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1.
超临界流在现代沉积环境中几乎无处不在,但相关沉积物却极少从地层记录中被辨识出来,这是当前沉积学研究所面临的一个困境,文中称之为“超临界流沉积问题”。按弗劳德数增大顺序,超临界流可依次形成稳定逆行沙丘、不稳定逆行沙丘、急滩—深潭及周期阶坎等底形,相应的地貌动力学也从同相位体制(逆行沙丘)逐渐过渡为水跃体制(急滩—深潭和周期阶坎)。相对于明渠流,浊流因折算密度低而更易成为超临界流。超临界浊流底形的长波长、低幅度、逆流(坡)迁移特性,决定了其沉积物发育特征的后积层理、近平行—低角度交错层理、与水跃有关的快速堆积及冲刷—充填和建造—充填构造。超临界浊流沉积可以通过沉积体的几何形态(包括波长/波高比、平面和剖面形态等)和内部沉积特征(包括波脊逆坡迁移、沉积构造、粒度变化趋势及沉积相组合等)的综合分析加以鉴别。露头、岩心分析与高分辨率地震、浅剖、多波束测深等地球物理资料的综合,是准确鉴别超临界浊流沉积单元的重要途径。本文对超临界浊流地貌动力学研究进展进行综述,并对地层记录中超临界浊流沉积的鉴别标志及相关问题进行探讨。 相似文献
2.
Since turbidity current was reported in the 19th century, its flow dynamics, depositional processes and products have drawn much attention of geoscience community. In the last decades, with the help of rapid development of geophysical technology in deep-water areas, superficial bedforms formed by turbidity currents like cyclic steps have been widely documented on the seafloor, and they have been interpreted to be closely related to turbidite facies defined by the Bouma sequence. However, there is still a lack of direct observation on turbidity currents due to difficulties in the design and deployment of flow-measuring instruments under the sea. Such difficulties also result in much uncertainties in the explanations for the formation of bedforms and related flow processes. This paper summarized and discussed current research status of turbidity-currents classification, the formation and evolution of bedforms. Examples of supercritical-bedform studies using various methods such as experiments, numerical simulation, bathymetric data and seismic data, were shown in this paper. As one of main supercritical flow bedforms, cyclic steps were described in detail in this paper, including its formation, evolution and relationship with Bouma sequence. The variations in initial bed morphology and hydrodynamic parameters are responsible for the changes in the shapes of bedforms. Turbidites formed under different hydrodynamic conditions correspond to different units of Bouma sequence. Not all turbidity events can form a complete Bouma sequence. Therefore, traditional Bouma sequence cannot be applied to all turbidite studies. A more complete turbidite facies model must be established through studies from modern deep-sea sediments, outcrops, physical and numerical simulations. Additionally, turbidity currents and related supercritical bedforms are receiving more and more attention. They are important components of understanding the dynamic evolution of deep-water continental slope. The study of cyclic steps and other bedforms related to turbidity currents not only helps to characterize flow dynamics, but also provides a theoretical basis for the research of turbidite reservoirs. Finally, we proposed future research directions of turbidity currents and their related supercritical bedforms. 相似文献
3.
《Sedimentology》2018,65(2):540-560
Bedforms related to Froude‐supercritical flow, such as cyclic steps, are increasingly frequently observed in contemporary fluvial and marine sedimentary systems. However, the number of observations of sedimentary structures formed by supercritical‐flow bedforms remains limited. The low number of observations might be caused by poor constraints on criteria to recognize these associated deposits. This study provides a detailed quantification on the mechanics of a fluvial cyclic step system, and their depositional signature. A computational fluid‐dynamics model is employed to acquire a depth‐resolved image of a cyclic step system. New insights into the mechanics of cyclic steps shows that: (i) the hydraulic jump is, in itself, erosional; (ii) there are periods over which the flow is supercritical throughout and there is no hydraulic jump, which plays a significant role in the morphodynamic behaviour of cyclic steps; and (iii) that the depositional signature of cyclic steps varies with rate of aggradation. Previous work has shown that strongly aggradational cyclic steps, where most of the deposited sediment is not reworked, create packages of backsets, bound upstream and downstream by erosive surfaces. Here, the modelling work is focussed on less aggradational conditions and more transportational systems. The depositional signature in such systems is dominated by an amalgamation of concave‐up erosional surfaces and low‐angle foresets and backsets creating lenticular bodies. The difference between highly aggradational cyclic steps and low‐aggradation steps can be visible in outcrop both by the amount of erosional surfaces, as well as the ratio of foreset to backset, with backsets being indicative of more aggradation. 相似文献
4.
通过三维地震资料海底平面成像和浅层地震剖面解释、分析,识别和描述了西非科特迪瓦盆地深水底形类型。研究区发育下切水道、侵蚀冲坑、周期阶坎、小型沉积物波、大型沉积物波多种深水底形。下切水道表现为直线型,地形坡度从上斜坡5°过渡到下斜坡1.9°,水道历经多次合并,合并后水道内部起伏地貌指示侵蚀—沉积交互作用;识别出孤立状、串珠状和猫爪状三种类型侵蚀冲坑;在斜坡限制性水道内部地形坡度1.9°～3.1°之间识别出8个不同波长和波高的“周期阶坎”底形,周期阶坎具有剖面上向上游方向迁移、平面上呈新月形态的特征,从上游到下游波长有逐渐变短的趋势。小型沉积物波发育于水道内和水道外两种环境,其中限定性环境小型沉积物波发育在周期阶坎上游方向,非限定环境小型沉积物波发育地形坡度为1°左右,具有加积或轻微向下迁移的内部反射结构。大型沉积物波发育在非限定环境中,显示为长波长、低幅度浅层构造特征,分析认为早期滑塌地貌对晚期大型沉积物波的形成具有重要的控制作用。在现象描述基础上,对不同底形的成因、形成过程、控制因素和其发育的深水动力学背景与环境展开探讨,加深了对西非赤道段科特迪瓦盆地深水底形成因的认识,可对未来深水区... 相似文献
5.
Recognition of cyclic steps in sandy and gravelly turbidite sequences,and consequences for the Bouma facies model 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Preservation of cyclic steps contrasts markedly with that of subcritical‐flow bedforms, because cyclic steps migrate upslope eroding their lee face and preserving their stoss side. Such bedforms have not been described from turbidite outcrops and cores as yet. A conceptual block diagram for recognition of cyclic steps in outcrop has been constructed and is tested by outcrop studies of deep water submarine fan deposits of the Tabernas Basin in south‐eastern Spain. Experimental data indicate that depositional processes on the stoss side of a cyclic step are controlled by a hydraulic jump, which decelerates the flow and by subsequent waxing of the flow up to supercritical conditions once more. The hydraulic jump produces a large scour with soft‐sediment deformation (flames) preserved in coarse‐tail normal‐graded structureless deposits (Bouma Ta), while near‐horizontal, massive to stratified top‐cut‐out turbidite beds are found further down the stoss side of the bedform. The architecture of cyclic steps can best be described as large, up to hundreds of metres, lens‐shaped bodies that are truncated by erosive surfaces representing the set boundaries and that consist of nearly horizontal lying stacks of top‐cut‐out turbidite beds. The facies that characterize these bedforms have traditionally been described as turbidite units in idealized vertical sequences of high‐density turbidity currents, but have not yet been interpreted to represent bedforms produced by supercritical flow. Their large size, which is in the order of 20 m for gravelly and up to hundreds of metres for sandy steps, is likely to have hindered their recognition in outcrop so far. 相似文献
6.
以准噶尔盆地南缘韭菜园子沟剖面中二叠统芦草沟组野外露头为研究对象,结合该地区芦草沟组沉积时期坳陷湖盆的沉积特征和大套灰黑色油页岩的发育背景,对芦草沟组上部砂体进行了观察描述和沉积分析。在露头剖面上,芦草沟组以灰黑色油页岩为主,但笔者首次在该组上部发现了厚约60m的砂岩,其与上覆红雁池组灰黑色油页岩呈整合接触,具有明显的深水沉积背景。通过对该套砂体的岩石类型划分与沉积现象解析,共识别出2大类10种砂泥岩类型,明确了牵引流和浊流共同发育的特征。该套砂体中可识别出深水扇的3种沉积亚相和相应沉积微相,由3期富砂型湖泊深水扇叠置形成。结合此次露头观察与特征描述,分析了研究区由厚层砂岩到泥砂岩互层的演化过程,并建立了芦草沟组富砂型湖泊深水扇沉积模式。这个典型露头的沉积解剖,是对准噶尔盆地南缘芦草沟组深水沉积体系研究的有益补充。 相似文献
7.
沉积学发展经历了萌芽与初步形成、沉积岩石学到沉积学、沉积学全面发展3个阶段.研究范畴从微观到宏观,从沉积岩的岩类学特征深入至成因探讨,从岩石观察到对沉积相的解释.层序地层学、地震沉积学是沉积学定性到定量化研究的开端,地球化学、数值模拟和实验技术是实现定量化的有效途径.总结了当前油气勘探领域中沉积学的热点问题,如地震沉积学的理论研究和实际应用,深水沉积的识别,白云岩的成因,浅水三角洲在油气勘探开发中的发展前景,旋回地层学及全球变化沉积学的发展与挑战等,为新的理论方法和技术手段的进一步完善提供基础信息. 相似文献
8.
南海珠江深水扇系统的微观内幕结构研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本文首次探索在以二维地震资料为主的条件下开展深水扇系统的微观内幕研究。结果表明:在珠江口盆地白云凹陷中的南海珠江深水扇系统中能较好地由浅至深识别出多套地层(尤其是浅部地层)中存在的多种类型的深切谷、峡谷、水道,各有不同地质成因机制。能识别的典型扇体微观结构类型包括丘形体、席状体、水道化沉积及朵叶体等,往往分别指示某些特殊的沉积环境,并且最可能构成潜在的深水油气圈闭的良好储层。在二维地震资料条件下容易识别的深水扇系统微观内幕结构类型比较有限,在空间上追踪典型微观内幕结构也相对比较困难,但是若能全面认识区域构造及沉积背景,综合利用相关资料减少对地震反射结构解释的多解性,就有望对扇体的微观内幕结构进行深入剖析,深化对扇体的地质认识,从而指导油气勘探。 相似文献
9.
水下碎屑流沉积是近年来在深水环境（深海或深湖）中日益受到重视的一种沉积类型,然而目前还没有一个确定水下沉积物的块体搬运过程的公认鉴别标志。通过对鄂尔多斯盆地湖盆中央地区几个露头剖面的地质调查,首次在延长组深水厚层块状砂岩中发现了一种“泥包砾”结构,并分析了其形成与演变过程。研究认为这种“泥包砾”结构主要与三角洲前缘特殊的“碎屑流”成因机理与发育过程有关,其形成过程自始自终表现出含有它的沉积物是作为块体状态（宾汉塑性体）被搬运的,自始自终表现出其在搬运过程中是被介质的强度所支撑的,据此认为“泥包砾”结构是确定延长组深水厚层块状砂岩为碎屑流成因的最有意义的标志性证据,并由此建立了延长组深水砂岩从开始启动到搬运、再到沉积的过程与模式。同时,本文认为“泥包砾”也为深海沉积中块体搬运作用与搬运过程的研究提供了一种可借鉴的关键性判识标志,对于当前全球深水（包括深海与深湖）油气勘探以及目前国际地学界广泛开展的大陆边缘沉积物“从源到汇”过程的研究都有积极意义。 相似文献
10.
三维地震物理模拟技术作为一种重要的地震波传播特征的研究手段,与数值模拟相比具有结果更逼真、不受计算方法和边界条件限制等优点,是认识复杂构造地震波传播规律及其响应特征的有效方法之一,并在地震波传播基本规律研究、野外地震勘探方法验证、观测系统设计优化等方面具有重要的应用价值。为此研发一套大型双三轴气浮定位多通道三维地震物理模拟实验系统。该系统包括导轨和传动系统、运动控制系统、定位测量系统、物理模拟数据采集系统及安全系统等5部分,可实现大尺度物理模型高精度定位,多通道、高效率、高信噪比、高分辨率模型超声波信号采集等功能。利用该系统对模拟含断层、陷落柱、煤层变薄带多种构造的含煤地层三维地震物理模型进行数据采集试验,获得的整体成像效果与地震物理模型吻合,验证了该系统的可靠性和准确性。该系统的研制成功为煤炭地震勘探方法理论研究及实际生产应用提供了新的实验技术手段。 相似文献
11.
Jacob A. Covault Svetlana Kostic Charles K. Paull Holly F. Ryan Andrea Fildani 《Sedimentology》2014,61(4):1031-1054
Advances in acoustic imaging of submarine canyons and channels have provided accurate renderings of sea‐floor geomorphology. Still, a fundamental understanding of channel inception, evolution, sediment transport and the nature of the currents traversing these channels remains elusive. Herein, Autonomous Underwater Vehicle technology developed by the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute provides high‐resolution perspectives of the geomorphology and shallow stratigraphy of the San Mateo canyon‐channel system, which is located on a tectonically active slope offshore of southern California. The channel comprises a series of crescent‐shaped bedforms in its thalweg. Numerical modelling is combined with interpretations of sea‐floor and shallow subsurface stratigraphic imagery to demonstrate that these bedforms are likely to be cyclic steps. Submarine cyclic steps compose a morphodynamic feature characterized by a cyclic series of long‐wave, upstream‐migrating bedforms. The bedforms are cyclic steps if each bedform in the series is bounded by a hydraulic jump in an overriding turbidity current, which is Froude‐supercritical over the lee side of the bedform and Froude‐subcritical over the stoss side. Numerical modelling and seismic‐reflection imagery support an interpretation of weakly asymmetrical to near‐symmetrical aggradation of predominantly fine‐grained net‐depositional cyclic steps. The dominant mode of San Mateo channel maintenance during the Holocene is interpreted to be thalweg reworking into aggrading cyclic steps by dilute turbidity currents. Numerical modelling also suggests that an incipient, proto‐San Mateo channel comprises a series of relatively coarse‐grained net‐erosional cyclic steps, which nucleated out of sea‐floor perturbations across the tectonically active lower slope. Thus, the interaction between turbidity‐current processes and sea‐floor perturbations appears to be fundamentally important to channel initiation, particularly in high‐gradient systems. Offshore of southern California, and in analogous deep‐water basins, channel inception, filling and maintenance are hypothesized to be strongly linked to the development of morphodynamic instability manifested as cyclic steps. 相似文献
12.
深水重力流沉积领域是当前全球油气勘探与研究的热点,陆相盆地深水重力流沉积研究在我国已有50年历程,大致可以分为3个阶段,即浊流理论探索与发展阶段（1970—1980年）、浊流理论工业化应用阶段（1990—2000年）和砂质碎屑流研究阶段（2010年以后）。近10年来,随着国际深水沉积理论的发展与我国油气勘探技术的进步,湖盆深水沉积研究工作进展迅速,涌现出了大量的新成果、新认识,主要包括以下4个方面: 1）湖盆中央深水区至少存在浊流、异重流、砂质碎屑流及底流4种类型的重力流与牵引流沉积;2）湖盆中不同类型的流体在搬运与沉积过程中存在互相转化,形成混合事件层（Hybrid Event Bed）;3）建立了湖相砂质碎屑流搬运—沉积过程的鉴别标志—— “泥包砾”结构（Mud-coated intraclasts）;4）地震沉积学理论与技术方法在湖相重力流内部沉积单元解剖、湖盆深水沉积模式建立等方面取得巨大成功。展望未来,为适应油气工业勘探开发需求,湖盆深水沉积研究发展趋势主要有5个方面: 1）深水砂体成因类型划分、搬运—沉积过程及沉积模式的建立与完善;2）深水泥页岩（细粒沉积）成因机理、类型划分及其油气意义研究;3）深水沉积“源—汇”系统与地震响应及评价预测研究;4）深水沉积搬运—沉积过程实验模拟研究;5）新的深水沉积理论体系建立及其在油气勘探开发中的应用。 相似文献
13.
Matthieu J.B. Cartigny Dario Ventra George Postma Jan H. van Den Berg 《Sedimentology》2014,61(3):712-748
Supercritical‐flow phenomena are fairly common in modern sedimentary environments, yet their recognition and analysis remain difficult in the stratigraphic record. This fact is commonly ascribed to the poor preservation potential of deposits from high‐energy supercritical flows. However, the number of flume data sets on supercritical‐flow dynamics and sedimentary structures is very limited in comparison with available data for subcritical flows, which hampers the recognition and interpretation of such deposits. The results of systematic flume experiments spanning a broad range of supercritical‐flow bedforms (antidunes, chutes‐and‐pools and cyclic steps) developed in mobile sand beds of variable grain sizes are presented. Flow character and related bedform patterns are constrained through time‐series measurements of bed configurations, flow depths, flow velocities and Froude numbers. The results allow the refinement and extension of some widely used bedform stability diagrams in the supercritical‐flow domain, clarifying in particular the morphodynamic relations between antidunes and cyclic steps. The onset of antidunes is controlled by flows exceeding a threshold Froude number. The transition from antidunes to cyclic steps in fine to medium‐grained sand occurs at a threshold mobility parameter. Sedimentary structures associated with supercritical bedforms developed under variable aggradation rates are revealed by means of combining flume results and synthetic stratigraphy. The sedimentary structures are compared with examples from field and other flume studies. Aggradation rate is seen to exert an important control on the geometry of supercritical‐flow structures and should be considered when identifying supercritical bedforms in the sedimentary record. 相似文献
14.
内波、内潮汐沉积和复合流沉积是二十余年来在古代深水环境中新发现的一种具牵引流性质的沉积相类型,由于地层沉积记录十分有限,制约了深水底流沉积的沉积学研究。大比例尺实测地质剖面和精细露头测量表明,底流沉积发育于凭祥盆地深水沉积之中,通过对其沉积构造精细剖析和古水流测量,识别出内波、内潮汐沉积和复合流沉积,其中内波、内潮汐沉积以双向交错层理、单向交错层理、透镜状层理为特征,复合流沉积以复合流层理、丘状交错层理和较陡的爬升波纹层理为特征,进一步表明存在浊流和底流的交互作用,为古代地层中的深水底流沉积提供了又一研究实例。 相似文献
15.
三维大地电磁测深(MT)资料用于沉积相分布的研究中,弥补了野外露头、测井和地震等传统识别和研究方法的不足.通过对三维MT资料进行去噪、编辑与平滑和静态位移校正等预处理和三维反演处理,使三维MT数据更加准确地反映研究地区岩石的电阻率.在野外露头观察和测井解释成果的基础上,利用岩芯或岩屑对电阻率进行标定,界定出库车组不同岩性的电阻率值范围,然后将三维MT剖面与相对应的地震剖面叠合,进行电震同平台解释,建立构造样式,最终在建立的地层格架内对沉积相分布特征进行精细的识别和研究,该方法在库车坳陷库车组沉积相识别及分布研究中取得了良好的应用效果,解决了井间相带变化和地震相特征不明显带来的研究困难,对研究沉积相带分布和沉积相演化等基础石油地质研究具有重大的意义. 相似文献
16.
WILLIAM R. NORMARK† CHARLES K. PAULL‡ DAVID W. CARESS‡ WILLIAM USSLER III‡ RAY SLITER 《Sedimentology》2009,56(6):1690-1704
Erosional and depositional bedforms have been imaged at outcrop scale in the upper Redondo Fan, in the San Pedro Basin of offshore Southern California in ≥600 m water depths, using an Autonomous Underwater Vehicle developed by the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute. The Autonomous Underwater Vehicle is equipped with multibeam and chirp sub-bottom sonars. Sampling and photographic images using the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute Remotely Operated Vehicle Tiburon provide groundtruth for the Autonomous Underwater Vehicle survey. The 0·3 m vertical and 1·5 m lateral bathymetric resolution and 0·1 m sub-bottom profile resolution provide unprecedented detail of bedform morphology and structure. Multiple channels within the Redondo Fan have been active at different times during the Late Holocene (0 to 3000 yr bp ). The currently active channel extending from Redondo Canyon makes an abrupt 90° turn at the canyon mouth before resuming a south-easterly course along the east side of the Redondo Fan. This channel is floored by sand and characterized by small steps generally <1 m in relief, spaced 10 to 80 m in the down-channel direction. A broader channel complex lies along the western side of the fan valley that was last active more than 850 years ago. Two distinct trains of large scours, with widths ranging from tens to a few hundred metres and depths of 20 m, occur on the floor of the western channel complex, which has a thin mud drape. If observed in cross-section only, these large scours would probably be misidentified as the thalweg of an active channel. 相似文献
17.
海洋物探方法是海洋调查的主要方法,在海上风电地质勘察中得到了广泛的应用。在广东阳江沙扒海上风电场勘察中,通过浅地层剖面结合单道地震,查明了场区覆盖层厚度,绘制了基岩埋深图;采用多波束测深和侧扫声呐,并结合浅地层剖面探测和钻探取样成果查明了海底障碍物分布;通过浅地层剖面,初步查明了研究区浅层气分布范围;将海洋磁法成果绘制成研究区磁场等值线图。根据多波束测深、侧扫声呐、海洋磁法、浅地层剖面和单道地震等海洋物探方法特点,通过广东阳江沙扒海上风电项目,展示了应用海洋物探技术在海上风电勘察领域取得的成果。 相似文献
18.
琼东南盆地南部深水区中新统层序地层地震相与沉积演化特征 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
根据高分辨率地震资料的反射和结构特征,结合地震剖面振幅旋回性变化,将研究区中新统划分为3个层序组及6个三级层序。三个层序组自下而上分别对应三亚组、梅山组及黄流组三个地层组。在层序格架内识别出六种典型的地震相类型:丘状地震相、前积地震相、水道充填地震相、杂乱地震相、波状地震相以及平行—亚平行地震相。三亚组以波状反射和平行—亚平行反射为主;梅山组以丘状反射和波状反射为主,梅山期是生物礁发育的繁盛期;黄流组仍以丘状反射和波状反射为主,但丘状反射规模较梅山组明显减小。中新统整体上表现为一个水进的过程,从滨浅海环境过渡到浅海环境再逐渐过渡到半深海环境,发育有扇三角洲、生物礁滩以及水道沉积体系,而地震相的分布和演化明显受沉积体系演化的控制。生物礁和水道沉积可能是该区的有利储层。 相似文献
19.
Lei Qin Jinxin Mao Fengling Ni Shaohua Xu Xiaogang Li Change Cai Wenliang Shang Jiakai Liu 《地球科学进展》1986,35(6):632-642
Mass-Transport Complexes (MTCs) are important components of deep-water systems, and widely distributed in continental margins and lake basins. Understanding MTCs is helpful for expanding the targets of deep-water hydrocarbon exploration and for evaluating geological risks of subsea engineering. Typical MTCs consist of three parts: the head tension area, body slip area, and toe compression area. During the transportation of MTCs, these three domains come into being successively. MTCs can be classified into three types: slide rock, slump rock, and debris rock, based on the sediment transport process and fluid properties, and they respectively correspond to elastic deformation, elastic and plastic deformation and plastic deformation stages. In 3D seismic plan, according to the direction of sediment flow (the slope direction), some depositional elements of MTCs, such as head cliffs, body folds, and toe squeeze ridges, can be clearly identified in proper order, and in seismic profiles MTCs are characterized by weak-medium amplitude reflections, mound-like shapes, and irregular top/bottom interfaces. In conventional log data, MTCs are commonly responded as abrupt shifts at their top/bottom interfaces. In outcrop data, MTCs have several kinds of sedimentary structures, such as massive textures, sliding folds, and mud lumps. Compared with turbidites, MTCs have many distinct characteristics. For example, MTCs are deposited from sediments transported through a "frozen" manner and have an "elongate-fan-like" slope morphology, a relative large thickness. Furthermore, MTCs can be characterized by no obvious features of grading differentiation and relatively large stratigraphic dips. 相似文献
20.
利用高分辨率三维地震资料分析了孟加拉扇上扇某区块的深水沉积体特征。发现了六种典型地震相:下切充填相、海鸥翼状相、楔形发散相、透明相、强振幅平行相和弱振幅平行相。下切充填相代表粗粒的水道充填沉积;海鸥翼状相代表水道-天然堤复合体;楔形发散相代表细粒的天然堤沉积;透明相代表块体搬运沉积;强振幅平行相代表朵叶体沉积;弱振幅平行相代表深海披覆沉积。通过对典型地震剖面特征和平面属性分布分析可知:上扇垂向上依次沉积了朵叶体、水道和堤岸、朵叶体、水道-天然堤复合体。 相似文献