布局一致。土壤重金属元素潜在生态环境危害的后果已被前期研究成果所证实。  相似文献   

10.
小秦岭金矿区水系沉积物重金属特征研究   总被引:4,自引:2,他引:2       下载免费PDF全文
在划分小秦岭金矿区水系流域的基础上,研究了不同水系沉积物中Hg、Pb、Cd、Cr、As、Cu、Zn七种重金属的含量水平、分布特征;从各个元素的主要来源出发,分析了重金属含量水平高低不同的原因,探讨了金矿开发对重金属含量变异的影响,提出影响水系沉积物重金属赋存、迁移的相关因素.结果发现:①从地域上看,小秦岭北麓水系沉积物重金属含量普遍高于南麓,而在北麓表现出“中间高、两侧低”的特点;②从元素含量差异看,小秦岭金矿区水系沉积物中Pb含量最高且偏离背景值的程度最大,其次是Hg,而Cr、As继续保持了低背景值的趋势.  相似文献   

11.
There are few inter-African country urban analyses because of the continent’s enormous size and socioeconomic diversity, language barriers, and wide variations in national and regional urban research capacity. Nevertheless, comparative urban studies are critical in understanding contemporary African urbanization. In this comparative spatial and temporal analysis of Ghana and Kenya’s urbanization, we find that both countries are urbanizing rapidly and are faced with many common urban problems. Moreover, Ghana is more urbanized than Kenya and has a larger indigenous urban imprint and a more widely dispersed urban pattern. Besides their physiographic and population conditions, we trace these countries’ convergent and divergent urban trends to their shared but unique experiences of colonialism, nationalism and globalization.  相似文献   

12.
The dissolution of H2O and CO2 in structurally dense, nominally anhydrous and non-carbonate oxide matrices such as MgO and CaO is reviewed. H2O and CO2 are treated as gaseous oxide components which enter into solid solution with the refractory oxide hosts. They form anion complexes associated with cation vacancy sites. Evidence is presented that OH? pairs which derive from the dissolution of H2O are subject to a charge transfer (CT) conversion into peroxy moieties and molecular hydrogen, O 2 2? ... H2. Because the O 2 2? moiety is small (O?-O? distance ≈ 1.5 Å) high pressure probably favors the CT conversion. Mass spectroscopic studies show that molecular H2 may be lost from the solid which retains excess oxygen in the form of O 2 2? , leading to the release of atomic O. The dissociation of O 2 2? moieties into a vacancy-bound O? state and an unbound O? state can be followed by measuring the internal redox reactions involving transition metal impurities, the transient paramagnetism of the O? and their effect on the d.c. conductivity. Evidence is presented that CO2 molecules dissolve dissociatively in the structurally dense oxide matrix, as if they were first to dissociate into CO+O and then to form separate solute moieties CO 2 2? and O 2 2? , both associated with cation vacancy sites. In the CO 2 2? moiety (C-O? distance 1.2–1.3 Å, OCO angle ≈ 130°) the C atom probably sits off center. The transition of the C atom into interstitial sites is accompanied by dissociation of the CO 2 2? moiety into CO? and O?. This transition can be followed by infrared spectroscopy, using OH? as local probes. Further support derives from magnetic susceptibility, thermal expansion, low frequency dielectric loss and low temperature deformation measurements. The recently observed emission of O and Mg atoms besides a variety of molecules such as CO, CO2, CH4, HCN and other hydrocarbons during impact fracture of MgO single crystals is presented and discussed in the light of the other experimental data.  相似文献   

13.
At 31 sites in Finland the Zn content was determined of the epiphytic lichen Hypogymnia physodes (L.) Nyl. growing on pine and birch, the terricolous lichen Cladina spp. in pine bark, and the inner part of birch bark. The anomalous contents of Zn in H. physodes on pine and Cladina spp. in soil appeared to be strongly related to sulphide ore deposits. Anthropogenic Zn correlated closely with S and Fe in H. physodes on pine and with Fe in Cladina spp. The binding of geogenic Zn was related to iron hydroxides, and was attributed to the different uptake mechanism of S in these lichens. Elevated values of Zn in H. physodes on birch were due to both geogenic and anthropogenic sources. Zinc in pine bark increased with the Zn content in H. physodes and reached a limiting value.  相似文献   

14.
利用GC-MS(气相色谱—质谱仪),对采自湖北清江流域和尚洞洞顶的土壤样品与洞内石笋样品进行分析,发现土壤中存在的七个系列单甲基支链烷烃在所有的石笋样品中均可以找到,呈现相似的分布模式,石笋中七个系列支链烷烃有可能来自洞穴滴水携带的土壤中的支链烷烃,但是也不能排除石笋原地生长的微生物的贡献。烷基环己烷的分布在土壤与石笋中呈现了相似的分布模式,但是主峰碳数有所变化,高碳数部分与低碳数部分的相对含量也发生了变化。主要原因可能是微生物选择性降解的结果,也有可能是土壤与石笋中微生物种类分布差异所造成的。本次研究初步显示了相对封闭稳定的洞穴沉积物与上覆土壤层中生物标志化合物的异同。   相似文献   

15.
Using improved analytical techniques, which reduce the Re blanks by factors of 8 to 10, we report new Re-Os data on low Re and low PGE pallasites (PAL-anom) and IIIAB irons. The new pallasite samples nearly double the observed range in Re/Os for pallasites and allow the determination of an isochron of slope 0.0775 ± 0.0008 (T = 4.50 ± 0.04 Ga, using the adjusted λ187Re = 1.66 × 10−11 a−1) and initial (187Os/188Os)0 = 0.09599 ± 0.00046. If the data on different groups of pallasites (including the “anomalous” pallasites) are considered to define a whole-rock isochron, their formation would appear to be distinctly younger than for the iron meteorites by ∼60 Ma. Five IIIAB irons (Acuna, Bella Roca, Chupaderos, Grant, and Bear Creek), with Re contents ranging from 0.9 to 2.8 ppb, show limited Re/Os fractionation and plot within errors on the IIAB iron meteorite isochron of slope 0.07848 ± 0.00018 (T = 4.56 ± 0.01 Ga) and initial (187Os/188Os)0 = 0.09563 ± 0.00011. Many of the meteorites were analyzed also for Pd-Ag and show 107Ag enrichments correlated with Pd/Ag, requiring early formation and fractionation of the FeNi metal, in a narrow time interval, after injection of live 107Pd (t1/2 = 6.5 Ma) into the solar nebula. Based on Pd-Ag, the typical range in relative ages of these meteorites is ≤10 Ma. The Pd-Ag results suggest early formation and preservation of the 107Pd-107Ag systematics, both for IIIAB irons and for pallasites, while the younger Re-Os apparent age for pallasites suggests that the Re-Os system in pallasites was subject to re-equilibration. The low Re and low PGE pallasites show significant Re/Os fractionation (higher Re/Os) as the Re and PGE contents decrease. By contrast, the IIIAB irons show a restricted range in Re/Os, even for samples with extremely low Re and PGE contents. There is a good correlation of Re and Ir contents. The correlation of Re and Os contents for IIIAB irons shows a similar complex pattern as observed for IIAB irons (Morgan et al., 1995), and neither can be ascribed to a continuous fractional crystallization process with uniform solid-metal/liquid-metal distribution coefficients.  相似文献   

16.
Aqueous extraction contributes to the formation and weathering of planetary materials and renders electrolytes such as phosphate available for biology. In this context, the solubility of phosphate is measured in planetary materials, represented by the Mars meteorites Nakhla, Dar al Gani 476 (DaG 476), Elephant Morraine 79001 (EETA 79001), and terrestrial analogs, and in the Murchison CM2 and Allende CV3 carbonaceous chondrites. The Mars meteorites contain high levels of phosphate that is readily extracted by water, up to 15 mg kg−1 in Nakhla and DaG 476 and 38 mg kg−1 in EETA 79001, while the terrestrial analogs and the carbonaceous chondrites contain 0.5 to 6 mg kg−1. Correspondingly, high phosphate concentrations of 4 to >28 mg L−1 are obtained in extracts of the Mars meteorites at high solid/solution ratios, exceeding the concentrations of 0.4 to 2.0 mg L−1 in the extracts of the terrestrial analogs. A wide range of planetary conditions, including N2 and CO2 atmospheres, solid/solution ratios of 0.01 to 1.0 kg L−1, extraction times of 1 to 21 d, and temperatures of 20 to 121°C affect the amounts of extractable phosphate by factors of only 2 to 5 in most materials. Phosphate-fixing capacity and exchangeable phosphate are assessed by the isotopic exchange kinetics (IEK) method, which quantifies the amount of P isotopically exchangeable within 1 min (E1min) and between 1 min and 3 months (E1min-3m) and the amount of P that cannot be exchanged within 3 months (E>3m). The IEK results show that the DaG 476 Mars meteorite and terrestrial analogs have low P-fixing capacities, while the carbonaceous chondrites have high P-fixing capacities. Aqueous processing under early planetary CO2 atmospheres has large effects on the available phosphate. For example, the fraction of total P that is exchangeable in 3 months increases from 1.6 to 11%, 13 to 51.6%, and 43.9 to 90.4% in the DaG 476 Mars meteorite, Allende, and Murchison, respectively. The results show that solutions with high phosphate concentrations can form in the pores of planetary lava ash and basalts and in carbonaceous asteroids and meteorites. These solutions can help prebiotic synthesis and early microbial nutrition. The Martian and carbonaceous chondrite materials contain sufficient phosphate for space-based agriculture.  相似文献   

17.
Stabilities of amphibole and chlorite in mafic and ultramafic compositions have been considered in the model system CaO+MgO+Al2O3+SiO2+H2O. From topological arguments two petrogenetic grids have been constructed. Although available experimental data in CMASH are compatible with the grid in which amphibole reacts out before chlorite in model ultramafic compositions for the pressure range 6 to 15 kbar, naturally observed mineral assemblages and some experimental data in more complex systems favour the other grid in which chlorite reacts out before amphibole at all pressures. This discrepancy between natural and model systems is due to differential movement of the dehydration equilibria of the two hydrates reflecting the variation of activity of H2O or of components other than CMASH.  相似文献   

18.
The evolution of the border region of part or all of a craton, on the basis of geological data gathered from Mexico, may best be described in terms of geotectonic cycles. These consist, in chronological order, of (1) an orthogeosynclinal phase (eu- and miogeosynclines) with or without initial magmatic activity, (2) an anatexitic phase consisting of batholith emplacement with attendant regional metamorphism in the eugeosyncline and deposition of a clastic or flysch wedge over the miogeosyncline, (3) an orogenic phase consisting principally of the folding and thrusting of the sediments of the miogeosyncline together with the clastic or flysch wedge against the foreland, and (4) a taphrogenic or block-faulting phase accompanied by (a) accumulation of post-orogenic debris or molasse, (b) subsequent magmatic activity consisting largely of igneous extrusions with fewer intrusions, and (c) final magmatic activity consisting of igneous extrusions. A region that has gone through the above phases of a geotectonic cycle may be termed a structural belt. In the post-Precambrian geologic history of Mexico, three geotectonic cycles are recognized: one occurred along the Pacific border of Mexico between Cambrian and middle Jurassic (?) time (Jaliscoan geotectonic cycle), the second occurred along the present Gulf of Mexico border of the country at the same time (Huastecan geotectonic cycle), and the third occurred over the entire country from the United States border to the Guatemalan border between Late Jurassic and Pliocene time (Mexican geotectonic cycle). The early Mesozoic clastic rocks in northwestern Mexico may signify a fourth geotectonic cycle in that region. In the three recognized geotectonic cycles, however, the geologic record shows only two orogenic phases, one of which occurred in late Paleozoic time in an arcuate belt along the eastern side of Mexico (Coahuilan orogeny), and the other in early Tertiary time in a belt traversing central Mexico from the United States border to the Guatemalan border (Hidalgoan orogeny).  相似文献   

19.
The Alaknanda and Bhagirathi Rivers originate in the mountainous regions of the Himalayas (Garhwal) and result in high sediment yields causing flood hazards downstream of the Ganga River and high sediment flux to the Bay of Bengal. The rivers are perennial, since runoff in these rivers is controlled by both precipitation and glacial melt. In the present study, three locations in the upper reaches of the Ganga River were monitored for 1 yr (daily observations of, more than >1000 samples) for suspended sediment concentrations. In addition, more than one hundred samples were collected from various locations of the Alaknanda and Bhagirathi Rivers at different periods to observe spatial and temporal variations in river suspensions. Further, multi-annual data (up to 40 yrs) of water flow and sediment concentrations were used for inferring the variations in water flow and sediment loads on longer time scales. In most previous studies of Himalayan Rivers, there has been a general lack of long term water flow and sediment load data. In the present study, we carried out high frequency sampling, considered long term discharge data and based on these information, discussed the temporal and spatial variations in water discharge and sediment loads in the rivers in the Himalayan region. The results show that, >75% of annual sediment loads are transported during the monsoon season (June through September). The annual physical weathering rates in the Alaknanda and Bhagirathi River basins at Devprayag are estimated to be 863 tons km−2 yr−1 (3.25 mm yr−1) and 907 tons km−2 yr−1 (3.42 mm yr−1) respectively, which are far in excess of the global average of 156 tons km−2 yr−1 (0.58 mm yr−1).  相似文献   

20.
As a result of systematic study on heavy minerals in soils at city and town areas and their surroundings,cinnabar was discovered for the first time in areas of Hg anomalies in China, and it was found that the distribution of cinnabar was basically coincident in scope with that of Hg anomalies, showing that Hg anomalies were‘closely related to cinnabar. This finding provides a theoretical basis for a verification of Hg anomalies in soils in city and town areas and their surroundings, as well as evaluation of its ecological effects, and is significant to revealing the occurrence modes and origin of Hg in soils.  相似文献   

设为首页 | 免责声明 | 关于勤云 | 加入收藏

Copyright©北京勤云科技发展有限公司  京ICP备09084417号