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地球深部探测国际发展与我国现状综述 总被引：16，自引：4，他引：12
探测人类居住的地球内部的结构和组成是地质学家和地球物理学家共同的奋斗目标。本文介绍了上世纪70年代以来世界主要国家的国际地球探测计划的主要内容,包括美国大陆反射地震探测计划(COCORP)、地球透镜计划(EarthScope),欧洲地球探测计划(EUROPROBE)、德国大陆反射地震计划(DEKORP)、英国反射地震计划(BIRPS)、意大利地壳探测计划(CROP)、瑞士地壳探测计划(NRP20),俄罗斯深部探测计划,加拿大岩石圈探测计划(LITHOPROBE),澳大利亚四维地球动力学计划(AGCRC)、澳大利亚玻璃地球计划(Glass-Earth)和澳大利亚地球探测计划(AuScope),简要概括了国际地球探测计划的成果,回顾了我国地球深部探测的历史与工作基础,简要论述了我国开展地壳探测计划的必要性,并介绍了近期启动的国家科学专项"深部探测技术与实验研究"的目标与"两网、两区、四带、多点"的工作部署,展望了我国地球深部探测发展的未来。 相似文献
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1 地球物理与空间物理学科资助情况简要回顾在开始基金制的 1982年 ,地球物理和空间物理领域资助的项目仅有 6项 ,资助金额 4 9 5万元。1986年国家自然科学基金委员会成立以后 ,地球物理和空间物理方面资助的项目数、资助的金额及项目的平均资助强度都有了明显的增加 ,随着国家投入的不断增大 ,逐渐形成了今天的资助格局 ,其中变化最为显著的是面上项目的平均资助强度 ,由 80年代的 3～ 4万元增加到今天的 2 2万元以上。 1982—2 0 0 0年间累计资助各类项目数 884项 ,总资助金额130 35 8万元。其中面上项目资助金额达 92 0 3万元 ,资助项… 相似文献
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基于大数据和人工智能技术的数据驱动科学范式推动地球科学研究发生了变革。作为地球科学的重要分支,现代矿床学经历了百余年的发展,已经积累了海量的数据资料,这些数据的流通和共享是发挥其资源价值的关键。文章介绍了中国“地质云”与全球矿产资源储量动态评估数据库、澳大利亚深部地球探测计划AuScope、美国矿产资源在线空间数据库、国际经济地质学家学会(SEG)Geofacets数据库、美国标准普尔公司SNL Metals&Mining数据库等国际主要矿床数据库的情况;同时,列举了应用大数据思维和人工智能方法在区域成矿规律、矿床成因机制、矿床类型判别、资源潜力评价、战略咨询等方面取得的若干重要进展。文章提出,未来在深时数字地球国际大科学计划的平台下,整合全球海量矿床数据,建设开放、共享、统一的矿床大数据平台势在必行。 相似文献
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1 地球物理与空间物理学科资助情况简要回顾[1]在开始基金制的1982年,地球物理和空间物理领域资助的项目仅有6项,资助金额49.5万元。1982—1985年基金制的探索过程中,资助的项目数、资助的金额及项目的平均资助强度都很低。1986年成立国家自然科学基金委员会以后,地球物理和空间物理方面资助的项目数、资助的金额及项目的平均资助强度都有了明显的增加,随着国家投入的不断增大,逐渐形成了现在的资助格局,变化最为显著的是面上项目平均资助强度,由80年代的3～4万元增加到现在的22万元以上。1982—2001年累计资助各类项目数956项,资助金额总… 相似文献
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由中国地质科学院地球物理地球化学勘查研究所实施的深部探测专项"地壳全元素探测技术与实验示范"项目(SinoProbe-04),首次按照国际标准建立了覆盖全国的地球化学基准网,并建成了一套81个指标(含78种元素)的地壳全元素精确分析系统。"地壳全元素探测技术与实验示范"项目旨在通过重点突破地壳全元素(78种元素)精确分析、地壳深 相似文献
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1项目的资助与受理概况 1.1 2007年项目受理与通讯评议情况 2007年度地球物理与空间物理学科共受理各类项目共计559项,其中面上、青年和地区基金项目440项,华北克拉通破坏重大研究计划项目58项,重点项目27项,国家杰出青年项目19项,海外或港、澳青年合作者基金4项,创新研究群体科学基金1项,科学仪器基础研究专款项目10项. 相似文献
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《矿物岩石地球化学通报》2017,(4)
伴随着中生代全球构造格局的重大转变,东亚大陆发生了多旋回地壳变形、大规模岩浆活动和爆发式金属成矿作用等重大地质事件,长期以来备受地学界关注,但迄今燕山运动的动力学机制、深部过程与大规模成矿作用机理等重大科学问题尚未根本解决。在国家重点研发计划"深地资源勘查开采"重点专项项目"燕山期重大地质事件的深部过程与资源效应"的资助下,本课题拟横跨中国东部郯庐断裂带南段和东海陆架区,组织实施综合地球物理剖面海-陆联测,结合徐淮及邻区宽频带流动地震台阵探测和区域重力/地磁异常分析,系统构建华北南缘及扬子陆缘地区深部结构的大深度、高精度、多参数地球物理探测体系,揭示太平洋俯冲作用关键区段的壳幔精细结构与物性特征,为探讨燕山期重大地质事件的深部过程和时空演化提供系统的地球物理约束。 相似文献
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岩石圈在地球内动力作用下，塑造出不同类型的地球表面形态，而通过钻孔地壳活动综合观测技术捕捉地壳应力状态及其动态变化规律，是人类认识地球内动力过程、研究内动力地质灾害机理的重要途径。文章总结了日本、美国等发达国家以及IODP国际合作研究计划在发展钻孔地壳活动综合观测技术方面的贡献，并对中国钻孔应变观测技术及其观测仪器发展历程、研发现状进行了系统性的总结，尤其是“十三五”以来，在深地深海探测国家战略的大背景下，中国地质调查局、中国地震局等单位相继完成井中综合地球物理观测系统研发工作，并在陆域综合观测站中完成野外验证。其中，中国地质科学院地质力学研究所利用系统集成关键技术成功研制的地壳活动综合地球物理观测系统，拥有应变、倾斜、地震、地磁、地温、孔隙压等多种传感器和15个分量，具备观测地壳变形、应力、应变、倾斜、地震及其诱导的地温、水文、地电、地磁等岩石圈地球动力相对变化的能力，已在甘肃山丹（安装深度253 m）、四川平武（WFSD-4,1600 m）观测站投入使用，取得了一定的成效，对中国未来突破3000 m深井地壳活动综合观测技术具有指导意义，可为地球动力学研究、深部矿产和地热资源安全开采... 相似文献
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The Australian Geodynamics Cooperative Research Centre (AGCRC) website <http://www.agcrc. csiro.au/> provides the main integrated presentation of the results of AGCRC research. It hosts a systematic presentation of project summaries, publication abstracts, regionally organised geodynamic syntheses and a GIS database containing a large number of broad‐scale earth science datasets from the Australian region, which are presented through an interactive map viewer. Effective interfaces are required to make the variety of content accessible to users. In particular, maintaining effective hyperlinking for a large and growing set of pages was a significant challenge. We found that by developing effective indexing tools we were able to apply a uniform technology to attack these problems. The index included both the full text of the pages from the website and also specific index terms of metadata. The metadata schema was designed to support both generalised discovery through a search interface and also to allow hyperlinks to be included automatically in pages by the server, so that the user could browse in a richly cross‐linked framework. It was necessary to manage textual and numeric data within the same framework because even the textual documents were generally tied to geospatial locations identified by their geographical coordinates. This required extensions to standard index and search tools, including the development of complete new indexing software. To assist the user in accessing the index, we provided a variety of user interfaces specialised for different themes in the website. For example, publication lists are generated in a conventional layout, and geospatial datasets are presented through an interactive map viewer and query system. The latter also demonstrated how visualisation tools for geospatial data can be provided in the web‐browser interface. 相似文献
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We used historical records of damaging landslides triggered by rainstorms and a newly developed Probabilistic Landslide Assessment Cost Estimation System (PLACES) to estimate the numbers and direct costs of future landslides in the 10-county San Francisco Bay region. Historical records of damaging landslides in the region are incomplete. Therefore, our estimates of numbers and costs of future landslides are minimal estimates. The estimated mean annual number of future damaging landslides for the entire 10-county region is about 65. Santa Cruz County has the highest estimated mean annual number of damaging future landslides (about 18), whereas Napa, San Francisco, and Solano Counties have the lowest estimated mean numbers of damaging landslides (about 1 each). The estimated mean annual cost of future landslides in the entire region is about US $14.80 million (year 2000 $). The estimated mean annual cost is highest for San Mateo County ($3.24 million) and lowest for Solano County ($0.18 million). The annual per capita cost for the entire region will be about $2.10. Santa Cruz County will have the highest annual per capita cost at $8.45, whereas San Francisco County will have the lowest per capita cost at $0.31. Normalising costs by dividing by the percentage of land area with slopes equal to or greater than 17% indicates that San Francisco County will have the highest cost per square km ($7,101), whereas Santa Clara County will have the lowest cost per square km ($229). These results indicate that the San Francisco Bay region has one of the highest levels of landslide risk in the United States. Compared with landslide cost estimates from the rest of the world, the risk level in the Bay region seems high, but not exceptionally high. 相似文献
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HyLogger-3, a visible to shortwave and thermal infrared reflectance spectrometer system for drill core logging: functional description 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
M. C. Schodlok L. Whitbourn J. Huntington P. Mason A. Green M. Berman 《Australian Journal of Earth Sciences》2016,63(8):929-940
Australian Geological Surveys are the custodians of a major national asset in the form of historically drilled and archived drill cores of the top few kilometres of the continent acquired by government agencies and companies over many decades. The AuScope National Virtual Core Library (NVCL) component of the AuScope Earth Model comprises geological/rock samples, technology, people and database/delivery infrastructure located in six nationally distributed nodes and is aimed at extracting additional value from this asset. The technology components of the NVCL comprise an integrated suite of hardware (HyLogger-3) and software (TSG-Core) systems for the imaging and hyperspectral characterisation of drill cores in their original core trays and the interpretation of their contained oxide, carbonate, hydrous and anhydrous silicate mineralogy. The HyLogger-3 includes state-of-the-art Fourier Transform Spectrometers that continuously measure calibrated spectral reflectance from nominal 10 by 18 mm fields of view. These spectra are in turn passed through a series of automatic and semi-automatic pre-processing and mineralogical unmixing algorithms. These, along with numerous other tools in TSG-Core, output a variety of mineralogical and image products for use by scientists in many branches of the earth sciences. This paper provides a functional overview of the HyLogging hardware and software tools available in each of Australia's Geological Surveys. 相似文献
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Matthew W. Wilson 《Geoforum》2012,43(6):1266-1275
The production and consumption of geographic information is becoming a more mobile practice, with more corporate actors challenging the traditional stronghold of Esri- and government-based geospatial developments. What can be considered a geographic information system has expanded to include web-based technologies like Google Earth/Maps, as well as more recent developments of Microsoft’s Bing Maps and the mobile version of ArcGIS available for the iPhone. In addition to these developments, a discursive shift toward ‘location’ is occurring across the Internet industry. Location has become the new buzzword for social-spatial strategies to target consumers. As reported in 2010, venture capitalists have, since 2009, invested $115 million into ‘location start-ups’ – software companies that provide location-based services to mobile computing consumers (Miller and Wortham, 2010). Applications like Foursquare, Loopt, Gowalla, and most recently, Facebook Places allow users to ‘check-in’ at restaurants, bars, gyms, retail outlets, and offices, thereby sharing their location within their social network. These developments enable consumers to (re)discover their proximities to products, while feeding a desire for making known one’s everyday movements. Here, I discuss the development of location-based services as the proliferation of a peculiar form of geographic information: conspicuous mobility. Through discussion of a recent gathering of location-aware software professionals and through analysis of discourses that emerge over a battle between ‘check in’ companies, I sketch an area of study that explores the implications of these emerging geographic information ‘systems’, and new everyday cartographers. 相似文献
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Geochemical mapping in China 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
China's National Geochemical Mapping Project (Regional Geochemistry-National Reconnaissance, RGNR project) was initiated in 1979. From 1978 to 1982, cooperative research projects were carried out for the preparation and distribution of standard reference samples and for the development of field sampling techniques, multi-element analytical methodology and a unified data quality monitoring procedure. Large pilot surveys were also commenced in several provinces. After five years of technical preparation, the project came into its full implementation. More than 5 million km2 of Chinese land surface has been covered by this project. During 1993–1995, another national geochemical project, under the name of ‘Environmental geochemical monitoring network and dynamic geochemical maps in China’ as a pilot survey to choose the suitable sampling medium for the global geochemical mapping application, was carried out in China. The remarkable achievements of China's geochemical mapping projects are widely recognized. Nearly 66% of new discoveries of economic mineralization by MGMR were attributed to the RGNR project. New concepts and new methodologies have emerged through these projects. They also made a great contribution to the international activity toward standardization of geochemical mapping methodology and the possible realization of wide-spaced global geochemical mapping. 相似文献
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The Red River drains 242000 km2 with 90% of this area being downstream of discharges from naturally occurring brine seeps and springs. The upstream area
has been designated as a major chloride emission area in Texas and Oklahoma. Ten major brine source emission areas along the
tributaries to the Red River were identified by U.S. Public Health Service and U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Eight of these
areas were deemed suitable for the control of brine emissions by structural methods including a ring dike to enclose brine
springs; low flow dams to capture and divert stream flows with high chloride content to evaporation lakes; and shallow aquifer
brine collection wells with a deep-well disposal system. Two adjacent emission areas, designated as Areas XIII and XIV, contribute
500 metric tons of salt per day to the Red River. These areas, along Jonah Creek and Salt Creek, tributaries to the Prairie
Dog Town Fork of the Red River were selected for investigation to control brine emission by utilization of shallow collection
wells and disposal by deep injection wells. Drilling programs and pumping tests were performed to determine the number and
location of shallow collection wells. Eighteen wells with 12 operating full time, will be located in the primary emission
areas. The collected brine will be conveyed through corrosion-resistant pipelines to a treatment facility for filtration at
a rate of 300 l/s. Additional pipelines will convey the filtered brine to deep injection wells for disposal. Nine deep wells
will be installed with seven operating full time. Design criteria for the project are 100-year life expectancy and automated
operation with minimum supervision and maintenance. The required minimum operating, maintenance and supervision coupled with
100-year life expectancy of the project added significantly to the estimated US $58 million capital cost of the project. However,
the reduction in annual cost for labor, repairs and replacement of the component of the system should result in a lower life
cycle cost. The estimated annual operating and maintenance cost is US $4.7 million.
Received: 5 May 1998 · Accepted: 30 June 1998 相似文献
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Attaining fire-adapted human communities has become a key focus of collaborative planning on landscapes across the western United States and elsewhere. The coupling of fire simulation with GIS has expanded the analytical base to support such planning efforts, particularly through the “fireshed” concept that identifies areas where wildfires could ignite and reach a human community. Previous research has identified mismatches in scale between localized community wildfire planning and the broader fireshed considering patterns of wildfire activity across landscapes. Here we expand upon this work by investigating the degree to which alternative geospatial characterizations of human communities could influence assessment of community exposure and characterization of the fireshed. We use three methods of mapping human communities (point, raster, and polygon) and develop three fireshed metrics (size, number of fires reaching houses, and number of houses exposed), and apply this analytical framework on a 2.3 million ha case study landscape encompassing the Sierra National Forest in California, USA. We simulated fire occurrence and growth using FSim for 10,000 iterations (fire seasons) at 180-m resolution. The simulation resulted in 3.9 large fires per million ha per year, with a mean size of 3432 ha. Results exhibit similarities and differences in how exposure is quantified, specifically indicating that polygons representing recognized community boundaries led to the lowest exposure levels. These results highlight how choice of the mapping approach could lead to misestimating the scope of the problem or targeting mitigation efforts in the wrong areas, and underscore the importance of clarity and spatial fidelity in geospatial data representing communities at risk. 相似文献
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Multi-element near-surface geochemistry from the National Geochemical Survey of Australia has been evaluated in the context of mapping the exposed to deeply buried major crustal blocks of the Australian continent. The major crustal blocks, interpreted from geophysical and geological data, reflect distinct tectonic domains comprised of early Archean to recent Cenozoic igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rock assemblages. The geochemical data have been treated as compositional data to uniquely describe and characterize the geochemistry of the regolith overlying the major crustal blocks across Australia according to the following workflow: imputation of missing/censored data, log-ratio transformation, multivariate statistical analysis, multivariate geospatial (minimum/maximum autocorrelation factor) analysis, and classification. Using cross validation techniques, the uniqueness of each major crustal block has been quantified. The ability to predict the membership of a surface regolith sample to one or more of the major crustal blocks is demonstrated. The predicted crustal block assignments define spatially coherent regions that coincide with the known crustal blocks. In some areas, inaccurate predictions are due to uncertainty in the initial crustal boundary definition or from surficial processes that mask the crustal block geochemical signature. In conclusion, the geochemical composition of the Australian surface regolith generally can be used to map the underlying crustal architecture, despite secondary modifications due to physical transport and chemical weathering effects. This methodology is however less effective where extensive and thick sedimentary basins such as the Eromanga and Eucla basins overlie crustal blocks. 相似文献
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Anil Kumar Misra Anju Saxena Manish Yaduvanshi Ajai Mishra Yogendra Bhadauriya Alok Thakur 《Environmental Geology》2007,51(8):1361-1376
India is a vast country and is highly diversified in terms of natural resources and socio-economic setup. Moreover, its water
resources are unevenly distributed in space and time. With increasing population and increasing aspiration for improved standard
of living, there is an acute pressure on the demand and availability of water. Though the idea of interlinking of rivers is
not a new concept in India, it had rather persisted long back as much as in other countries of ancient civilization. National
Water Development Agency (NWDA) has given the real shape to the proposal of the interlinking of rivers of the country. In
India the river-linking project in a sensible and scientific manner will not only allow the prevention of the colossal wastage
of a vitally important natural resource, mitigate the flood and inundation by detaining flowing surface water of rainy seasons,
but also ensure availability of water to drier areas; combating both flood and drought simultaneously. Moreover, this project
will generate 34,000 MW of hydropower and irrigation of an additional 35 million hectares (135,135 square miles) of land.
Though linking of rivers may initially appear to be a costly proposition in ecological, geological, hydrological and economical
terms, in the long run the net benefits coming from it will far outweigh these costs or losses. However, in the absence of
any definite international legal framework, Bangladesh has raised objections against the project. This paper aims at looking
at this long-term plan, the project proposal, its involvement and impact not only on the states of India, India as a whole,
but also on its neighbouring nations which are linked with India through the waterways, and share the common climatic conditions
and economic status. 相似文献
20.
B. P. Kohn A. J. W. Gleadow R. W. Brown K. Gallagher P. B. O'Sullivan D. A. Foster 《Australian Journal of Earth Sciences》2013,60(4):697-717
Apatite fission track thermochronology is a well‐established tool for reconstructing the low‐temperature thermal and tectonic evolution of continental crust. The variation of fission track ages and distribution of fission track lengths are primarily controlled by cooling, which may be initiated by earth movements and consequent denudation at the Earth's surface and/or by changes in the thermal regime. Using numerical forward‐modelling procedures these parameters can be matched with time‐temperature paths that enable thermal and tectonic processes to be mapped out in considerable detail. This study describes extensive Australian regional fission track datasets that have been modelled sequentially and inverted into time‐temperature solutions for visualisation as a series of time‐slice images depicting the cooling history of present‐day surface rocks during their passage through the upper crust. The data have also been combined with other datasets, including digital elevation and heat flow, to image the denudation history and the evolution of palaeotopography. These images provide an important new perspective on crustal processes and landscape evolution and show how important tectonic and denudation events over the last 300 million years can be visualised in time and space. The application of spatially integrated denudation‐rate chronology is also demonstrated for some key Australian terranes including the Lachlan and southern New England Orogens of southeastern Australia, Tasmania, the Gawler Craton, the Mt Isa Inlier, southwestern Australian crystalline terranes (including the Yilgarn Craton) and the Kimberley Block. This approach provides a readily accessible framework for quantifying the otherwise undetectable, timing and magnitude of long‐term crustal denudation in these terranes, for a part of the geological record previously largely unconstrained. Discrete episodes of enhanced denudation occurred principally in response to changes in drainage, base‐level changes and/or uplift/denudation related to far‐field effects resulting from intraplate stress or tectonism at plate margins. The tectonism was mainly associated with the history of continental breakup of the Gondwana Supercontinent from Late Palaeozoic time, although effects related to compression are also recorded in eastern Australia. The results also suggest that the magnitude of denudation of cratonic blocks has been significantly underestimated in previous studies, and that burial and exhumation are significant factors in the preservation of apparent ‘ancient’ features in the Australian landscape. 相似文献