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板块构造基本理论（特别是其刚性块体假设）能否应用于大陆，是大陆动力学研究所面临的主要问题之一，不同的理论模型给出不同的回答。缺乏完整、可靠的构造变形运动学图像使得无法对不同的理论模型给予约束和检验，以至于无法回答上述基本问题。本文以中国大陆及其周边近年来的1350个GPS观测资料为主，结合活动断裂和地震活动性资料，研究中国大陆现今构造变形的运动学特征。中国大陆的现今构造变形既有刚性地块的运动，如塔里木、鄂尔多斯、华南等地块；又有非刚性的连续变形，如青藏高原和天山。在大陆构造变形过程中，由于岩石圈性质的不同而造成变形的分区差异和上部脆性地壳的分块运动，不仅有整体性好的刚性地块运动，也有刚性很差的连续变形。以粘塑性流变为特征的下地壳和上地幔在周边板块作用下发生连续流动，从底部驱动着上覆脆性地块的运动，而不同活动地块本身的性质决定着地块的整体性和变形方式，中国大陆的现今构造变形可以用耦合的地块运动和连续变形模式来描述。 相似文献
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东亚地区现代地壳运动特征与构造变形 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：4
根据“中国地壳运动观测网络”首次发布的GPS观测结果以及国际地球自转服务中心在 2 0 0 0年发布的ITRF97下的站速度矢量和“东南亚地球动力学项目”GPS网的观测结果 ,讨论了东亚地区现今地壳运动和构造变形特征。在ITRF97参考系下 ,中国大陆东部现今地壳运动以向南东方向(12 0 130°)运动为主 ,量值平均为 35mm/a ,西部受印度板块向北东碰撞的影响 ,运动方向发生偏转 ,呈显北东—近东西向运动 ,但这种影响涉及的范围达到了准噶尔盆地北缘一线 ,说明碰撞型板块边界对板内变形的影响远大于俯冲型板块边界。平均来看 ,75 %以上的印度板块相对于欧亚板块间的南北向缩短是通过地壳增厚变形来吸收的 ,这意味着在调节整个青藏高原构造变形的过程中 ,逆断和地壳增厚起了主要的作用。东南亚块体总体上与欧亚板块的运动有所差异 ,相对于欧亚大陆有 10mm/a左右向东的运动。菲律宾板块南部向西的运动速度只有 2 4mm/a。包括华南地块在内的东南亚块体的运动不仅仅是与印度板块的碰撞过程有关 ,也应当与沿着东南亚块体东边界的俯冲过程有关。 相似文献
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GPS观测的活动断裂滑动速率及其对现今大陆动力作用的制约 总被引：51，自引：2，他引：51
活动断裂的滑动速率是晚第四纪构造变形的定量描述 ,是制约和研究现今大陆动力过程的重要基础数据。地震地质学研究给出主要活动断裂的长期和平均运动水平 ,横跨断裂的GPS观测能够提供断裂的现今滑动速率。文中利用重大科学工程“中国地壳运动观测网络”的 10 0 0多个GPS观测站的复测数据 ,计算中国大陆主要活动断裂的现今滑动速率。发现主要活动断裂的GPS滑动速率与晚第四纪滑动速率在运动方式和运动量上是大体一致的。从GPS观测到的断层滑动速率来看 ,中国大陆的大多数活动断裂的速率都在 10mm/a之下 ,而没有类似于板块边界的大于 2 0 30mm/a的滑动速率。这种现象意味着整个中国大陆的构造变形可能是分布式的 ,而不是仅仅集中在少数几条大型活动构造带上 ,沿主要活动断裂的刚性块体滑移可能不是构造变形的主要方式。现今构造变形的分块运动图像可能只是脆性上地壳的变形方式 ,中下地壳和上地幔的运动则以连续变形为特征 ,从下部驱动脆性上地壳的变形和运动 ,使得上部地壳的变形既表现出分块特征 ,又发生块内的变形。“连续变形”理论模型能够更好地描述大陆内部的构造变形。 相似文献
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青藏高原现今构造变形特征与GPS速度场 总被引：105，自引：12，他引：105
文章以青藏高原的GPS观测数据为基础 ,结合活动地质构造资料 ,研究了青藏高原的现今构造变形状态和机制 ,并探讨青藏高原现今构造变形所反映的大陆内部动力学过程。GPS观测的速度矢量揭示了青藏高原整体向北和向东运动的趋势 ,平行于印度和欧亚板块碰撞方向上的地壳缩短量约是 38mm/a ,而青藏高原周边主要断裂带的滑动速率均在 10mm/a以下。大约 90 %的印度与欧亚板块相对运动量被青藏高原的地壳缩短所吸收和调节。GPS速度矢量由南向北逐渐向东偏转 ,向东的分量也增加 ,形成了以羌塘地块北部 (或玛尼—玉树—鲜水河断裂 )和祁连山中部为中心的两个地壳物质向东流动带。青藏高原的向东挤出实际上是地壳物质在印度板块推挤下和周边刚性地块阻挡下围绕东构造结发生的顺时针旋转。 相似文献
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中国大陆现今构造变形GPS观测数据与速度场 总被引：64，自引：6，他引：58
利用 1991— 1999年间 36 2个全球定位系统 (GPS)测站的观测资料 ,初步获得了中国大陆及周边地区现今地壳水平运动的统一速度场。该速度场主要涵盖青藏高原 ,天山 ,塔里木、川滇 ,河西走廊 ,福建东南沿海等重要构造活动区 ,测定精度总体优于 2～ 3mm/a ,速度场站点的分布和测定精度基本上满足中国大陆现今构造变形和动力学研究的需求。现代大地测量第一次比较全面、定量地展示出中国大陆在周边板块作用下大幅度构造变形的图像 ,为模拟大陆岩石圈动力过程提供了基础性的运动学约束条件。 相似文献
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现代地震学是一门年轻的学科,但人类对地震现象的观察、记录和思索已有数千年历史。特别是在中国,很早就有灾害性地震的详细历史记载。最近40多年,我国、东亚及世界其他大陆地区的多次大地震的发生,推动了地震构造研究的发展,加深了对地震分布规律性及其地球动力环境的认识。从地质背景和发生机制看,全球地震构造可分为三大类:第一是太平洋海底地壳与陆缘地壳浅、中、深俯冲构成的地震带;第二是南半球离散地壳块体对北半球大地块边缘碰撞浅俯冲带;第三是全球三大洋脊张裂转换构造带。地球北半部内陆的中纬度地带有4个多震密布区,它们都处于N25°～55°的纬向大陆带内,与大陆会聚所造成的陆内变形有关。4个多震密布区的东半部则是相对少震区,显示出相对稳定的地壳结构。全球表壳GPS矢量场和北南两个极区各有不同,北半球欧亚大陆是向北呈弓字形运动;南半球是南美、非洲、阿拉伯、印度、澳大利亚等5块离散的大陆块,除南美大陆,其他4块大陆都是向NE和NNE方向运动。这4块大陆都是依次运动加速,澳大利亚陆块运动最快,向NNE方向约10 cm/a;同时从南太平洋南部沿NWW方向左型转换断层的运动也是高速的,这两个方向运动的交叉相碰,现已处在全球最为强烈的地震活动区域。北冰洋内群岛GPS站点向阿留申岛弧推进;南极冰陆的9个GPS站点则呈现旋扭状彼此相差约90°,可能表明北/南半球彼此有明显的1/4左右表壳的扭动。从卫星重力数据推测的地球的形状、全球热流的和地内热散失量的分布、地球磁场的西漂以及大地震引起的地球振荡特征等证据推测,地球的内部结构具有一定程度的非对称性和非均匀性,它们对全球板块运动、板块变形以及大地震的空间分布可能有一定的控制作用。 相似文献
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中国大陆及邻区中生代—新生代大地构造与环境变迁 总被引：68，自引：12，他引：68
在系统研究古地磁、周边板块的运动学特征、板内变形、构造应力场和沉积古地理资料的基础上 ,恢复了中国大陆及邻区中、新生代 6个时期的大地构造演化特征、构造古地理 ,并进而探讨了对环境变迁的影响。 6个时期的划分、构造特征及其古地理环境分别为 :印支期 (2 5 0～ 2 0 8Ma) ,NE -SW向缩短 ,中国大部分大陆完成拼合 ,南方以海为主 ,北方以陆地为主 ;燕山期 (2 0 8～ 135Ma) ,NW -SE向缩短 ,大陆地块逆时针旋转 2 0°～ 30° ,东部形成高地 ,西部为低地 ;四川期 (135～ 5 2Ma) ,NE -SW向缩短 ,以盆岭地形为主 ;华北期 (5 2～ 2 3 3Ma) ,太平洋板块第一次向西俯冲、挤压 ,中国东部形成 3条东西向山脉和 4个汇水盆地 ;喜马拉雅期 (2 3 3～ 0 78Ma) ,印度板块与欧亚大陆碰撞 ,青藏高原隆升 ,其他地块相对沉降 ;新构造期 (0 78Ma以来 ) ,周边各板块保持相对均衡状态 ,逐步构成现代地貌。研究表明 ,大地构造是古地理环境变化的主要控制因素。 相似文献
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亚洲大陆晚新生代和现代构造变形以活动地块为主要特征,表现为在统一构造格局下不同地块间具有不同的运动方式和速度。为了研究这些具有不同运动学性质块体间的相互作用以及构造变形特征,基于亚洲大陆的总体构造格局构建了二维有限元模型。根据模拟结果,对比已知GPS数据、震源机制解以及地质调查数据等,定量分析了大陆内部主要活动地块构造应力场的分布特征,并探讨了影响亚洲大陆现今构造变形特征的主要因素。结果表明：在我国的西部陆块内,由于周边一系列近EW向弧形活动构造带的存在,导致其内部次级块体运动速率的衰减,从而进一步导致应力环境的变化,由青藏中部的挤压-拉张环境逐渐转变为塔里木、天山地区的完全挤压环境;在西伯利亚地块和印度板块的联合挤压作用下,华北地块上地壳的应力表现为较弱的挤压环境,而在该种应力环境下块体内部伸展构造的成因很可能与其深部的动力学环境有关;华南地块的运动方向与台湾造山带相反,从而形成一个秦岭-大别造山带以南的较强烈的挤压-拉张区;在印度-澳大利亚板块和菲律宾俯冲板块的联合挤压作用下,巽他地块作为华南地块和印支地块的逃逸窗口,表现出以婆罗洲、南海为中心近圆弧形的弱挤压区以及环绕挤压区外缘挤压-拉张区的应力分布特征。 相似文献
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X. Qiao S. Yang R. Du Q. Wang K. Tan L. Guo 《Australian Journal of Earth Sciences》2013,60(4):521-529
The Sichuan – Yunnan region is divided into nine active secondary crustal blocks, based on several GPS repeat surveys at more than 200 GPS sites during the period 1999 – 2005. Velocities of the nine secondary blocks are calculated and analysed. The strain field within the area related to the 2004 Sumatra – Andaman earthquake event is also analysed. Results indicate that the crustal movement in the northern and western areas of the Sichuan – Yunnan region is stronger than that in the south and east. The horizontal velocities change from 19 – 20 mm/y in the northern and the central rhombic block to 11.7 mm/y in the southern rhombic block. The orientations of block motion vary from 99° in the north to 126 – 150° in the central area and 156 – 188° in the south, implying that the motion of the Sichuan – Yunnan rhombic block is dominated by a clockwise rotation. The velocity differences between blocks inside and outside the rhombic block are about 6.5 – 7.7 mm/y in the northern and central Sichuan – Yunnan region. The southeastward extrusion rate of the Tibetan Plateau shows a remarkable downtrend of up to 47% along the Xianshuihe Fault, suggesting an increase in strain accumulation and hence an area prone to strong earthquakes. The horizontal coseismic deformation caused by the Mw9.0 Sumatra – Andaman earthquake is <10 mm with a south-southeast orientation towards the earthquake epicentre. The dilatational strain rates from coseismic displacements reveal a possible interaction between the extrusion from the Tibet plateau interior and the underthrust effects from the Sumatra – Andaman earthquake. 相似文献
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亚洲东部存在一个巨大的三角形地震构造区域,大体上,喜马拉雅山脉、帕米尔—天山—阿尔泰山—贝加尔和东经105°线是它的3个边界,主要覆盖中国和蒙古国西部众多高原、山脉及山间盆地。三角区内现今构造活动和地震广泛强烈,地壳破碎,显示不均匀的块体边界和块内变形;区外基本上是稳定的刚性陆块,地震很少,变形较弱,处于整体缓慢运动之中。这个宽阔的板内变形区起源于印度、菲律宾海—西太平洋和欧亚三大板块之间的动力作用以及深部地幔流的影响。向北快速运动的印度次大陆已近水平地插入到西藏板块下,沿喜马拉雅弧产生多种运动和变形,并向亚洲内部远距离地扩散。沿东经95°～100°,向北的地壳运动向东和东南方向偏转,阻截了喜马拉雅弧东端的北向运动;而在喜马拉雅弧西端,帕米尔继续向北挤进中亚,受天山—阿尔泰山—贝加尔一线西北側稳定地壳的限制,扩散的变形被中国、蒙古、俄罗斯边境地区一系列EW向和NW向的老断层吸收并在它们的西端终止。菲律宾海—西太平洋向欧亚大陆的消减-俯冲导致沿海沟-岛弧的漫长而狭窄的地震带,但对亚洲大陆的水平挤压较小,未能阻挡亚洲大陆东部向东移动。其部分原因可能是俯冲板片受到来自欧亚大陆下的ES向地幔流的推挤,这个ES向地幔流与来自印度下面的N向地幔流在西藏中部汇合并向东偏转,在大尺度上与GPS观测到的地表移动图像一致。 相似文献
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V. Yu. Timofeev P. Yu. Gornov D. G. Ardyukov Yu. F. Malyshev E. V. Boiko 《Russian Journal of Pacific Geology》2008,2(4):314-324
This paper considers results of geodynamic studies using the GPS method in the territory of the Far East. GPS measurements using TRIMBLE-4700 geophones were launched along the Sikhote Alin profile in 2003. The technology of the GPS measurements and the problems of selecting the measurement sites and network configuration with reference to the region’s structure are discussed. The results of GPS measurements in 2003–2006 were used to study the fault system of the Far East continental margin. Different models of the Eurasia rotation (from the known NNR-NUVEL-1A to the recent ones) were analyzed. The solid-body rotation of Eurasia was predicted in the framework of the AR-IR-2006 model with a pole located at 51.045°N latitude, 255.842° longitude and rotating at a rate of 0.2423°/Ma. The parameters of the Amur plate rotation were preliminarily estimated (57.6° ± 0.5°N, 117.1 ± 0.5°E, and 0.083° ± 0.004°/m.y) using results on the Sikhote Alin and Transbaikalian network. 相似文献
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Mohammad Abou Romieh Rob Westaway Mohamad Daoud Yousef Radwan Rayan Yassminh Ahlam Khalil Abeer Al‐Ashkar Susan Loughlin Katherine Arrell David Bridgland 《地学学报》2009,21(6):427-437
The Africa–Arabia plate boundary comprises the Red Sea oceanic spreading centre and the left‐lateral Dead Sea Fault Zone (DSFZ); however, previous work has indicated kinematic inconsistency between its continental and oceanic parts. The Palmyra Fold Belt (PFB) splays ENE from the DSFZ in SW Syria and persists for ～400 km to the River Euphrates, but its significance within the regional pattern of active crustal deformation has hitherto been unclear. We report deformation of Euphrates terraces consistent with Quaternary right‐lateral transpression within the PFB, indicating anticlockwise rotation (estimated as 0.3° Ma?1 about 36.0°N 39.8°E) of the block between the PFB and the northern DSFZ relative to the Arabian Plate interior. The northern DSFZ is shown to be kinematically consistent with the combination of Euler vectors for the PFB and the Red Sea spreading, resolving the inconsistency previously evident. The SW PFB causes a significant earthquake hazard, previously unrecognized, to the city of Damascus. 相似文献
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Laishram Sunil Singh V. K. Gahalaut Arun Kumar 《Journal of the Geological Society of India》2014,83(5):513-516
We report results of 9 years of GPS measurements of crustal deformation at Imphal, Manipur, a site located in the Indo-Burmese wedge of northwest Sunda arc. The analysis of these measurements suggests that the site moves at a rate of about 36.3±0.5 mm/year towards N55° in the ITRF2008. With respect to the Indian plate it moves at a rate of 16.7 mm/year towards N222°, i.e., predominantly towards southwest. The site is located about 15 km east of the Churachandpur Mao fault (CMF), which is reported to accommodate part of the India-Sunda motion. The site motion is not significantly affected by the earthquakes that occurred in the nearby region. However, the 2004 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake caused a coseismic displacement of ～ 3–5 mm predominantly towards southwest. The site motion is almost linear, with some seasonal variation, and does not show any evidence of accelerated slip or slow earthquake on the CMF or along the plate boundary. 相似文献
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Paleomagnetic versus GPS determined tectonic rotation around eastern Himalayan syntaxis in East Asia
《Journal of Asian Earth Sciences》2010,38(5-6):438-451
Northward indentation of the Indian Plate has brought about significant tectonic deformation into East Asia. A record of long-term tectonic deformation in this area for the past 50 M yr, particularly the vertical axis rotation, is available through paleomagnetic data. In order to depict rotational deformation in this area with respect to Eurasia, we compiled reliable paleomagnetic data sets from 79 localities distributed around eastern Himalayan syntaxis in East Asia. This record delineates that a zone affected by clockwise rotational deformation extends from the southern tip of the Chuan Dian Fragment to as far as the northwestern part of the Indochina Peninsula. A limited zone that experienced a significant amount of clockwise rotation after an initial India–Asia collision is now located at 23.5°N, 101°E, far away from an area (27.5°N, 95.5°E) where an intense rotational motion has been viewed by a snapshot of GPS measurements. This discrepancy in clockwise rotated positions is attributed to southeastward extrusion of the tectonic blocks within East Asia as a result of ongoing indentation of the Indian Plate. A quantitative comparison between the GPS and paleomagnetically determined clockwise rotation further suggests that following an initial India–Asia collision the crust at 30°N, 94°E paleoposition was subjected to southeastward displacement together with clockwise rotation, which eventually reached to present-day position of 23.5°N, 101°E, implying a crustal displacement of about 1000 km during the past 50 M yr. 相似文献
17.
《Gondwana Research》2014,25(3-4):946-957
In addition to crustal thickening, distinctly different mechanisms have been suggested to accommodate the huge convergences caused by the continental collision between India and Eurasia. As the transition zone between the two grand tectonic domains of Asia, the Tethys and the Pacific, east Tibet and its surrounding regions are the ideal places to study continental deformation. Pervasive rock deformation may produce anisotropy on the scale of seismic wavelengths; thus, seismic anisotropy provides insight into the deformation of the crust and mantle beneath tectonically active domains. In this study, we calculated receiver function pairs of radial- and transverse-components at 98 stations located in Sichuan and Yunnan provinces, China. We selected 7423 pairs with high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and unambiguous Moho converted Ps phases (Pms) to measure the Pms splitting owing to the crustal anisotropy. Both the crustal thickness and the average crustal Vp/Vs ratio were calculated simultaneously by the H–k stacking method. The geodynamic implications were also investigated in relation to surface geological features, GPS velocities, absolute plate motion (APM), SKS/SKKS splitting, and other seismological observations. In addition to the fast polarization directions (FPDs) of the crustal anisotropy, we observed a conspicuous sharper clockwise rotation around the eastern Himalayan syntaxis than was revealed by GPS velocities. The distributed FPDs within and near the main active fault zones also favored the directions parallel to the faults. This implied that the deformation of a continuous medium revealed by GPS motions is a proxy for the deformation of the brittle shallow crust only, while the main active faults and the deep crustal interiors both play important roles in the deep deformation. Our results suggest that the deformation between the crust and upper mantle within the northernmost section of the Indochina block is decoupled due to the large difference in the directions between the observations related to the crust (GPS and crustal anisotropy) and mantle (APM and mantle anisotropy). Focusing on the transition zone between the plateau and the South China and Indochina blocks, we suggest that the motion of the Central Yunnan sub-block is a southeastward extrusion by way of tectonic escape. There is less deformation in the deep crust and the motion is controlled by the active boundary faults of the Ailaoshan–Red River shear zone to the west and the Xianshuihe–Xiaojiang fault to the east; the lower crustal flow within the plateau southeastward reached the Lijiang–Xiaojinhe fault, but further south it was obstructed by the Central Yunnan sub-block. 相似文献