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1.
Himalayan mountain chains are neo-tectonically active and significantly susceptible to frequent geohazards like landslides, earthquakes, cloudburst and flash floods, etc. Himalayan slopes are characterized by highly fractured, jointed and sheared rock mass. This affects the strength of the rocks and thus largely influences the stability characteristic of slopes which have been aggravated by human intervention. The ongoing developmental activities, particularly in the last two decades, are responsible for large-scale destabilization of slopes. In rugged terrain, safer designs along hill-cut roads must be ensured. Despite extensive geotechnical works for slope stabilization done in the Himalayan range, slope sections evolve due to various natural and man-made factors are need to be understood in greater details. Proper evaluation and treatment were done on the cut slopes that are severely affected during Kedarnath disaster of June 2013. One of such roads is national highway from Rudraprayag to Gaurikund near Kedarnath. In this study, the stability of vulnerable road cut slopes from Rudraprayag to Agastmuni was investigated. Three key road cut slopes were considered. Finite element analysis was conducted using PLAXIS simulator. Factors of safety, stress, strain, horizontal and vertical displacement have been determined for each slope. The most unstable slope had a factor of safety (FoS) equal to 0.935, while the most stable slope had FoS equal to 2.56. Outcomes from simulation are in good agreement with the prevailing field conditions. Slope stability evaluation must be performed to ensure better safety and to achieve disaster mitigated design.  相似文献   

2.
Stability of slope will always a problem due to its geodynamic nature of Himalayan region. The area investigated belongs to the Lower Siwalik formation, which is prone to failure due to presence of various weak planes or structures present in the rock mass. Frequent landslides causing loss of life, property, disturbance of morphological, surface and subsurface water flow pattern. A huge landslide in the Amiyan area occurred in 1999 and blocked the Gaula River which caused loss of agricultural land and other properties as well as waterlogged upstream side. The debris of Amiyan slope contains soil and sandstones of various types. This article deals with instability analysis of slopes of the Amiyan area, near Kathgodam, Nainital, Uttarakhand. This area experiences a number of local as well as regional slides. Extensive field surveys have been carried out to understand the geological detail. Laboratory experiments have been conducted to determine the various physicomechanical properties of rock mass. These properties have been used as input parameters for the numerical simulation. A number of researchers have used two-dimensional numerical models to simulate the slide area. Three-dimensional slope stability studies provide a better understanding of the mechanism of failure as well as zone of influence. The computed deformations and stress distribution, along the failure surface, have been compared with the field measurements and found to be in good agreement with field observations. In this case, finite difference method has been applied on the stability analysis of Amiyan slope. The study indicates that the slope is vulnerable and needs proper protection.  相似文献   

3.
Landslides and slope failures are recurrent phenomena in the Indian Himalayas. The study area comprises the hill slopes along a road stretch of 1.5 km at a distance of 9 km from Pipalkoti on Chamoli–Badrinath highway (NH-58) in the Garhwal Himalayas, India. Based on the field survey, contour map, and the hillshade, the study area has been divided into different zones. Three different zones/slopes in this study area including one potential debris slide, one stable debris slope, and one potential rock slide have been undertaken for investigation and modeling. Field mapping, data collection related to slope features and soil/rock sample collection, and discontinuity mapping for all the slopes have been carried out in field. Soil samples have been tested in the laboratory to determine the physico-mechanical properties. These properties along with some material properties from the literature have been used as input parameters for the numerical simulation. To investigate the failure process in the debris/rock slides as well as stable debris slope, the slopes were modeled as a continuum using 2D finite element plain strain approach. Shear strength reduction analysis was performed to determine the critical strength reduction factor. The computed deformations and the stress distributions, along the failure surface, have been compared with the field observations and found to be in good agreement. The analysis results indicated rock/debris slide slopes to be highly unstable. The debris slide modeling depicted failures both above and below road levels as observed in field. The rock slide modeling could depict the exact pattern of failure involving 3 sets of discontinuities simultaneously as observed in real-field scenario which is a major limitation in case of limit equilibrium analysis. The field-observed stable slope comes to be stable through FE analysis also. Based on these analyses, landslide hazard assessment of the study area could be done.  相似文献   

4.
Heavy rainfall in June 2013 triggered flash flooding and landslides throughout the Indian Himalayan state of Uttarakhand, killing more than 6000 people. The vast majority of fatalities and destruction resulted directly from a lake outburst and debris flow disaster originating from above the village of Kedarnath on June 16 and 17. Here, we provide a systematic analysis of the contributing factors leading to the Kedarnath disaster, both in terms of hydrometeorological triggering and topographic predisposition. Topographic characteristics of the lake watershed above Kedarnath are compared with other glacial lakes across the north-western Himalayan states of Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh, and implications for glacier lake outburst hazard assessment in a changing climate are discussed. Our analysis suggests that the early onset of heavy monsoon rainfall (390 mm, June 10–17) immediately following a 4-week period of unusually rapid snow cover depletion and elevated streamflow was the crucial hydrometeorological factor, resulting in slope saturation and significant run-off into the small seasonal glacial lake. Between mid-May and mid-June 2013, snow-covered area above Kedarnath decreased by around 50 %. The unusual situation of the lake being dammed in a steep, unstable paraglacial environment but fed entirely from snowmelt and rainfall within a fluvial dominated watershed is important in the context of this disaster. A simple scheme enabling large-scale recognition of such an unfavourable topographic setting is introduced. In view of projected 21st century changes in monsoon timing and heavy precipitation in South Asia, more emphasis should be given to potential hydrometeorological triggering of lake outburst and debris flow disasters in the Himalaya.  相似文献   

5.
Kumar  Ashvini  Sinvhal  A.  Joshi  A.  Kumar  D.  Sandeep  Kumar  Parveen 《Natural Hazards》2015,75(2):1057-1074
Natural Hazards - Uttarakhand Himalayas are among one of the most seismically active continental regions of the world. The Himalayan belt in this region is divided into Kumaon and Garhwal Himalaya....  相似文献   

6.
Evaluating cut slope failure by numerical analysis—a case study   总被引：3，自引：3，他引：0  
Slope failure is very common phenomenon in hilly regions, especially in young techno active mountainous like Himalayas. It is hazardous because of the accompanying progressive movement of the slope-forming material. In order to minimize the landslide effects, slope failure analysis and stabilization requires in depth understanding of the process that governs the behavior of the slope. The present article mainly deals with the analysis of the stability of road cut slopes of Rudraprayag Area, Uttarakhand, India. The area experiences local as well as regional slides every year. Extensive field study was carried out along the road cut slopes. Laboratory experiments were conducted to determine the various Physio-mechanical properties of rock mass. These properties have been used as input parameters for the numerical simulation of slope using FLAC3D (Fast Lagrangian Analysis of Continua) including geological discontinuities. The computed deformations and the stress distribution along the failure surface are compared with the field observations. The study indicates that the overall slope is unstable except at the location E where slope is critically stable. The effects of instability have been thoroughly considered and remedial measures have been recommended.  相似文献   

7.
In the present study, cut slope stability assessment along ghat road section of Kolli hills was carried out by using various geotechnical parameters of rock and soil slope sections and structural kinematics of major discontinuities is presented. The rock slope (RS) stability assessment was carried out using Rock Mass Rating basic (RMRbasic) and Slope Mass Rating (SMR) classification systems. The type of failure and their Factor of Safety (FOS) for individual RS was calculated using Hoek and Bray method. In the case of soil slopes (SS), the FOS was calculated using Circular Failure Chart (CFC) and Limit Equilibrium (LE) methods. The input data for the slope stability analyses were collected through extensive field work followed by stereonet plotting and laboratory test. There are six rock slope sections, and five soil slope sections were taken into consideration for the cut slope stability analyses. The area depicts class II (RS-1, 2, & 6) and class III (RS-3, 4, & 5) of RMR classes. The SMR result depicts for RS-1, RS-2, and RS-6 are 64.40, 60.02, and 60.70, respectively, and falls in class II stable condition. The SMR values of RS-3 and RS-5 were 44.33 and 57, respectively, and come under the class III partially stable condition. The RS-4 with SMR value of 17.33 falls under the class I completely unstable condition. The FOS of planar failure case indicates that RS-3 (FOS = 0.22) is more unstable, while all other sections are having greater than 1 FOS. The calculated FOS values using CFC method reveals that the FOS is very close to 1 for all the SS sections that fall under completely saturated condition which indicates that these slope sections may fail during heavy rainfall. In LE method, the sections SS-3 and SS-4 are unsafe under partially and completely saturated (natural slope) condition. In average slope condition, all the SS sections are unsafe under partially or completely saturated conditions. The facets 2, 3, 4, and 5 required mitigation measures, to improve the stability of slopes. Site-specific mitigation measures were suggested for partially or completely unstable rock and soil cut slopes.  相似文献   

8.
Orogenic movements and sub-tropical climate have rendered the slopes of the Himalayan region intensely deformed and weathered. As a result, the incidences of slope failure are quite common all along the Himalayan region. The Lesser Himalayan terrane is particularly vulnerable to mass-movements owing to geological fragility, and many parts of it are bearing a high-risk of associated disaster owing to the high population density. An important step towards mitigation of such disasters is the monitoring of slope movement. Towards this, the Persistent Scatterer Interferometry (PSI) technique can be applied. In the present study, the PSI technique is employed in Lesser Himalayan town of Nainital in Uttarakhand state of India to decipher and monitor slope movements. A total of 15 multi-date ENVISAT ASAR satellite images, acquired during August 2008 to August 2010 period, were subjected to PSI, which revealed a continuous creep movement along the hillslopes located towards the eastern side of the Nainital lake. The higher reaches of the hill seem to be experiencing accelerated creep of \({\sim }21\) mm/year, which decreases downslope to \({\sim }5\) mm/year. Based on spatial pattern of varying PSI Mean LOS Velocity (MLV) values, high (H), moderate (M), low (L) and very low (S) creeping zones have been delineated in the hillslopes. Given the long history of mass movements and continuously increasing anthropogenic activities in Nainital, these results call for immediate measures to avert any future disaster in the town.  相似文献   

9.
喜马拉雅山地区是世界上最高大的也是最年轻的山脉,这里地处两大板块的碰撞带,地质构造复杂,新构造运动强烈,山地灾害发育,泥石流异常活跃,经常给生命线工程和当地人民生命财产造成威胁。但是由于高寒缺氧,加之技术手段所限,研究程度一直很低。本文在对该区大型、巨型泥石流进行了遥感研究和实地调查资料基础上,发现该区泥石流存在16个泥石流较集中分布区,并且北坡比南坡更为发育。在此基础上,对其发育规律进行细致分析,发现:(1)喜马拉雅山地区泥石流的活动目前正处于活跃期; (2)研究区泥石流沟口主要分布在两个高程段,一个是2800~3400m范围,另一个是4200~4900m范围; (3)研究区衰败期泥石流沟道比降大都小于100,而发育期的泥石流沟道比降一般比较大,大都大于300,旺盛期的泥石流沟道比降则介于100~300之间。另一方面,我们发现本区冰雪融水与雨水型泥石流的沟道比降几乎相同,其动力条件相差不大。这对于该区泥石流灾害的防治、判断泥石流的活动性具有重要意义。  相似文献   

10.
Occurrences of landslide are most common and critical issue in North-East India. The various types of slope failures have been affected most part of slopes and road section between Malidor to Sonapur area (approx 30 Km) along NH-44 within Jaintia hills district, Meghalaya, India. These slope failures causes considerable loss of life and property along with many inconveniences such as disruption of traffic along highways. The unscientific excavations of rock slopes for road widening or construction purposes may weaken the stability of the slopes. The rocks exposed in the area are highly jointed sandstone and shale of Barail Group of Oligocene age. The Sonapur landslide is most dangerous and destructive rock fall-cum debris flow. The present study includes the kinematic analysis of the slope to assess the potential failure directions as the rocks are highly jointed in some parts of road cut sections. The continuous slope mass rating (CSMR) technique has been applied for slope stability analysis at five vulnerable locations. Kinematic analysis indicates mainly wedge type of failure along with few toppling and planar failures. These failure required immediate treatment to prevent the slide and long term stability of the slope.  相似文献   

11.
The Himalayas are one of very active seismic regions in the world where devastating earthquakes of 1803 Bihar–Nepal, 1897 Shillong, 1905 Kangra, 1934 Bihar–Nepal, 1950 Assam and 2011 Sikkim were reported. Several researchers highlighted central seismic gap based on the stress accumulation in central part of Himalaya and the non-occurrence of earthquake between 1905 Kangra and 1934 Bihar–Nepal. The region has potential of producing great seismic event in the near future. As a result of this seismic gap, all regions which fall adjacent to the active Himalayan region are under high possible seismic hazard due to future earthquakes in the Himalayan region. In this study, the study area of the Lucknow urban centre which lies within 350 km from the central seismic gap has been considered for detailed assessment of seismic hazard. The city of Lucknow also lies close to Lucknow–Faizabad fault having a seismic gap of 350 years. Considering the possible seismic gap in the Himalayan region and also the seismic gap in Lucknow–Faizabad fault, the seismic hazard of Lucknow has been studied based on deterministic and the probabilistic seismic hazard analysis. Results obtained show that the northern and western parts of Lucknow are found to have a peak ground acceleration of 0.11–0.13 g, which is 1.6- to 2.0-fold higher than the seismic hazard compared to the other parts of Lucknow.  相似文献   

12.
为了科学划分碎屑斜坡类别和准确评价国道G318藏东段碎屑斜坡的稳定性。本研究历时3年,详细调查了该区段公路沿线所有碎屑斜坡,根据斜坡碎屑物质成分、颗粒大小及运动特征等进行类型划分,分析了各类碎屑斜坡的基本特征和失稳模式。利用信息熵和FLAC数值模拟分析了影响因素与斜坡稳定的相关关系,并建立了基于支持向量机的碎屑斜坡稳定性评判模型。研究表明:（1）碎屑斜坡可细分为溜砂坡、滚石坡和碎石坡3类。（2）碎屑斜坡影响因素从大到小依次为降雨融雪、平均坡度、碎屑物、平均坡高、植被覆盖率、工程建设、地震、风化等级、振动和河水侵蚀。（3）主要影响因素作用下,碎屑斜坡安全系数斜率大小为:降雨融雪（0.8）>平均坡度（0.66）>平均坡高（0.52）>植被覆盖率（0.46）>工程建设（0.43）,其斜率越大则影响作用越显著。（4）选取前6个主要影响因素用于碎屑稳定性评判模型,通过模型训练、回判和检验,模型准确率分别达到了89.29%和93.75%,可用于碎屑斜坡的稳定性评判和整治维修参考。  相似文献   

13.
Uttarakhand, a state of India, is located in seismically active Himalayan region and in the proximity of plate boundaries. The effects of important ground motion parameters like magnitude, distance, and local geology and site conditions on acceleration response spectra are examined in Uttarakhand Himalayas in this work. A total of 447 strong ground motion histories (horizontal and vertical) from 42 earthquakes were selected. The results show that the shape of the acceleration response spectra is influenced by the local site conditions and regional geology. The studies are carried out for two categories of sites, i.e., rock sites and soft soil sites. The maximum average horizontal spectral amplification for rock sites is 2.7 at 0.1 s, while for soft soil sites, it is found to be 3.2 at 0.2 s. In the same way, the maximum average vertical spectral amplification for rock is found to be 2.7 at 0.1 s, while for soft soil, it is found to be 2.95 at 0.1 s. The average spectral amplification in vertical component also shifts from low period (rock) to high period (soft soil). The level of spectra increases with decrease in distance for rock sites as well as soft soil sites. When comparing different magnitude earthquakes in different geological conditions, the response spectra are found to follow each other up to 0.04 s, while for period greater than 0.04 s, the spectra of higher magnitude earthquake is observed on the higher side. For soft soil sites, spectra from different magnitude earthquakes are observed to follow each other up to 0.1 s, beyond which they get separated.  相似文献   

14.
影响岩堆稳定的定性因素难以在极限平衡、数值分析中全面反映和定量表述。数量化理论可通过定性指标定量化,充分考虑定性指标的影响。基于数量化理论,提出岩堆稳定性评价模型。根据岩堆组成物质及内部颗粒接触情况进行结构分类;基于主因素分析,采用岩石单轴饱和抗压强度（分为四级）、岩堆结构（分为四级）、地形坡度（分为三级）及地下水发育情况（分为二级）4个评价指标建立了岩堆稳定性评价模型。模型在云南水富-麻柳湾高速公路中的应用成果表明:影响岩堆稳定性的主要因素是岩堆结构、岩石强度和地下水。  相似文献   

15.
The road widening carried out along National Highway-40, a strategic road corridor of north-eastern India, to ease the traffic snarls for geopolitical developments in the region. The newly exposed in situ soil slopes along National Highway-40 are on the verge of shear instability, and slope failures occur due to heavy earth cuttings. As a consequence, the road corridor witnesses several geotechnical failures during rainy seasons. The blasting activities initiated and propagated the soil creeps and falls resulting road blockades. Even a small rain shower is enough to undercut and uproot trees and transport boulders and surrounding earth materials up to the corridor. Besides, landslides are also prone to damage demographic areas and settling house units, thus invites for preventive measures towards hill slope management as these slopes make the highway corridor unsafe to the commuters. Therefore, the present study is aimed to investigate the stability of the hill cut soil slopes and to suggest possible stabilisation measures. The study also highlighted that steep soil slopes with high moisture content are prone to landslides mainly due to infiltration, and water flows on the slopes during high and prolonged rainfall. The highly plastic soils rich in silt and clay size particles with high moisture content cause soil/debris slide and flow. The numerical modelling of slopes using Fast Lagrangian Analysis of Continua (FLAC) codes (version 4.0) indicates failures in excavated high angle cut slopes. The re-excavation and benching of unstable slopes with geonets or bionets or jute matting to promote vegetation growth were suggested as stabilisation measures by field investigation, laboratory studies and numerical analysis of slopes.  相似文献   

16.
Rock slopes require geo-engineering evaluation to assess the instability of critical slopes leading to landslides particularly in Himalayan terrain where rocks are highly jointed, fractured and weathering prone. Interplay of discontinuities in the rocks coupled with other parameters is one of the prime causes of failure of slopes. Engineering rock mass classification, such as, rock mass rating (RMR) and slope mass rating (SMR) along with geological strength index (GSI) have widely been used for stability assessment of rock slopes above tunnel portals, and these classifications are employed here for assessment of stability of slopes of critical nature along Rampur-Powari highway in Himachal Pradesh. In the present study, out of 154 numbers of slopes, a total of 29 have been selected for assessment of their criticality by employing RMR, SMR and GSI.  相似文献   

17.
There are many rock mass classification schemes which are frequently used for different purposes such as estimation of strength and deformability of rock masses, stability assessment of rock slopes, tunneling and underground mining operations etc. The rock mass classification includes some inputs obtained from intact rock and discontinuity properties which have major influence on assessment of engineering behaviour of rock mass. In the present study, detail measurements were employed on road cuts slope faces in Garhwal Himalayas to collect required data to be used for rock mass classification of Rock Mass Rating (RMR) and Geological Strength Index (GSI). The stability assessment of rock slopes were also done by using Slope Mass Rating. In addition the relation between RMR and GSI were also evaluated using 50 data pairs.  相似文献   

18.
Landslide hazards and mitigation measures at Gangtok, Sikkim Himalaya   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  
Landslides and other mass movements are serious geo-environmental hazards in the Himalayas. Massive landslides killing tens of thousands of people with catastrophic damages have occurred in the Eastern Himalayan State of Sikkim, which shares common borders with Tibet, Nepal, and Bhutan. This paper describes the investigations carried out on recent landslides in Gangtok, Sikkim, India, with emphasis on the triggering mechanisms that have contributed to the release and creep of natural slopes in the region. It is believed that the intense rainfall in the region not only contributes to rapid erosion and weathering of the rock mass, but also increases the groundwater level that leads to reduction in the stability of natural slopes. A landslide instrumentation programme that includes placement of settlement pillars and piezometers is underway to predict the behaviour of landslides in the area.  相似文献   

19.
喜马拉雅山区构造断裂发育,地震活动频繁,新构造运动强烈,内外动力地质作用异常活动,使该区域公路边坡扰动灾害十分严重,对区域内公路的安全运行构成了极大的威胁。本文通过实地调研和理论分析,探讨了喜马拉雅山区高速公路边坡扰动崩滑灾害发育规律、防护措施破坏特征和破坏机理。从边坡的物质成分和地层结构类型出发,对全区公路边坡类型进行了分类,并提出了边坡失稳破坏的多种模式。通过空间统计分析发现,喜马拉雅山区公路边坡崩塌灾害的发生和分布与区域断裂、地震动强度、岩土结构类型及气候环境条件等因素密切相关,并给出了量化的变化指标。在此基础上,采用地球内外动力耦合作用的理论对喜马拉雅山区地质灾害的成因和演化机制进行了分析,认为差异隆升与河流下切导致岩体结构松弛效应及山体崩塌滑坡,是内外动力耦合作用的结果。在公路工程时间尺度上,气候变化是当前该地区最为活跃的外动力地质作用。在边坡扰动灾害防护方面,边坡灾害防护措施的稳定性、安全性等不确定性较大,调查中10%的边坡崩滑防治工程出现了不同程度的破坏。通过对防护措施破坏特征的分析,阐明了边坡灾害防护效果与防护措施自身稳定性差异性的原因,提出边坡坡面防护措施的选型与优化,需要综合考虑坡面岩土体的工程地质特点、灾害体类型、运动路径、致灾模式与工程匹配性等因素,应采用多重防护措施进行优化组合,使其最大程度地减少灾害的发生和可能的风险。  相似文献   

20.
Seismic Stability Analysis of a Himalayan Rock Slope   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  
The seismic slope stability analysis of the right abutment of a railway bridge proposed at about 350 m above the ground level, crossing a river and connecting two huge hillocks in the Himalayas, India, is presented in this paper. The rock slopes are composed of highly jointed rock mass and the joint spacing and orientation are varying at different locations. Seismic slope stability analysis of the slope under consideration is carried out using both pseudo-static approach and time response approach as the site is located in seismic zone V as per the earth quake zonation maps of India. Stability of the slope is studied numerically using program FLAC. The results obtained from the pseudo-static analysis are presented in the form of Factor of Safety (FOS) and the results obtained from the time response analysis of the slope are presented in terms of horizontal and vertical displacements along the slope. The results obtained from both the analyses confirmed the global stability of the slope as the FOS in case of pseudo-static analysis is above 1.0 and the displacements observed in case of time response analysis are within the permissible limits. This paper also presents the results obtained from the parametric analysis performed in the case of time response analysis in order to understand the effect of individual parameters on the overall stability of the slope.  相似文献   

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