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1.
从前寒武纪至今,各年代地层中普遍存在风暴沉积物,它们记录了地史时期曾经发生的极端气象事件。古风暴沉积物研究被认为能在预测未来极端气象事件演变趋势方面提供关键的长时间尺度信息,而准确识别风暴沉积物是这项研究的重要基础。在先前的研究中,学者们主要关注相对容易识别的砂质风暴沉积物、碳酸盐（钙质）风暴沉积物、风暴砾石与巨砾以及风暴贝壳层,而对较难识别的泥质风暴沉积物缺乏深入研究。近年来,国内外研究人员在海岸泥质风暴沉积物的判识方法和指标、沉积过程以及古风暴历史重建等方面取得了不少重要进展。这对于完善对风暴沉积记录类型的认识以及进行高分辨率的古风暴活动历史重建十分重要。为此,着重回顾了近年来有关海岸泥质风暴沉积物判识方法体系的研究进展,发现综合运用元素地球化学、同位素地球化学和有机地球化学的敏感指标是准确识别泥质风暴沉积物的关键,但仍需深入探究泥质风暴沉积物地球化学判识指标与风暴沉积动力过程的响应机理,建议优先关注不同沉积环境泥质风暴沉积物的系统性对比研究、野外原位观测及室内沉积模拟,并强化跨学科交叉合作。  相似文献   

2.
赵秧秧  高抒 《沉积学报》2015,33(1):79-90
以江苏如东潮滩为研究区,采用沉积动力学垂向二维概念模型来模拟正常天气和台风期间潮滩沉积的空间分布特征,探讨台风风暴潮对潮滩正常沉积层序的改造作用.模拟结果表明,在涨落潮时间-流速对称特征明显的如东海岸,潮汐作用使潮滩沉积呈显著的分带性,且剖面形态向“双凸形”演化,两个“凸点”分别位于平均高潮位和平均低潮位附近.在台风期间风暴增水效应下,开边界悬沙浓度差异将导致潮滩冲淤和沉积分布格局的变化,潮上带和潮间带上部均堆积泥质沉积物,潮间带中下部在风暴过程中普遍遭受不同程度的砂质沉积物侵蚀或之后堆积泥质沉积物,在沉积层序中形成风暴冲刷面.因此,潮滩的风暴沉积记录存在于潮间带上部或更高部位.以此模型为基础,可进一步综合考虑极浅水边界层水动力结构、沉积物粒度分布变化、波-流联合作用、台风降水、互花米草等生物活动、潮沟摆动及人工围垦等因素,从而建立风暴事件在沉积层序中的时间序列,更好地解译沉积记录中的古环境信息.  相似文献   

3.
广义的风暴沉积是自然界内外地质营力促使海水产生足够大的漩涡流,对海底及海岸冲蚀形成的一种事件沉积.徐州赵圩地区发育丰富的晚元古代风暴沉积记录,通过野外露头剖面岩性观察与室内整理,划分出7种不同水深的风暴沉积序列类型.根据冲刷面、滞积层、丘状交错层理(HCS)、液化卷曲层理等典型风暴特征,可将这7种序列与浅海陆棚边缘-台地前缘缓斜坡-台前潮上环境的连续沉积相对应.据此分析了风暴沉积序列与水深的关系,并针对本区的沉积特点对风暴沉积成因进行探讨.  相似文献   

4.
龙门山甘溪组谢家湾段风暴岩沉积特征及其意义   总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文
通过野外剖面测量、采样和室内鉴定,建立了甘溪剖面泥盆系岩石学、古生物学和沉积构造等沉积相标志,对甘溪剖面泥盆系甘溪组风暴岩进行系统研究。本剖面风暴岩沉积特征很典型,各种与风暴流有关的沉积构造非常发育,可划分出近源和远源风暴流沉积2个类型。风暴岩的发现有利于加深对该区沉积相的认识,风暴岩的频繁发育,表明研究区在泥盆系沉积时,曾经处于易受到古大洋气候影响的低纬度区域,由于风暴作用是瞬时间的等时性事件,风暴沉积序列可以作为"明显的等时意义"地层对比的重要标志。因此,该项研究成果对重塑龙门山地区古海洋学、古气候学的研究,对恢复古板块位置等都十分重要。  相似文献   

5.
章正军  丁俊 《云南地质》1994,13(4):362-370
南盘江盆地三叠纪，经历了早三叠世中、晚期的拉张、断陷和中三叠世拉丁期之后的挤压断隆。其间形成复杂多变的沉积古地理环境。通过对沉积盆地中发育的风暴沉积组合以及引起风暴流作用水动力特点的研究，将风暴岩分为：（１）回流型风暴岩；（２）搅动型风暴岩。根据沉积地质背景分析及对含有风暴岩剖面结构的研究提出沉积地质构造背景与风暴沉积作用模式，说明构造运动对风暴岩的成困类型和保存是一个十分关键的地质因素。  相似文献   

6.
赵灿  陈孝红  李旭兵  曾雄伟  周鹏  张保民  张华 《地质学报》2013,87(12):1901-1912
本文首次报道了峡东地区埃迪卡拉系灯影组石板滩段地层中的风暴岩。通过详细的剖面观察、测制和室内研究,识别出石板滩段典型的风暴沉积标志,包括各种丘状交错层理、粒序层理、冲刷 充填构造、平行层理及变形层理等。结合各类风暴沉积标志在剖面上的组合关系将研究区风暴岩划分出4个风暴沉积序列类型：其中类型Ⅰ为风暴流成因的滞留沉积与底面的冲刷面、丘状层理、波状层理、水平层理的组合,属形成于正常浪基面附近的近原地风暴岩; 类型Ⅱ为具颗粒流性质的块状内碎屑灰岩与丘状交错层理的组合,常见变形层理,形成于斜坡上部;类型Ⅲ为以渠模、丘状交错层理与水平层理的频繁叠加为特征,出现在风暴浪基面与正常浪基面之间;类型Ⅳ为具粒序层理的砂 砾屑浊积灰岩,形成于风暴浪基面以下,划归为风暴成因的远源浊流沉积。研究区风暴岩的特征表明：风暴层蕴含了强烈的气候信息,风暴频发是灯影期气候转型的重要响应;该时期构造相对活跃、海底地形复杂化是风暴沉积形成的原因之一;研究风暴岩的特征对等时地层对比研究也具有重要意义。  相似文献   

7.
海岸沙丘对风暴响应研究进展   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  
全球海岸沙丘主要分布地区频繁遭受风暴袭击,风暴成为海岸沙丘形成演变的一个高能影响因子,也是研究波浪—海滩—沙丘相互作用的重要内容之一。从海岸沙丘形态对风暴响应、海岸沙丘沉积物对风暴的响应、海岸沙丘对风暴响应机理及其研究方法与技术等方面综合评述了国内外海岸沙丘对风暴响应的研究进展,并针对目前研究中存在的问题提出了今后发展的主要研究方向。  相似文献   

8.
彭怀珍 《沉积学报》1991,9(2):121-126
国外一些地质学家提出风暴流沉积、风暴岩.强调系暴风(台风)的突变性与灾变性力量形成的沉积物.据笔者对旋涡流作用成因的观察与研究得知,旋风(台风、龙卷风、气旋)是形成旋涡流的动力源之一.但旋风本身不能直接在海水中摄取砂粒形成沉积物,必须通过海水旋涡流作用,才能形成沉积,这又有违风暴流沉积说原意,而变成旋涡流沉积作用了.况且,旋风流动速度可与声速相当,延续时间短,形迹不定,不易搬运与形成沉积物.  相似文献   

9.
郭峰  郭岭 《新疆地质》2011,29(2):125-129
在野外剖面和岩心观察基础上,介绍了柴达木盆地西部古近系湖相风暴岩沉积特征,建立了湖泊风暴沉积模式,探讨风暴岩发育条件及意义.研究区风暴沉积是由风暴浪作用于浅湖泥坪上,使沉积物搅起、形成泥岩砾屑,并通过风暴流搬运到三角洲或滨浅湖滩坝中,与未固结砂质沉积物一起沉积形成.其典型沉积构造特征丰富,单层风暴沉积发育不完整,常见多次风暴作用形成若干不完整风暴岩叠置层.风暴岩的发现有利于加深对该区沉积相的认识,风暴岩频繁发育,表明研究区在古近系沉积时,易受到古气候影响,湖盆水动力较强,部分原始沉积砂体会受到湖泊水体的改造,形成新的滨浅湖滩坝砂体,形成良好的岩性油气藏.  相似文献   

10.
川北南江地区下三叠统飞一段风暴沉积特征及地质意义   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  
为进一步探究四川盆地北部南江剖面近P-T界线处频繁出露的风暴沉积暗含的地质信息,探讨早三叠世巨型季风气候对四川盆地北部沉积的影响,对研究剖面进行野外及镜下岩石学、沉积学特征综合分析,以底面侵蚀构造、风暴砾屑层、丘状交错层理等作为重要的识别标志,识别出风暴作用不同阶段的沉积产物高峰期(Sa)、衰减期(Sb)、停息期(Sc)段。根据Sa、Sb、Sc段的不同组合形式,将出露的多套风暴沉积划分为代表不同水深环境的I、II、III、IV四种风暴层序结构类型;在此基础上对Sa段风暴颗粒进行粒度分析并对风暴沉积厚度、层序结构类型等作纵向比较,风暴沉积表现为向上风暴作用逐渐增强的沉积序列。结合上寺剖面风暴沉积研究并进行横向对比,发现两剖面风暴沉积均发育在靠近P-T界线的早三叠世地层中且沉积规模接近,推测应为早三叠世时期同一巨型季风体制下受到频繁风暴作用影响的事件性沉积,并共同揭示了开江-梁平海槽边缘在早三叠世逐渐向广海方向推进、海槽逐渐被填平的沉积过程。  相似文献   

11.
The internal structure of coastal foredunes from three sites along the north Norfolk coast has been investigated using ground‐penetrating radar (GPR), which provides a unique insight into the internal structure of these dunes that cannot be achieved by any other non‐destructive or geophysical technique. Combining geomorphological and geophysical investigations into the structure and morphology of these coastal foredunes has enabled a more accurate determination of their development and evolution. The radar profiles show the internal structures, which include foreslope accretion, trough cut and fill, roll‐over and beach deposits. Foredune ridges contain large sets of low‐angle cross‐stratification from dune foreslope accretion with trough‐shaped structures from cut and fill on the crest and rearslope. Foreslope accretion indicates sand supply from the beach to the foreslope, while troughs on the dune crest and rearslope are attributed to reworking by offshore winds. Bounding surfaces between dunes are clearly resolved and reveal the relative chronology of dune emplacement. Radar sequence boundaries within dunes have been traced below the water‐table passing into beach erosion surfaces. These are believed to result from storm activity, which erodes the upper beach and dunes. In one example, at Brancaster, a dune scarp and erosion surface may be correlated with erosion in the 1950s, possibly the 1953 storm. Results suggest that dune ridge development is intimately linked to changes in the shoreline, with dune development associated with coastal progradation while dunes are eroded during storms and, where beaches are eroding, a stable coast provides more time for dune development, resulting in higher foredune ridges. A model for coastal dune evolution is presented, which illustrates stages of dune development in response to beach evolution and sand supply. In contrast to many other coastal dune fields where the prevailing wind is onshore, on the north Norfolk coast, the prevailing wind is directed along the coast and offshore, which reduces the landward migration of sand dunes.  相似文献   

12.
Tsunamis versus storm deposits from Thailand   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  
Along the Andaman (west) coast of Thailand, the 2004 tsunami depositional features associated with the 2004 tsunami were used to describe the characteristics of tsunamis in a place far away from the effect of both recent and ancient storms. The current challenge is that a lack of precise sedimentological characteristics have been described that will differentiate tsunami deposits from storm deposits. Here, in sedimentological senses, we reviewed the imprints of the sedimentological characteristics of the 2004 tsunami and older deposits and then compared them with storm deposits, as analyzed from the deposits found along the eastern (Gulf of Thailand; GOT) coast of Thailand. We discuss the hydraulic conditions of the 2004 tsunami and its predecessors, on the Andaman coast, and compare them to storm flows found on the coast of the GOT. Similar to an extensive tsunami inflow deposit, a storm flow overwash has very similar sedimentary structures. Well-preserved sedimentary structures recognized in sand sheets from both tsunami and storms include single and multiple normal gradings, reverse grading, parallel, incline and foreset lamina, rip-up clasts, and mud drapes. All these sedimentary structures verify the similarity of tsunami and storm inflow behavior as both types of high-energy flow start to scour the beach zone. Antidunes are likely to be the only unique internal sedimentary structures observed in the 2004 tsunami deposit. Rip-up clasts are rare within storm deposits compared to tsunami deposits. We found that the deposition during the outflow from both tsunami and storms was rarely preserved, suggesting that it does not persist for very long in the geological record.  相似文献   

13.
The speeds of historical cool-season extratropical cyclones along the U.S. east coast, hereafter East Coast Winter Storms (ECWS), occurring during the period from 1951 to 2006 were computed. Average storm speed was 13.8 ms−1 with stronger storms generally moving faster than weaker storms and faster storms forming during the midwinter months (December–March). There was no clear trend in ECWS speed during the time period, although considerable season-to-season variability was present. The monthly and seasonal variations in storm speed could not be attributed to the El Ni?o-Southern Oscillation or North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) alone. However, the speed of ECWS was considerably slower when both El Ni?o and the negative phase of NAO occurred simultaneously. Characteristic patterns in the upper levels of the atmosphere, specifically 300 hPa zonal winds and 500 hPa geopotential heights, were present during periods when ECWS speeds were among the slowest (and separately fastest). For slow storm speed, these patterns also prevailed during months in which El Ni?o and negative NAO phase occurred. These patterns were also present during months with extended runs of high oceanic storm surge. This provides a qualitative link between the atmospheric conditions associated with slow storms and potentially high coastal storm surge impacts. Among the prime consequences of ECWS speed are extended periods of high storm surge, mainly due to slow-moving storms. The sustained high tidal levels often lead to substantial damage caused by coastal flooding, overwash, and beach erosion.  相似文献   

14.
Four sand units deposited by tsunamis and one sand unit deposited by storm surge(s) were identified in a muddy marsh succession in a narrow coastal lowland along the Pacific coast of central Japan. Tsunamis in ad 1498, 1605, 1707 and 1854 that were related to large subduction‐zone earthquakes along the Nankai Trough, and storm surges in 1680 and/or 1699 were responsible for the deposition of these sand units. These sand units are distinguished by lithofacies, sedimentary structures, grain‐size and mineral composition, and radiocarbon ages; their ages are supported by events in local historical records. The tsunami deposits in the study area are massive or parallel‐laminated sands, with associated intraclasts, gravels, draping mud layers and, rarely, a return‐flow subunit. The storm surge deposits are devoid of these characteristics, and are composed of groups of thin, current ripple‐laminated sand layers. The differences in sedimentary structures between the tsunami and storm surge deposits are attributed to the different characteristics of tsunami and storm waves.  相似文献   

15.
Coastal flooding is a significant risk on the shores of Languedoc-Roussillon. The storms that periodically hit the coast can generate strong swells and storm surges. Most beach resorts, built on a low elevation dune ridge, are periodically flooded during major storms. Although risks zoning regulations take into consideration coastal flood hazards, the delineation of vulnerable areas is still insufficient and the commonly accepted threshold is regularly exceeded during most severe storms. This paper presents a method to improve the assessment of extreme storm-related water levels. It relies on fieldwork carried out in the Leucate commune (Aude), which is particularly exposed to the risk of sea level rise. It considers both storm surges and wave phenomena that occur within the surf zone (set-up and swash), calculated from the Simulating WAves Nearshore (SWAN®) numerical wave model and the Stockdon formula. Water levels reached during several recent storm events have been reconstructed and simulations of submerged areas were carried out by numerical modelling.  相似文献   

16.
Oceanic islands – such as the Azores in the mid‐North Atlantic – are periodically exposed to large storms that often remobilize and transport marine sediments along coastlines, and into deeper environments. Such disruptive events create deposits – denominated tempestites – whose characteristics reflect the highly dynamic environment in which they were formed. Tempestites from oceanic islands, however, are seldom described in the literature and little is known about storm‐related sediment dynamics affecting oceanic island shelves. Therefore, the geological record of tempestite deposits at oceanic islands can provide invaluable information on the processes of sediment remobilization, transport and deposition taking place on insular shelves during and after major storms. In Santa Maria Island (Azores), a sequence of Neogene tempestite deposits was incorporated in the island edifice by the ongoing volcanic activity (thus preserved) and later exposed through uplift and erosion. Because it was overlain by a contemporary coastal lava delta, the water depth at the time of deposition could be inferred, constituting an excellent case‐study to gain insight on the still enigmatic processes of insular shelf deposition. Sedimentological, palaeontological, petrographic and palaeo‐water depth information allowed the reconstruction of the depositional environment of these sediments. The sequence typifies the characteristics of a tempestite (or successive tempestites) formed at ca 50 m depth, in a steep, energetic open insular shelf, and with evidence for massive sediment remobilization from the nearshore to the middle or outer shelf. The authors claim that cross‐shelf transport induced by storm events is the main process of sediment deposition acting on steep and narrow shelves subjected to high‐energetic environments, such as the insular shelves of open‐sea volcanic islands.  相似文献   

17.
Research Progress of Coastal Dunes Response to Storm   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
The major areas of world coastal dunes have been frequently attacked by storms. The storm, as a high energy influential factor for the formation and evolution of coastal dunes, is also one of the important research contents on the surf zone-beach-dune interaction. The research progress are reviewed from the following aspects: Coastal dune morphological response to storms, coastal dune sediments response to storms, mechanisms of coastal dunes in response to storms, and the research methods and techniques used in the research on coastal dunes to storms. Finally, open questions and future developments were suggested.  相似文献   

18.
This paper examines flood frequencies in three coastal sectors of Britain and analyses the associated storm tracks and their principal pathways. The results indicate that the east coast of Britain has suffered most floods over the last 200 years. The frequencies of flood incidents in the south and southwest coast of Britain have increased, particularly during the 20th century, whereas on the west coast flood frequencies have declined. Three distinctive pathways of storm track are identified, related to flood incidents in each coastal sector. A southern pathway in a corridor along the 55° N parallel is associated with flood incidents recorded on the south and southwest coast, whilst storms that are associated with floods on the west coast concentrate along the 60° N parallel. The relationship between the frequencies of floods and climatic variations needs to be explored further. However, the development of coastal settlements has certainly increased vulnerability, and hence the risk of flood disasters.  相似文献   

19.
The catastrophic storm surge of tropical cyclone Nargis in May 2008 demonstrated Myanmar's exposure to coastal flooding. The investigation of sediments left by tropical cyclone Nargis and its predecessors is an important contribution to prepare for the impact of future tropical cyclones and tsunamis in the region, because they may extend the database for long-term hazard assessment beyond the relatively short instrumental and historical record. This study, for the first time, presents deposits of modern and historical tropical cyclones and tsunamis from the coast of Myanmar. The aim is to establish regional sedimentary characteristics that may help to identify and discriminate cyclones and tsunamis in the geological record, and to document post-depositional changes due to tropical weathering in the first years after deposition. These findings if used to interpret older deposits will extend the existing instrumental record of flooding events in Myanmar. Evaluating deposits that can be related to specific events, such as the 2006 tropical cyclone Mala and the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, indicates similar sedimentary characteristics for both types of sediments. Landward thinning and fining trends, littoral sediment sources and sharp lower contacts allow for the differentiation from underlying deposits, while discrimination between tropical cyclone and tsunami origin is challenging based on the applied methods. The modern analogues also demonstrate a rather low preservation potential of the sand sheets due to carbonate dissolution, formation of organic top soils, and coastal erosion. However, in coastal depressions sand sheets of sufficient thickness (>10 cm) may be preserved where the shoreline is prograding or stable. In the most seaward swale of a beach-ridge plain at the Rakhine coast, two sand sheets have been identified in addition to the deposits of 2006 tropical cyclone Mala. Based on a combination of optically stimulated luminescence, radiocarbon and 137Cs dating, the younger sand layer is related to 1982 tropical cyclone Gwa, while the older sand layer is most probably the result of an event that took place prior to 1950. Comparison with historical records indicates that the archive is only sensitive to tropical cyclones of category 4 (or higher) with landfall directly in or a few tens of kilometres north of the study area. While the presented tropical cyclone records are restricted to the last 100 years, optically stimulated luminescence ages of the beach ridges indicate that the swales landward of the one investigated in this study might provide tropical cyclone information for at least the past 700 years.  相似文献   

20.
Although the north‐western coast of Western Australia is highly vulnerable to tropical cyclones and tsunamis, little is known about the geological imprint of historic and prehistoric extreme wave events in this particular area. Despite a number of site‐specific difficulties such as post‐depositional changes and the preservation potential of event deposits, both tropical cyclones and tsunamis may be inferred from the geomorphology and the stratigraphy of beach ridge sequences, washover fans and coastal lagoons or marshes. A further challenge is the differentiation between tsunami and storm deposits in the geological record, particularly where modern deposits and/or historical reports on the event are not available. This study presents a high‐resolution sedimentary record of washover events from the Ashburton River delta (Western Australia) spanning approximately the last 150 years. A detailed characterization of event deposits is provided, and a robust chronostratigraphy for the investigated washover sequence is established based on multi‐proxy sediment analyses and optically stimulated luminescence dating. Combining sedimentological, geochemical and high‐resolution optically stimulated luminescence data, event layers are assigned to known historical events and tropical cyclone deposits are separated from tsunami deposits. For the first time, the 1883 Krakatoa and 1977 Sumba tsunamis are inferred from sedimentary records of the north‐western part of Western Australia. It is demonstrated that optically stimulated luminescence applied in coastal sedimentary archives with favourable luminescence characteristics can provide accurate chronostratigraphies even on a decadal timescale. The results contribute to the data pool of tropical cyclone and tsunami deposits in Holocene stratigraphies; however, they also demonstrate how short‐lived sediment archives may be in dynamic sedimentary environments.  相似文献   

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